View source for Red

'''Red''' is the [[Color|color]] at the long wavelength end of the [[Physics:Visible spectrum|visible spectrum]] of light, next to [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and opposite [[Violet (color)|violet]]. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–750 [[Nanometre|nanometre]]s.<ref name="Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy" /> It is a primary color in the [[RGB color model]] and a secondary color (made from [[Magenta|magenta]] and [[Yellow|yellow]]) in the [[CMYK color model]], and is the complementary color of [[Cyan|cyan]]. Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] and [[Chemistry:Vermilion|vermillion]] to bluish-red [[Crimson|crimson]], and vary in shade from the pale red [[Pink|pink]] to the dark red [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of color|last1=Maerz|first1=A|last2=Paul|first2=M. R.|date=1930|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co.|location=New York|language=en|oclc=1150631}}</ref>

Red pigment made from [[Ochre|ochre]] was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art. The Ancient Egyptians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies; [[Place:Roman Empire|Roman]] generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories. It was also an important color in China, where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Chinese red|last=Chunling|first=Y.|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2008|isbn=9787119045313|location=Beijing|oclc=319395390|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc}}</ref>{{Rp|60–61}} In the [[Philosophy:Renaissance|Renaissance]], the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with [[Biology:Kermes (dye)|kermes]] and [[Biology:Cochineal|cochineal]]. The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes, which replaced the traditional dyes. Red became a symbolic color of [[Social:Communism|communism]] and [[Social:Socialism|socialism]]; Soviet Russia adopted a red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Soviet red banner would subsequently be used throughout the entire history of the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]. China adopted its own red flag following the Chinese Communist Revolution. A red flag was also adopted by North Vietnam in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975.

Since red is the color of [[Biology:Blood|blood]], it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, and courage. Modern surveys in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] and the [[United States]] show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love, and joy. In China, [[Place:India|India]], and many other Asian countries it is the color symbolizing happiness and good fortune.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques|last=Heller|first=Eva|date=1948|publisher=Pyramid|isbn=9782350171562|location=Paris|oclc=470802996}}</ref>{{Rp|39–63}}

== Shades and variations ==
{{main|Shades of red}}

Varieties of the color red may differ in [[Software:Hue|hue]], chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness), or [[Philosophy:Lightness|lightness]] (or value, tone, or [[Physics:Brightness|brightness]]), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a red or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. Four examples are shown below.
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| total_width       = 520
| perrow            = 2
| image1            = Cardinal.jpg
| caption1          = The [[Biology:Northern cardinal|cardinal]] takes its name from the color worn by Catholic [[Religion:Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]].
| image2            = Cherry blossoms in the Tsutsujigaoka Park.jpg
| caption2          = [[Pink]] is a pale shade of red. Cherry blossoms in the Tsutsujigaoka Park, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| image3            = Red tikka powder.jpg
| caption3          = [[Chemistry:Vermilion|Vermilion]] is similar to scarlet, but slightly more orange. This is [[Social:Sindoor|sindoor]], a red cosmetic powder used in India; some Hindu women put a stripe of sindoor along their hair parting to show they are married.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ahearn, Laura M |title=Invitation to love: Literacy, Love Letters, & Social Change in Nepal |publisher=University of Michigan |place=Michigan |year=2001 |pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Selwyn, Tom |title=Images of Reproduction: An Analysis of a Hindu Marriage Ceremony |journal=Man |volume=14 |issue=4 |date=December 1979 |pages=684–698 |doi=10.2307/2802154|jstor=2802154  | issn=0025-1496 }}</ref>
| image4            = Ruby gem.JPG
| caption4          = Ruby is the color of a cut and polished [[Chemistry:Ruby|ruby]] gemstone.
}}
{{clear}}

