View source for Philosophy:Liberal conservatism

'''Liberal conservatism''' is a [[Social:List of political ideologies|political ideology]] combining [[Social:Conservatism|conservative]] policies with [[Philosophy:Liberalism|liberal]] stances, especially on ethical and social issues, or a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|publisher=}}</ref>

Liberal conservatism incorporates the [[Philosophy:Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life, therefore liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} It is a political position which also supports [[Philosophy:Civil liberties|civil liberties]] along with some [[Philosophy:Social conservatism|social conservative]] positions and is usually regarded as a [[Social:Centre-right politics|centre-right]] ideology. In [[Place:Western Europe|western Europe]], especially [[Place:Northern Europe|northern Europe]], liberal conservatism is the dominant form of contemporary conservatism and has also adopted some [[Philosophy:Social liberalism|socially liberal]] positions.

==Overview, definitions and usage==
As both "conservatism" and "liberalism" have had different meanings over time and across countries, the term "liberal conservatism" has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with [[Social:Aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[Social:Conservatism|conservatism]], which rejects the principle of equality as something in discordance with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the [[Philosophy:Rule of law|rule of law]], [[Finance:Private property|private property]], the [[Finance:Market economy|market economy]] and constitutional [[Social:Representative democracy|representative]] government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries (e.g. the United Kingdom and the United States), the term "liberal conservatism" came to be understood simply as "conservatism" in popular culture,{{sfn|Johnston|2007|p=155}} prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical liberal values to call themselves "[[Philosophy:Libertarianism|libertarians]]" instead.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011.</ref>

Nevertheless, in the United States conservatives often combine the economic [[Philosophy:Individualism|individualism]] of classical liberals with a [[Biography:Edmund Burke|Burkean]] form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112</ref> However, from a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality, and patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, scepticism regarding progress and elitism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C|title=The Right Nation: Why America is Different|first1=Adrian|last1=Wooldridge|first2=John|last2=Micklethwait|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|via=Google Books}}</ref> Consequently, in the United States the term "liberal conservatism" is not used and American modern liberalism happens to be quite different from the European brand. The opposite is true in Latin America, where [[Social:Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of [[Social:Neoliberalism|neoliberalism]] both in popular culture and academic discourse.<ref>Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.</ref>

For their part, in their embracement of liberal and [[Social:Free market|free market]] principles European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those conservatives who have embraced [[Social:National conservatism|national conservative]] views, more [[Philosophy:Social conservatism|socially conservative]] stances and/or outright [[Social:Populism|populism]], let alone a [[Social:Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] posture. In much of [[Place:Central Europe|central]] and [[Place:Northwestern Europe|northwestern Europe]], especially in Germanic and traditionally [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestant]] countries, a divide between conservatives (including Christian democrats) and liberals persists. On the other hand, in those countries where liberal conservative movements have more recently entered the political mainstream, such as Italy and Spain, the terms "liberal" and "conservative" may be understood as synonymous. Often this involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of [[Social:Civil and political rights|civil rights]] and support for a limited [[Social:Welfare state|welfare state]]. Compared to traditional [[Social:Centre-right politics|centre-right politics]], such as those proposed by Christian democrats, liberal conservatism is less [[Social:Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]] and more [[Finance:Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]] economically, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy. In the modern European discourse, "liberal conservatism" usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of [[Social:Social safety net|social safety net]] and environmentalism. In this sense, "liberal conservatism" has been espoused for instance by [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic]] conservative parties (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in {{wipe|Norway}} and the National Coalition Party in {{wipe|Finland}}), which have seen right-wing populist parties emerge to their right and do not comprise Christian democrats who form separate parties and the British [[Finance:Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] under David Cameron, who in an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010 said that he had always described himself as a "liberal conservative".<ref>{{cite web |last=Cameron|first=David|title=I am a Liberal Conservative|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> In his first speech to a Conservative Party's conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and [[Philosophy:Human rights|human rights]], but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5407714.stm "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference"], BBC, October 2006</ref>

