Philosophy:Liberal conservatism

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Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on ethical and social issues, or a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.[1]

Liberal conservatism incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.[2] However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life, therefore liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] It is a political position which also supports civil liberties along with some social conservative positions and is usually regarded as a centre-right ideology. In western Europe, especially northern Europe, liberal conservatism is the dominant form of contemporary conservatism and has also adopted some socially liberal positions.

Overview, definitions and usage

As both "conservatism" and "liberalism" have had different meanings over time and across countries, the term "liberal conservatism" has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which rejects the principle of equality as something in discordance with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries (e.g. the United Kingdom and the United States), the term "liberal conservatism" came to be understood simply as "conservatism" in popular culture,[3] prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical liberal values to call themselves "libertarians" instead.[4]

Nevertheless, in the United States conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[5] However, from a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality, and patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, scepticism regarding progress and elitism.[6] Consequently, in the United States the term "liberal conservatism" is not used and American modern liberalism happens to be quite different from the European brand. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[7]

For their part, in their embracement of liberal and free market principles European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those conservatives who have embraced national conservative views, more socially conservative stances and/or outright populism, let alone a right-wing populist posture. In much of central and northwestern Europe, especially in Germanic and traditionally Protestant countries, a divide between conservatives (including Christian democrats) and liberals persists. On the other hand, in those countries where liberal conservative movements have more recently entered the political mainstream, such as Italy and Spain, the terms "liberal" and "conservative" may be understood as synonymous. Often this involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state. Compared to traditional centre-right politics, such as those proposed by Christian democrats, liberal conservatism is less traditionalist and more right-libertarian economically, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy. In the modern European discourse, "liberal conservatism" usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism. In this sense, "liberal conservatism" has been espoused for instance by Nordic conservative parties (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland ), which have seen right-wing populist parties emerge to their right and do not comprise Christian democrats who form separate parties and the British Conservative Party under David Cameron, who in an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010 said that he had always described himself as a "liberal conservative".[8] In his first speech to a Conservative Party's conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[9]

Classical conservatism and economic liberalism

Edmund Burke

Historically, in the 18th and 19th centuries "conservatism" comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous "liberalism" – now recalled as classical liberalism – advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of classical liberalism, the separation of church and state, economic liberalism, utilitarianism and social liberalism.

Alexis de Tocqueville

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[10] Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues, by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville,[11] as the basis of current liberal conservatism as seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott and the ideological outlook of centre-right parties. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy – without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the aristocracy lost its power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, in most countries the term "liberal" is used to describe those with free market economic views. This is the case, for example, in continental Europe,[12] Australia[13] and Latin America.[14]

Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions

Current parties

  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Åland Islands: Moderates of Åland
  •  Albania: Democratic Party of Albania[15]
  •  Argentina: Union of the Democratic Centre, Republican Proposal
  •  Armenia: Prosperous Armenia
  •  Australia: Coalition (Liberal Party of Australia,[16] Liberal National Party of Queensland, Country Liberal Party, National Party of Australia)
  •  Austria: Austrian People's Party
  •  Bahamas: Free National Movement
  •  Belarus: United Civic Party of Belarus[17]
  •  Belgium: New Flemish Alliance
  •  Bolivia: Democrat Social Movement
  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Party of Democratic Progress
  •  Brazil: Democrats
  •  Bulgaria: Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria, Union of Democratic Forces[18]
  •  Canada: Conservative Party of Canada, British Columbia Liberal Party, Saskatchewan Party, Yukon Party
  •  Chile: National Renewal
  •  Costa Rica: Libertarian Movement[19][20]
  •  Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union, Bridge of Independent Lists , Croatian Social Liberal Party
  •  Cyprus: Democratic Rally
  •  Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Party,[21][22] TOP 09,[23][24] Party of Free Citizens,[25] Realists,[26] Mayors and Independents, SNK European Democrats
  •  Denmark: Conservative People's Party
  •  Dominican Republic: National Progressive Force
  •  Estonia: Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica
  •  Faroe Islands: People's Party
  •  Finland: National Coalition Party[27]
  •  France: The Republicans, Union of Democrats and Independents
  •  Georgia: United National Movement, New Rights
  •  Germany: Christian Democratic Union, Christian Social Union of Bavaria, Liberal Conservative Reformers
  •  Ghana: New Patriotic Party
  •  Greece: New Democracy[28]
  •  Greenland: Feeling of Community,[29] Association of Candidates
  •  Honduras: National Party of Honduras
  •  Hungary: Modern Hungary Movement, Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom
  •  Indonesia: National Awakening Party
  •  Iceland: Independence Party
  •  Ireland: Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael[30]
  •  Israel: Likud
  •  Italy: Forza Italia, Popular Alternative, Direction Italy, Civic Choice, Union of the Centre
  •  Jamaica: Jamaica Labour Party
  •  Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[31][32]
  •  Kosovo: Democratic League of Kosovo
  •  Latvia: Unity
  •  Lithuania: Homeland Union[33]
  •  Malta: Nationalist Party
  •  Moldova: Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
  •  Montenegro: Movement for Changes[22]
  •  Morocco: Constitutional Union[34]
  •  Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy[35][36]
  •  New Zealand: New Zealand National Party
  •  Nicaragua: Alliance for the Republic
  •  Norway: Conservative Party
  •  Philippines: Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
  •  Poland: Civic Platform,[22][37] Alliance
  •  Portugal: Social Democratic Party[38]
  •  Romania: National Liberal Party
  •  Russia: Right Cause, Civic Platform[39]
  •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: New Democratic Party
  •  Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party
  •  Singapore: People's Action Party
  •  Slovakia: Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party,[22] Ordinary People, Most–Híd, Civic Conservative Party
  •  Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[40]
  •  South Korea: Bareunmirae Party
  •  Spain: People's Party[41]
  •  Sri Lanka: United National Party
  •  Sweden: Moderate Party[42][43]
  •   Switzerland: Civic Democratic Party
  •  ROC: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
  •  Turkey: Justice and Development Party (Turkey), İyi Party
  •  Ukraine: Petro Poroshenko Bloc, All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland"
  •  United Kingdom: Conservative Party (See Conservatism in the United Kingdom)
  •  United States: Republican Party (See Conservatism in the United States), Serve America Movement
  •  Uruguay: National Party