== In science and nature ==

=== Seeing red ===
[[File:Madrid Bullfight.JPG|thumb|Bulls, like dogs and many other animals, have [[Medicine:Dichromacy|dichromacy]], which means they cannot distinguish the color red. They charge the matador's cape because of its motion, not its color.]]
The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between approximately 625 and 740 [[Nanometre|nanometers]].<ref name="Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy" /> It is a primary color in the [[RGB color model]] and the light just past this range is called infrared, or below red, and cannot be seen by human eyes, although it can be sensed as heat.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Wavelength Goes With a Color? |website=Atmospheric Science Data Center |url=http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html |access-date=2009-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105431/http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html |archive-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> In the language of optics, red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M (short and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina, combined with a fading stimulation of the L (long-wavelength) cone cells.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Introduction to psychology|last=Kalat|first=J. W. |date=2005|publisher=Thomson/Wadsworth|isbn=978-0534624606 |edition=7th|location=Belmont, CA|oclc=56799330|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_053462460x/page/105 105] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_053462460x/page/105}}</ref>

[[Biology:Primate|Primate]]s can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans, but many kinds of mammals, such as dogs and cattle, have [[Medicine:Dichromacy|dichromacy]], which means they can see blues and yellows, but cannot distinguish red and green (both are seen as gray). Bulls, for instance, cannot see the red color of the cape of a bullfighter, but they are agitated by its movement.<ref name="Ali&Klyne1985">{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Mohamed Ather |last2=Klyne |first2=M.A. |title=Vision in Vertebrates |place=New York |publisher=Plenum Press |year=1985 |pages=174–75 |isbn=978-0-306-42065-8}}</ref> (See [[Color vision|color vision]]).

One theory for why primates developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/color.htm |title=Primate Color Vision |last=O'Neil |first=Dennis |date=March 19, 2010 |website=Primates |publisher=Palomar Community College |access-date=22 April 2010 |location=San Marcos, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024858/http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/color.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> This may have driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability, such as the emergence of red faces.<ref name="scidaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070524155313.htm|title=Color Vision Drove Primates To Develop Red Skin And Hair, Study Finds|last1=Hogan|first1=Dan|last2=Hogan|first2=Michele|date=May 25, 2007|website=Science News|publisher=ScienceDaily|location=Rockville, Maryland|access-date=22 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507093408/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070524155313.htm|archive-date=7 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Red light is used to help adapt [[Biology:Adaptation (eye)|night vision]] in low-light or night time, as the [[Biology:Rod cell|rod cell]]s in the human eye are not sensitive to red.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html|title=Human Vision and Color Perception|website=Olympus Microscopy Resource Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094711/http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html|archive-date=July 5, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=Nov 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes |title=Be a Stargazer |access-date=2007-09-25 |website=Sensitize Your Eyes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003807/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes |archive-date=2007-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== In color theory and on a computer screen ===
In the [[RYB color model]], which is the basis of traditional color theory, red is one of the three [[Primary color|primary color]]s, along with blue and yellow. Painters in the Renaissance mixed red and blue to make violet:  Cennino Cennini, in his 15th-century manual on painting, wrote, "If you want to make a lovely violet colour, take fine lac (red lake), ultramarine blue (the same amount of the one as of the other) with a binder"; he noted that it could also be made by mixing blue [[Indigo|indigo]] and red [[Chemistry:Hematite|hematite]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archetype.co.uk/our-titles/cennino-cenninis-i-il-libro-dellarte-i/?id=224|title=Cennino Cennini's Il libro dell'arte: a new English translation and commentary with Italian transcription|publisher=Archetype|year=2015|isbn=9781909492288|editor-last=Broecke|editor-first=Lara|location=London|pages=115|oclc=910400601|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102156/https://archetype.co.uk/our-titles/cennino-cenninis-i-il-libro-dellarte-i/?id=224|url-status=live}}</ref>


In the [[RGB color model]], red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This principle is used to generate colors on such as computer monitors and televisions.  For example, magenta on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using [[Additive color|additive color]]s and light instead of pigment:  it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.<ref name="huevaluechroma1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huevaluechroma.com/041.php|title=The Dimensions of Colour: Part 4. Additive Mixing|last=Briggs|first=David|website=huevaluechroma.com|access-date=Nov 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113180931/http://www.huevaluechroma.com/041.php|archive-date=November 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Boutet 1708 color circles.jpg|In a traditional [[Color wheel|color wheel]] from 1708, red, yellow and blue are primary colors. Red and yellow make orange; red and blue make violet.
File:RGB combination on wall.png|In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen.
File:RGB pixels.jpg|Tiny red, green and blue sub-pixels (enlarged on left side of image) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV. 
</gallery>