==Classical conservatism and economic liberalism==
[[File:EdmundBurke1771.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|left|Edmund Burke]]
Historically, in the 18th and 19th centuries "[[Social:Conservatism|conservatism]]" comprised a set of principles based on concern for established [[Philosophy:Tradition|tradition]], respect for [[Philosophy:Authority|authority]] and [[Philosophy:Religious values|religious values]]. This form of [[Social:Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]] or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of [[Biography:Joseph de Maistre|Joseph de Maistre]] in the post-[[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] age. Contemporaneous "[[Philosophy:Liberalism|liberalism]]" – now recalled as [[Philosophy:Classical liberalism|classical liberalism]] – advocated both [[Social:Political freedom|political freedom]] for individuals and a [[Social:Free market|free market]] in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by [[Biography:John Locke|John Locke]], [[Biography:Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Biography:Adam Smith|Adam Smith]], [[Biography:Jeremy Bentham|Jeremy Bentham]] and [[Biography:John Stuart Mill|John Stuart Mill]], who are respectively remembered as the fathers of classical liberalism, the [[Religion:Separation of church and state|separation of church and state]], economic liberalism, [[Philosophy:Utilitarianism|utilitarianism]] and [[Philosophy:Social liberalism|social liberalism]].

[[File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Alexis de Tocqueville]]
According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".<ref name=vincent>{{cite book | last = Vincent | first = Andrew | title = Modern Political Ideologies | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, U.K. Malden, MA | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-4051-5495-6 |chapter=Conservatism |pages=65–66}}</ref> Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues, by authors such as [[Biography:Edmund Burke|Edmund Burke]] and [[Biography:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]],<ref>Lakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." ''The review of politics'' '''60'''(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. {{doi|10.1017/S003467050002742X}}</ref> as the basis of current liberal conservatism as seen both in the works of [[Biography:Raymond Aron|Raymond Aron]] and [[Biography:Michael Oakeshott|Michael Oakeshott]] and the ideological outlook of centre-right parties. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an [[Social:Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of [[Philosophy:Meritocracy|meritocracy]] – without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the [[History:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] progressed and the aristocracy lost its power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, in most countries the term "liberal" is used to describe those with free market economic views. This is the case, for example, in [[Earth:Continental Europe|continental Europe]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&dq=EU+left-wing+liberal+parties&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics - Hans Slomp - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.uk|pages=106–108}}</ref> Australia<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldfarb|first1=Michael |title='Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing?'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10658070|accessdate=6 July 2016|work=BBC News|date=20 July 2010}}</ref>  and Latin America.<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacLean|first1=James|title="The Two Meanings of "Liberalism"|url=http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref>

==Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions==
===Current parties===
{{more sources|section|date=December 2017}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|Åland}}''': Moderates of Åland
* '''{{flag|Albania}}''': Democratic Party of Albania<ref>http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf</ref>
* '''{{flag|Argentina}}''': Union of the Democratic Centre, Republican Proposal
* '''{{flag|Armenia}}''': Prosperous Armenia
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''': Coalition (Liberal Party of Australia,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036552&representation=PDF |title=Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left |author1=Nicole A. Thomas |author2=Tobias Loetscher |author3=Danielle Clode |author4=Michael E. R. Nicholls |publisher=PLOS ONE |date=May 2, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=4 |quote=The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre.}}</ref> Liberal National Party of Queensland, Country Liberal Party, National Party of Australia)
* '''{{flag|Austria}}''': Austrian People's Party
* '''{{flag|Bahamas}}''': Free National Movement
* '''{{flag|Belarus}}''': United Civic Party of Belarus<ref name="Bugajski2002A">{{cite book|author=Janusz Bugajski|title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA22|year=2002|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-676-0|page=22}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Belgium}}''': New Flemish Alliance
* '''{{flag|Bolivia}}''': Democrat Social Movement
* '''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Party of Democratic Progress
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': Democrats
* '''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria, <!--The source was printed in 2000, but the party wasn't founded until 2006. Therefore this reference does not support the claim.--> Union of Democratic Forces<ref name="Lewis2002">{{cite book|author=Paul Lewis|title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-63437-8|page=53}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Finance:Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]], British Columbia Liberal Party, Saskatchewan Party, Yukon Party
* '''{{flag|Chile}}''': National Renewal
* '''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''': Libertarian Movement<ref>{{Citation |first=María Isabel |last=Sanchez |title=No clear frontrunner as Costa Ricans vote for new president |newspaper=Digital Journal |date=2 February 2014 |url=http://digitaljournal.com/news/world/no-clear-leader-as-costa-ricans-vote-for-new-president/article/368583}}</ref><ref name="Abort">{{Citation |title=Liberal and conservative ideologies clashed in first official presidential debate |newspaper=Inside Costa Rica |date=6 January 2014 |url=http://insidecostarica.com/2014/01/06/liberal-conservative-ideologies-clashed-first-presidential-debate/}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': Croatian Democratic Union, Bridge of Independent Lists , Croatian Social Liberal Party
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': Democratic Rally
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': Civic Democratic Party,<ref name="NagleMahr1999">{{cite book |author1=John Nagle|author2=Alison Mahr|title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188|year=1999|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-5679-2|page=188}}</ref><ref name="Bakke2010">{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Bakke |chapter=Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989|editor=Sabrina P. Ramet|title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48750-4|page=78}}</ref>  TOP 09,<ref name="Stobinski2014">{{cite book|author=Maciej Stobinski |chapter=Twenty years of the Czech party system: 1992–2011 |editor1=Lucyna Czechowska |editor2=Krzysztof Olszewski |title=Central Europe on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Challenges in Politics and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdsxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6483-1|page=296}}</ref><ref name="EiblPink2016">{{cite book|author1=Otto Eibl|author2=Michal Pink|chapter=Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns |editor1=Ruxandra Boicu|editor2=Silvia Branea|editor3=Adriana Stefanel |title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-58591-2|page=258}}</ref> Party of Free Citizens,<ref>{{cite web|title=BEDNÁŘ: Svobodní jsou šancí pro zklamané pravicové voliče {{!}} Svobodní - Strana svobodných občanů|url=https://web.svobodni.cz/clanky/bednar-svobodni-jsou-sanci-pro-zklamane-pravicove-volice/ |website=web.svobodni.cz|accessdate=27 March 2017|language=cs-CZ}}</ref> Realists,<ref name="Realisté představili posilu. Jako lídr Parbubického kraje přišel Alexander Tomský">{{cite web|title=Realisté představili posilu. Jako lídr Parbubického kraje přišel Alexander Tomský|url=http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/arena/monitor/Realiste-predstavili-posilu-Jako-lidr-Parbubickeho-kraje-prisel-Alexander-Tomsky-499102|website=Parlamentní Listy|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> Mayors and Independents, SNK European Democrats
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': Conservative People's Party
*'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''': National Progressive Force
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica
* '''{{flag|Faroe Islands}}''': People's Party
* '''{{flag|Finland}}''': National Coalition Party<ref name="Jensen2015">{{cite book|author=Mads Dagnis Jensen|chapter=The Nordic Countries and the European Parliament|editor1=Caroline Howard Grøn|editor2=Peter Nedergaard|editor3=Anders Wivel|title=The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-53661-1|page=89}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|France}}''': The Republicans, Union of Democrats and Independents
* '''{{flag|Georgia}}''': United National Movement, New Rights
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': Christian Democratic Union, Christian Social Union of Bavaria, Liberal Conservative Reformers
* '''{{flag|Ghana}}''': New Patriotic Party
* '''{{flag|Greece}}''': New Democracy<ref name="Magone2003">{{cite book|author=José María Magone|title=The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOj2BwVxczUC&pg=PA148|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97787-0|page=148}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Greenland}}''': Feeling of Community,<ref name="Bergqvist1999">{{cite book|author=Christina Bergqvist|title=Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319|year=1999|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers|isbn=978-82-00-12799-4|page=319}}</ref> Association of Candidates
