View source for Place:Central and Eastern Europe

{{Short description|Geographical subregion of Europe}}

'''Central and Eastern Europe''' is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in [[Place:Baltic region|Northeast Europe]] (primarily the [[Place:Baltic states|Baltics]]), [[Place:Central Europe|Central Europe]], [[Place:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]], and [[Place:Southeast Europe|Southeast Europe]] (primarily the [[Place:Balkans|Balkans]]), usually meaning former [[Social:Communist state|communist state]]s from the Eastern Bloc and [[Organization:Warsaw Pact|Warsaw Pact]] in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], as well as from former [[Place:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations '''CEE''' or '''CEEC''' for this term.<ref>{{cite web |last=Inotai |first=András |url=http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/tabid/191/ArticleType/articleview/ArticleID/21480/language/en-US/Default.aspx |title=BUDAPEST—Ghost of Second-Class Status Haunts Central and Eastern Europe |date=Autumn 2009 |publisher=Europe's World |access-date=2012-09-04 |archive-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112164420/http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/tabid/191/ArticleType/articleview/ArticleID/21480/language/en-US/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G. Feder, ''Agriculture in Transition: Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Post-Soviet Countries'', Lexington Books, Lanham, MD (2004), see, e.g., Table 1.1, p. 4.</ref><ref>J. Swinnen, ed., ''Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in Central and Eastern Europe'', Ashgate, Aldershot (1997).</ref> The [[Organization:OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) also uses the term "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)" for a group comprising some of these countries. This term is sometimes used for "Eastern Europe" instead for more neutral grouping.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mälksoo |first=Maria |date=2019-05-04 |title=The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314 |journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=365–383 |doi=10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314 |s2cid=159184190 |issn=0955-7571}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Twardzisz |first=Piotr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+europe+pejorative&pg=PR7 |title=Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology |date=2018-04-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-77374-2 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Derek |date=July 1999 |title=Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/135676679900500303 |journal=Journal of Vacation Marketing |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.1177/135676679900500303 |s2cid=154698941 |issn=1356-7667|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zarycki |first=Tomasz |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315819006/ideologies-eastness-central-eastern-europe-tomasz-zarycki |title=Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe |year=2014 |doi=10.4324/9781315819006|isbn=9781317818571 |s2cid=129401740 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern promise and Western pretension – DW – 09/07/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/my-europe-eastern-promise-and-western-pretension/a-45403613 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

{|
|[[File:European Regions EuroVoc.png|thumb|upright=1.2|European subregions according to [[EuroVoc]]:
<small>{{legend|#E62121|Central and Eastern Europe}}
{{legend|#0076D3|[[Place:Northern Europe|Northern Europe]]}}
{{legend|#F6D600|[[Place:Southern Europe|Southern Europe]]}}
{{legend|#67E863|[[Place:Western Europe|Western Europe]]}}</small>]]
|[[File:Eastern-Europe-small.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The pre-1989 "Eastern Bloc" and Yugoslavia (orange) superimposed on 2005 borders.]]
|}

==Definitions==
The term ''CEE'' includes the Eastern Bloc ([[Organization:Warsaw Pact|Warsaw Pact]]) countries west of the post-[[Social:World War II|World War II]] border with the former Soviet Union; the independent states in former Yugoslavia (which were not considered part of the Eastern bloc); and the three [[Place:Baltic states|Baltic states]] – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (which chose not to join the CIS with the other 12 former republics of the USSR).

The CEE countries are further subdivided by their accession status to the European Union (EU): the eight first-wave accession countries that joined the EU on 1 May 2004 (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, [[Place:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], Slovakia, {{wipe|Poland}}, Hungary, and Slovenia), the two second-wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 (Romania and Bulgaria) and the third-wave accession country that joined on 1 July 2013 (Croatia). According to the [[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]] 2008 analysis, the transition to advanced market economies is over for all 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007.<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/publications/UnleashingProsperity.pdf ''Unleashing Prosperity: Productivity Growth in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union''], World Bank, Washington (2008), p. 42</ref>

The CEE countries include the former socialist states, which extend east of Austria, {{wipe|Germany}} (western part), and Italy; north of Greece and [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]] (European part); south of {{wipe|Finland}} and Sweden; and west of {{wipe|Belarus}}, Moldova, {{wipe|Russia}}, and {{wipe|Ukraine}}:
{|class=wikitable
!Country!!{{flag|European Union}}!!{{flag|NATO}}!!Notes
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||align=center|Member state||
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||{{n/a|Candidate}}||{{n/a|Membership Action Plan}}||
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra>{{cite web|url=http://www.weastra.com/cee-countries/|title=CEE countries|date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|''{{flag|Kosovo}}''||{{n/a|Applicant}}||{{n/a}}||Partially recognized state
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||align=center|Member state||
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
!colspan=5|
|-
|''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Partially recognized state<ref>{{Abkhazia note}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of CIS and CSTO
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of CIS
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Member state of CIS and CSTO
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}||{{n/a|Candidate}}||{{n/a|Intensified Dialogue}}||
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}||{{n/a|Candidate}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of CIS
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Member state of CIS and CSTO
|-
|''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Partially recognized state<ref>{{South Ossetia-note}}</ref>
|-
|''{{flag|Transnistria}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Partially recognized state<ref>{{Transnistria note}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||{{n/a|Candidate}}||{{n/a|Intensified Dialogue}}||
|}

According to the [[Organization:OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) is an OECD term for the group of countries comprising Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania."<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=303|title=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) Definition|first=OECD Statistics|last=Directorate|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref>

The term ''Central and Eastern Europe'' (abbreviated ''CEE'') has displaced the alternative term ''[[Place:East-Central Europe|East-Central Europe]]'' in the context of [[Finance:Transition economy|transition countries]], mainly because the abbreviation ''ECE'' is ambiguous: it commonly stands for ''Economic Commission for Europe'', rather than ''East-Central Europe''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/|title=UNECE Homepage|website= unece.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Place:Baltic states|Baltic states]]
*[[Earth:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
*Central and Eastern European Online Library
*[[Place:Central Europe|Central Europe]]
*[[Place:East-Central Europe|East-Central Europe]]
*[[Place:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]]
*Eastern European Group
*[[Social:European Union|European Union]]
*EuroVoc
*[[Place:Regions of Europe|Regions of Europe]]
*[[Place:Southeast Europe|Southeast Europe]]
*[[Organization:Three Seas Initiative|Three Seas Initiative]]
*[[Organization:Visegrád Group|Visegrád Group]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{Regions of the world}}


[[Category:Regions of Europe]]
[[Category:Central Europe]]
[[Category:Southeastern Europe]]
[[Category:Eastern Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Central and Eastern Europe}}