=== Color of sunset ===
[[File:Crimson sunset.jpg|thumb|right|Sunsets and sunrises are often red because of an optical effect called [[Physics:Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh scattering]].]]
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to [[Physics:Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh scattering]], changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye.<ref name="saha">{{cite book |author=K. Saha |title=The Earth's Atmosphere – Its Physics and Dynamics |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-78426-5 |page=107}}</ref> At [[Astronomy:Sunrise|sunrise]] and [[Astronomy:Sunset|sunset]], when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.<ref name="guenther">{{cite book|editor-last=Guenther |editor-first=B.|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Optics |publisher=Elsevier|year=2005|isbn=9780123693952|volume=1 |pages=186}}</ref>

=== Lasers ===
[[Physics:Laser|Laser]]s emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the [[Physics:Ruby laser|ruby laser]] in 1960. In 1962 the red [[Physics:Helium–neon laser|helium–neon laser]] was invented,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=A. D.|last2=Rigden |first2=J. D.|date=1962 |title=Continuous Gas Maser Operation in the Visible|journal=Proc. IRE|volume=50 |pages=1697}} US Patent 3242439.</ref> and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including [[Holography|holography]], and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in [[LaserDisc]] players. The use of red [[Engineering:Laser diode|laser diode]]s became widespread with the commercial success of modern [[Engineering:DVD|DVD]] players, which use a 660&nbsp;nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive [[Physics:Laser pointer|laser pointer]]s. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications.<ref name="laserglow">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|website=Laserglow.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805054301/https://www.laserglow.com/GRH|archive-date=August 5, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=Sep 20, 2011}}</ref> More recently, 671&nbsp;nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, [[Particle image velocimetry|particle image velocimetry]], [[Physics:Raman spectroscopy|Raman spectroscopy]], and holography.<ref name="laserglow2">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH |title=Laserglow&nbsp;– Lab/OEM Lasers |publisher=Laserglow.com |access-date=2011-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915034320/http://www.laserglow.com/GRH |archive-date=2011-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Red's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies; red lasers, used in early [[Engineering:Compact disc|compact disc]] technologies, are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue-laser recordings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usbyte.com/common/dvd_7.htm |access-date=Nov 23, 2018|title=DVD |website=usbyte.com |publisher=eMag Solutions LLC|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100106063624/http://www.usbyte.com/common/dvd_7.htm|archive-date=January 6, 2010}}</ref>

=== Astronomy ===
* [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]] is called the Red Planet because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant [[Chemistry:Iron oxide|iron oxide]] present there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Mars.html|title=Mars, The Red Planet|last1=Adams|first1=Melanie |last2=Raynor |first2=Natasha|date=Sep 19, 1994 – Mar 12, 2009 |website=MidLink Magazine|publisher=North Carolina State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712223543/http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Mars.html|archive-date=July 12, 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=12 April 2010}}</ref>
* Astronomical objects that are moving away from the observer exhibit a Doppler [[Astronomy:Redshift|red shift]].
* [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]]'s surface displays a [[Astronomy:Great Red Spot|Great Red Spot]] caused by an oval-shaped mega storm south of the planet's [[Astronomy:Equator|equator]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Red Spot |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html|last1=Cardall |first1=Christian|last2=Daunt |first2=Steven|year=2003|website=The Solar System |publisher=University of Tennessee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331125637/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-date=March 31, 2010|access-date=Apr 12, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Astronomy:Red giant|Red giant]]s are stars that have exhausted the supply of [[Software:Hydrogen|hydrogen]] in their cores and switched to [[Physics:Thermonuclear fusion|thermonuclear fusion]] of hydrogen in a shell that surrounds its core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]]. However, their outer envelope is much lower in temperature, giving them an orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun due to their large size.
* [[Astronomy:Red supergiant|Red supergiant]]s like [[Astronomy:Betelgeuse|Betelgeuse]], [[Astronomy:Antares|Antares]], [[Astronomy:Mu Cephei|Mu Cephei]], [[Astronomy:VV Cephei|VV Cephei]], and [[Astronomy:VY Canis Majoris|VY Canis Majoris]] one of the [[Astronomy:List of largest known stars|biggest stars]] in the [[Universe]], are the biggest variety of red giants. They are huge in size, with radii 200 to 1700 times greater than the Sun, but relatively cool in temperature (3000–4500 K), causing their distinct red tint.
* A [[Astronomy:Red dwarf|red dwarf]] is a small and relatively [[Physics:Temperature|cool]] [[Astronomy:Star|star]], which has a mass of less than half that of the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]] and a surface temperature of less than 4,000&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]]. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy, but due to their low luminosity, from Earth, none are visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Brightest Red Dwarf |last=Croswell|first=Ken|website=kencroswell.com |url=http://kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html |access-date=Nov 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223954/http://www.kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html|archive-date=October 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Interstellar reddening is caused by the extinction of radiation by dust and gas