* '''{{flag|Honduras}}''': National Party of Honduras
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': Modern Hungary Movement, Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom
* '''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': National Awakening Party
* '''{{flag|Iceland}}''': Independence Party
* '''{{flag|Ireland}}''': Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael<ref name="HamannKelly2010">{{cite book|author1=Kerstin Hamann|author2=John Kelly|title=Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1980|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-94986-9|page=1980}}</ref> 
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': Likud
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''': Forza Italia, Popular Alternative, Direction Italy, Civic Choice, Union of the Centre
* '''{{flag|Jamaica}}''': [[Social:Jamaica Labour Party|Jamaica Labour Party]]
* '''{{flag|Japan}}''': Liberal Democratic Party<ref>{{Citation |first=Pradyumna P. |last=Karan |title=Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259}}</ref><ref name="Hoover2011">{{cite book|editor=William D. Hoover|title=Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7539-5|page=211}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Kosovo}}''': Democratic League of Kosovo
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': Unity
* '''{{flag|Lithuania}}''': Homeland Union<ref name="Bugajski2002B">{{cite book|author=Janusz Bugajski|title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA141|year=2002|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-676-0|page=141}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Malta}}''': Nationalist Party
* '''{{flag|Moldova}}''': Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
* '''{{flag|Montenegro}}''': Movement for Changes<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|Morocco}}''': [[Finance:Constitutional Union (Morocco)|Constitutional Union]]<ref>{{Citation|author1=Abdo Baaklini|author2=Guilain Denoeux|first3=Robert|last3=Springborg|title=Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions|publisher=Lynne Riener|year=1999|page=129}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': [[Social:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]<ref name="Timmermans2014">{{cite book|author1=Arco Timmermans |author2=Edwin van Rooyen |author3=Gerrit Voerman |chapter=Policy analysis and political party think tanks |editor1=Frans van Nispen|editor2=Peter Scholten|title=Policy analysis in the Netherlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|date=26 November 2014|publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1333-5|page=189}}</ref><ref name="Topaloff2012">{{cite book|author=Liubomir K. Topaloff |title=Political Parties and Euroscepticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-00968-5|page=21}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': New Zealand National Party
* '''{{flag|Nicaragua}}''': Alliance for the Republic
* '''{{flag|Norway}}''': Conservative Party
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': Civic Platform,<ref name="Bakke2010"/><ref name="DeWaelePacześniak2011">{{Cite book |author1=Jean-Michel De Waele |author2=Anna Pacześniak |editor=Erol Külahci |chapter=The Europeanisation of Poland's political parties and party system |title=Europeanisation and Party Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |publisher=ECPR Press |year=2011 |page=131}}</ref> Alliance
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': Social Democratic Party<ref name="Krouwel2012">{{cite book|author=André Krouwel|title=Party Transformations in European Democracies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348|year=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4483-3|page=348}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': National Liberal Party
* '''{{flag|Russia}}''': Right Cause, Civic Platform<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html|title= 2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma|publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe|date=2016|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''': New Democratic Party
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Finance:Serbian Progressive Party|Serbian Progressive Party]]
* '''{{flag|Singapore}}''': People's Action Party
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party,<ref name="Bakke2010"/> Ordinary People, Most–Híd, Civic Conservative Party
* '''{{flag|Slovenia}}''': Slovenian Democratic Party<ref name="Cerami2006">{{cite book|author=Alfio Cerami|title=Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29|year=2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9699-7|pages=29–}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}''': Bareunmirae Party
* '''{{flag|Spain}}''': People's Party<ref name="Egido2005">{{cite book|author=Inmaculada Egido|title=Transforming Education: The Spanish Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY4ibawhCfoC&pg=PA14|year=2005|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59454-208-4|page=14}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': United National Party
* '''{{flag|Sweden}}''': Moderate Party<ref name="Jakobsen2006">{{cite book|author=Peter Viggo Jakobsen |title=Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYNhfJvn08C&pg=PA184|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-38360-8|pages=184–}}</ref><ref name="Halilovich2013">{{cite book|author=Hariz Halilovich|title=Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|year=2013|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-777-6|page=208}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': Civic Democratic Party
* '''{{flag|ROC}}''': Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
* '''{{flag|Turkey}}''': Justice and Development Party (Turkey), İyi Party
* '''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': Petro Poroshenko Bloc, All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland"
* '''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[Finance:Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] (See Conservatism in the United Kingdom)
* '''{{flag|United States}}''': Republican Party (See Conservatism in the United States), Serve America Movement
* '''{{flag|Uruguay}}''': National Party
{{div col end}}