Former parties

  •  Bolivia: Popular Consensus
  •  Canada: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
  •  Chile: National Party
  •  Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,[44] Freedom Union – Democratic Union[45]
  •  France: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,[46] Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,[47] Liberal Democracy, Independent Republican and Liberal Pole, Union for a Popular Movement, New Centre
  •  Gibraltar: Progressive Democratic Party
  •  Israel: General Zionists, Liberal Party
  •  Italy: Forza Italia,[48] The People of Freedom,[49][50] Tyrolean Homeland Party[51]
  •  Latvia: New Era Party, Civic Union
  •  Romania: Democratic Convention of Romania,[18] Democratic Party, Democratic Liberal Party[22]
  •  Russia: Democratic Choice of Russia, Union of Right Forces
  •  Serbia: G17 Plus,[22] Together for Šumadija
  •  South Korea: Bareun Party
  •  Turkey: Motherland Party


Liberal-conservative organisations

  •  United Kingdom: Bright Blue, Tory Reform Group


  •  Iran: Kargozaran

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 McAnulla 2006, p. 71.
  3. ↑ Johnston 2007, p. 155.
  4. ↑ Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011.
  5. ↑ Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112
  6. ↑ Wooldridge, Adrian; Micklethwait, John (2011). "The Right Nation: Why America is Different". Penguin Books Limited. https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C. 
  7. ↑ Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  8. ↑ Cameron, David. "I am a Liberal Conservative". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm. Retrieved 18 August 2012. 
  9. ↑ "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference", BBC, October 2006
  10. ↑ Vincent, Andrew (2009). "Conservatism". Modern Political Ideologies. Chichester, U.K. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-4051-5495-6. 
  11. ↑ Lakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." The review of politics 60(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. doi:10.1017/S003467050002742X
  12. ↑ Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics - Hans Slomp - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. pp. 106–108. https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&dq=EU+left-wing+liberal+parties&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 
  13. ↑ Goldfarb, Michael (20 July 2010). "'Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing?'". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10658070. Retrieved 6 July 2016. 
  14. ↑ MacLean, James. ""The Two Meanings of "Liberalism"". http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html. Retrieved 6 July 2016. 
  15. ↑ http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf
  16. ↑ Nicole A. Thomas; Tobias Loetscher; Danielle Clode; Michael E. R. Nicholls (May 2, 2012). Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left. 7. PLOS ONE. p. 4. http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036552&representation=PDF. "The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre.". 
  17. ↑ Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M.E. Sharpe. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA22. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Paul Lewis (2002). Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-134-63437-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53. 
  19. ↑ Sanchez, María Isabel (2 February 2014), "No clear frontrunner as Costa Ricans vote for new president", Digital Journal, http://digitaljournal.com/news/world/no-clear-leader-as-costa-ricans-vote-for-new-president/article/368583 
  20. ↑ "Liberal and conservative ideologies clashed in first official presidential debate", Inside Costa Rica, 6 January 2014, http://insidecostarica.com/2014/01/06/liberal-conservative-ideologies-clashed-first-presidential-debate/ 
  21. ↑ John Nagle; Alison Mahr (1999). Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective. SAGE Publications. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7619-5679-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Elizabeth Bakke (2010). "Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989". in Sabrina P. Ramet. Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78. 
  23. ↑ Maciej Stobinski (2014). "Twenty years of the Czech party system: 1992–2011". Central Europe on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Challenges in Politics and Society. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4438-6483-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=SdsxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296. 
  24. ↑ Otto Eibl; Michal Pink (2016). "Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns". Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-137-58591-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258. 
  25. ↑ "BEDNÁŘ: Svobodní jsou šancí pro zklamané pravicové voliče | Svobodní - Strana svobodných občanů" (in cs-CZ). https://web.svobodni.cz/clanky/bednar-svobodni-jsou-sanci-pro-zklamane-pravicove-volice/. Retrieved 27 March 2017. 
  26. ↑ "Realisté představili posilu. Jako lídr Parbubického kraje přišel Alexander Tomský". http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/arena/monitor/Realiste-predstavili-posilu-Jako-lidr-Parbubickeho-kraje-prisel-Alexander-Tomsky-499102. Retrieved 7 August 2017. 