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Mars atmosphere 2.jpg|[[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]] appears to be red because of [[Chemistry:Iron oxide|iron oxide]] on its surface.
Mira 1997.jpg|[[Astronomy:Mira|Mira]], a [[Astronomy:Red giant|red giant]]
File:RedDwarfNASA.jpg|Artist's impression of a [[Astronomy:Red dwarf|red dwarf]], a small, relatively cool star that appears red due to its temperature
</gallery>

=== Pigments and dyes ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Roussillon sentier des ocres2.JPG|Red [[Ochre|ochre]] cliffs near Roussillon in France. Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings.
Vermillon pigment.jpg|Vermilion pigment, made from cinnabar. This was the pigment used in the murals of Pompeii and to color Chinese lacquerware beginning in the Song dynasty.
Red lead.jpg|[[Chemistry:Red lead|Red lead]], also known as [[Minium (pigment)|minium]], has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. Chemically it is known as lead tetroxide. The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts.
Rubia tinctorum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg|The roots of the ''[[Biology:Rubia tinctorum|Rubia tinctorum]]'', or madder plant, produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century.
Alizarin-sample.jpg|[[Chemistry:Alizarin|Alizarin]] was the first synthetic red dye, created by German chemists in 1868. It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant, but was cheaper and longer lasting. After its introduction, the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased.
</gallery>

=== Food coloring ===
The most common synthetic food coloring today is [[Chemistry:Allura Red AC|Allura Red AC]], a red [[Chemistry:Azo dye|azo dye]] that goes by several names including: '''Allura Red''', '''Food Red 17''', '''C.I. 16035''', '''FD&C Red 40''',<ref name="Shampoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/col-221.html |title=From Shampoo to Cereal: Seeing to the Safety of Color Additives |access-date=2008-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115194446/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/col-221.html |archive-date=January 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Food Colour Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html|title=Food Color Facts|date=January 1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050645/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html|archive-date=October 1, 2007 |access-date=2006-08-18}}</ref> It was originally manufactured from coal tar, but now is mostly made from petroleum.<ref>{{cite web |title=E129 – Allura Red AC |url=https://proe.info/additives/e129 |website=proe.info |access-date=2022-10-31 |archive-date=2022-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031125505/https://proe.info/additives/e129 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France and Switzerland, and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994.<ref name="Food Colour Facts"/> The [[Social:European Union|European Union]] approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants are preserved.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=Jun 30, 1994|title=European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC on colours for use in foodstuffs |journal=European Parliament and Council of the European Union|via=EUR-Lex |url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1994/36/oj|access-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1994/36/oj|archive-date=November 1, 2020}} Precise volume, tome, and page numbers for all languages are available on the cited website.</ref>

In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the [[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) for use in cosmetics, drugs, and food. It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as soft drinks, children's medications, and [[Chemistry:Cotton candy|cotton candy]]. On June 30, 2010, the [[Organization:Center for Science in the Public Interest|Center for Science in the Public Interest]] (CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Red 40.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Group urges ban of 3 common dyes |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/30/food-dyes-a-health-risk/ |last=Young|first=Saundra|date=Jun 30, 2010 |work=CNN|language=en|access-date=Jul 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703013023/http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/30/food-dyes-a-health-risk/ |archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Red 3 dye was banned in the United States in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Kristen |date=2025-01-17 |title=Red dye No. 3 is now banned in the US. Here's what studies show about more common dyes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/17/health/red-40-food-dyes-wellness/index.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>