===Former parties===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|Bolivia}}''': Popular Consensus
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
* '''{{flag|Chile}}''': National Party
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': Civic Democratic Alliance,<ref>{{cite web|title=Liberální strana|url=http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348|website=liberalove.bluefile.cz|accessdate=27 March 2017|language=cs}}</ref> Freedom Union – Democratic Union<ref>{{cite web|title=Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity|url=http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm|website=www.witzany.cz|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|France}}''': National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,<ref name="Hanley1999">{{cite book|author=David Hanley|chapter=France: Living with Instability|editor=David Broughton|title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66|accessdate=21 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85567-328-1|page=66}}</ref> Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,<ref name="Cole2003">{{cite book|author=Alistair Cole|chapter=Stress, strain and stability in the French party system|editor=Jocelyn Evans|title=The French Party System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12|year= 2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2|page=12}}</ref> Liberal Democracy, Independent Republican and Liberal Pole, Union for a Popular Movement, New Centre
* '''{{flag|Gibraltar}}''': Progressive Democratic Party
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': General Zionists, Liberal Party
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''': Forza Italia,<ref name="WodakRichardson2013">{{cite book|author1=Ruth Wodak|author2=John E. Richardson|title=Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-89919-2|page=43}}</ref> The People of Freedom,<ref name="Viola2015">{{cite book|author=Donatella M. Viola|editor=Donatella M. Viola|title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections|chapter=Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50363-7|page=117}}</ref><ref name="Riccioni2013">{{cite book|author1=Ilaria Riccioni|author2=Ramono Bongelli|author3=Andrzej Zuczkwoski|chapter=The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses|editor=Anita Fetzer|title=The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131|year=2013|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-7239-3|page=131}}</ref> Tyrolean Homeland Party<ref name="Pallaver2008">{{cite book |first=Günther |last=Pallaver |title= South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality |editor1=Jens Woelk |editor2=Francesco Palermo |editor3=Joseph Marko |work=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309 |year=2008 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16302-7 |pages=309}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': New Era Party, Civic Union
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': Democratic Convention of Romania,<ref name="Lewis2002"/> Democratic Party, Democratic Liberal Party<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|Russia}}''': Democratic Choice of Russia, Union of Right Forces
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': G17 Plus,<ref name="Bakke2010"/> Together for Šumadija
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}''': Bareun Party
* '''{{flag|Turkey}}''': Motherland Party
{{div col end}}

==Liberal-conservative organisations==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': Bright Blue, Tory Reform Group
{{div col end}}

* '''{{flag|Iran}}''': Kargozaran

==See also==
* [[Social:Conservative liberalism|Conservative liberalism]]
* [[Philosophy:Libertarian conservatism|Libertarian conservatism]]
* [[Social:Progressive conservatism|Progressive conservatism]]
* [[Social:Neoconservatism|Neoconservatism]]
{{-}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=McAnulla|first=Stuart|year=2006|title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction|location=|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=0-826-46155-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|year=2007|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|location=|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=1-4426-0040-3|ref=harv}}	
* {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|year=2011|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|location=|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=1-4426-0533-2|ref=harv}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberal Conservatism}}
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{{Sourceattribution|Liberal conservatism|1}}