  27. ↑ Mads Dagnis Jensen (2015). "The Nordic Countries and the European Parliament". The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-317-53661-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89. 
  28. ↑ José María Magone (2003). The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-275-97787-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=KOj2BwVxczUC&pg=PA148. 
  29. ↑ Christina Bergqvist (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 319. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319. 
  30. ↑ Kerstin Hamann; John Kelly (2010). Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts. Routledge. p. 1980. ISBN 978-1-136-94986-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1980. 
  31. ↑ Karan, Pradyumna P. (2005), Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society, University Press of Kentucky, https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259 
  32. ↑ William D. Hoover, ed (2011). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Scarecrow Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8108-7539-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211. 
  33. ↑ Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M.E. Sharpe. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA141. 
  34. ↑ Abdo Baaklini; Guilain Denoeux; Springborg, Robert (1999), Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions, Lynne Riener, p. 129 
  35. ↑ Arco Timmermans; Edwin van Rooyen; Gerrit Voerman (26 November 2014). "Policy analysis and political party think tanks". Policy analysis in the Netherlands. Policy Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4473-1333-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189. 
  36. ↑ Liubomir K. Topaloff (2012). Political Parties and Euroscepticism. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-137-00968-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21. 
  37. ↑ Jean-Michel De Waele; Anna Pacześniak (2011). "The Europeanisation of Poland's political parties and party system". in Erol Külahci. Europeanisation and Party Politics. ECPR Press. p. 131. https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131. 
  38. ↑ André Krouwel (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. SUNY Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-4384-4483-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348. 
  39. ↑ "2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma". Parties and Elections in Europe. 2016. http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  40. ↑ Alfio Cerami (2006). Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-3-8258-9699-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29. 
  41. ↑ Inmaculada Egido (2005). Transforming Education: The Spanish Experience. Nova Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59454-208-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=WY4ibawhCfoC&pg=PA14. 
  42. ↑ Peter Viggo Jakobsen (2006). Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making?. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184–. ISBN 978-0-415-38360-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYNhfJvn08C&pg=PA184. 
  43. ↑ Hariz Halilovich (2013). Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities. Berghahn Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-85745-777-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=6VlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208. 
  44. ↑ "Liberální strana" (in cs). http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348. Retrieved 27 March 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity". http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm. Retrieved 27 March 2017. 
  46. ↑ David Hanley (1999). "France: Living with Instability". in David Broughton. Changing Party Systems in Western Europe. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-85567-328-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66. Retrieved 21 August 2012. 
  47. ↑ Alistair Cole (2003). "Stress, strain and stability in the French party system". in Jocelyn Evans. The French Party System. Manchester University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7190-6120-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12. 
  48. ↑ Ruth Wodak; John E. Richardson (2013). Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-415-89919-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43. 
  49. ↑ Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". in Donatella M. Viola. Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117. 
  50. ↑ Ilaria Riccioni; Ramono Bongelli; Andrzej Zuczkwoski (2013). "The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses". in Anita Fetzer. The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 131. ISBN 978-90-272-7239-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131. 
  51. ↑ Pallaver, Günther (2008). South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 309. ISBN 978-90-04-16302-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309. 

References

  • McAnulla, Stuart (2006). British Politics: A Critical Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 0-826-46155-7. 
  • Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 1-4426-0040-3. 
  • Johnston, Larry (2011). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 1-4426-0533-2. 




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