=== Autumn leaves ===
The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called [[Chemistry:Anthocyanin|anthocyanin]]s. They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer.<ref name="tree1044">{{cite journal|last1=Archetti|first1=Marco|last2=Döring|first2=T. F.|last3=Hagen|first3=S. B.|last4=Hughes|first4=N. M.|last5=Leather|first5=S. R.|last6=Lee|first6=D. W.|last7=Lev-Yadun|first7=S.|last8=Manetas|first8=Y.|last9=Ougham|first9=H. J.|display-authors=3|year=2011|title=Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=24|issue=3|pages=166–73|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.006|pmid=19178979|last10=Schaberg|first10=Paul G.|last11=Thomas|first11=Howard}}</ref> They develop in late summer in the [[Biology:Sap|sap]] of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences—both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of [[Chemistry:Phosphate|phosphate]] in the leaf is reduced.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant pigments and their manipulation|date=2004|publisher=[[Company:Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-1405117371|editor-last=Davies|editor-first=Kevin M.|location=Oxford|pages=6|oclc=56963804}}</ref>

During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the [[Software:Sugar|sugar]]s manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the [[Biology:Plant stem|stem]] of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young [[Biology:Leaf|leaves]] as they unfold from the [[Biology:Bud|bud]]s in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as [[Biology:Cranberry|cranberries]], [[Biology:Red Delicious|red apples]], [[Biology:Blueberry|blueberries]], [[Company:Cherry|cherries]], [[Biology:Raspberry|raspberries]], and [[Biology:Plum|plum]]s.

Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas—a famous example being New England—up to 70% of tree species may produce the pigment.<ref name="tree1044" /> In autumn forests they appear vivid in the [[Software:Maple|maple]]s, [[Biology:Oak|oak]]s, sourwood, [[Biology:Liquidambar|sweetgums]], dogwoods, tupelos, [[Company:Cherry|cherry]] trees and [[Biology:Persimmon|persimmon]]s. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. (See [[Biology:Autumn leaf color|Autumn leaf color]]).

=== Blood and other reds in nature ===
Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated [[Biology:Hemoglobin|hemoglobin]] that contains iron molecules, with the iron components reflecting red light.<ref name="UCSBblood">{{cite web |title=Why is blood red? |url=http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419 |website=[[Organization:University of California, Santa Barbara|University of California, Santa Barbara]] |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920120837/http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/article.htm|title=Hemoglobin|last=Nabili|first=Siamak|website=Procedures and Tests|publisher=MedicineNet|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323145336/http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/article.htm|archive-date=March 23, 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=Apr 12, 2010}}</ref> Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the [[Biology:Myoglobin|myoglobin]] and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual blood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=H. P.|last2=Blumer|first2=T. N.|last3=Craig|first3=H. B.|date=1960-11-01|title=Quantitative Estimations of Myoglobin and Hemoglobin in Beef Muscle Extracts|journal=Journal of Animal Science|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=1164–1171|doi=10.2527/jas1960.1941164x|issn=0021-8812|via=[[WorldCat]]}}</ref>

Plants like [[Biology:Apple|apple]]s, strawberries, [[Company:Cherry|cherries]], [[Biology:Tomato|tomato]]es, [[Biology:Capsicum|peppers]], and [[Biology:Pomegranate|pomegranate]]s are often colored by forms of [[Biology:Carotenoid|carotenoid]]s, red pigments that also assist [[Earth:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html |title=Photosynthetic Pigments |last=Speer |first=Brian |website=UCMP Glossary |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |access-date=22 April 2010 |location=University of California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616181829/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html |archive-date=16 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Agarplate redbloodcells edit.jpg|Red blood cell [[Organization:Agar plate|agar]]. Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells.
Can Setter dog GFDL.jpg|A red setter or Irish setter
Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) -British Wildlife Centre-8.jpg|A pair of European [[Biology:Red fox|red fox]]es
Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus Dublin-Ireland.jpg|The [[Biology:European robin|European robin]] or robin redbreast
</gallery>

=== Hair color ===
[[File:Woman redhead natural portrait 1.jpg|thumb|Red hair only occurs in 1–2% of the human population.]]
Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 1–2% of the human population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.garreau.com/main.cfm?action=chapters&id=20|title=Red Alert!|last=Garreau|first=Joel|date=Mar 18, 2002|website=The Garreau Group|publisher=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527035304/http://www.garreau.com/main.cfm?action=chapters&id=20|archive-date=May 27, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=Nov 23, 2018}}</ref> It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies of a recessive gene on [[Biology:Chromosome 16|chromosome 16]] which causes a mutation in the [[Biology:Melanocortin 1 receptor|MC1R]] protein.<ref name="thetech">{{cite web |last=Starr |first=D. Barry |url=https://www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/articles/2004/ask44/ |title=Neither my husband nor I have redheads in our family. How did our child get red hair? |date=26 August 2004 |website=The Tech Interactive |series=Ask a Geneticist |access-date=4 August 2024 |quote=When someone has both of their MC1R genes mutated, this conversion doesn't happen anymore and you get a buildup of pheomelanin, which results in red hair}}</ref>

Red hair varies from a deep [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]] through burnt orange to bright [[Copper (color)|copper]]. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term "redhead" (originally ''redd hede'') has been in use since at least 1510.<ref>{{cite web|title=redhead, n. and adj.|work=OED Online|url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/160309|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|access-date=7 August 2011|date=June 2011|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=A69DA6EA6221596E8BC455D7F3F021F3?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F160309|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== In animal and human behavior ===
Red is associated with [[Dominance hierarchy|dominance]] in a number of animal species.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Little|first1=A. C.|last2=Hill|first2=R. A.|year=2007|title=Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Psychology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=161–168|doi=10.1556/JEP.2007.1008|doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, in [[Biology:Mandrill|mandrill]]s, red coloration of the face is greatest in [[Dominance hierarchy|alpha]] males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of [[Chemistry:Testosterone|testosterone]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setchell |first1=J. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Wickings |first3=E. |last4=Knapp |first4=L. |title=Social correlates of testosterone and ornamentation in male mandrills |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=365–72 |year=2008 |pmid=18582885 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.004 |s2cid=28843140 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5092/1/5092.pdf?DDD5+dan0js |access-date=2018-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922090210/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5092/1/5092.pdf?DDD5+dan0js |archive-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, [[Biology:Reproductive success|reproductive success]] and [[Philosophy:Parental investment|parental investment]] between individuals displaying red and those not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuthill|first1=I. C.|last2=Hunt|first2=S.|last3=Cleary|first3=C.|last4=Clark|first4=C.|year=1997|title=Colour bands, dominance, and body mass regulation in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=264|issue=1384|pages=1093–99|doi=10.1098/rspb.1997.0151|pmc=1688540|bibcode=1997RSPSB.264.1093C}}</ref> In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=R. A. |last2=Barton |first2=R. A. |title=Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests |journal=Nature |volume=435 |page=293 |year=2005 |doi=10.1038/435293a |bibcode=2005Natur.435..293H |issue=7040 |pmid=15902246|s2cid=4394988 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Attrill |first1=M. |last2=Gresty |first2=K. |last3=Hill |first3=R. |last4=Barton |first4=R. |title=Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |year=2008 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=577–82 |doi=10.1080/02640410701736244 |pmid=18344128|s2cid=24581981 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1553141 }}</ref> and [[Software:Multiplayer video game|multiplayer video game]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ilie |first1=A. |last2=Ioan |first2=S. |last3=Zagrean |first3=L. |last4=Moldovan |first4=M. |title=Better to Be Red than Blue in Virtual Competition |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=375–77 |year=2008 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0122 |pmid=18537513}}</ref> Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hackney |first1=A. C. |title=Testosterone and human performance: influence of the color red |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=330–33 |year=2005 |pmid=16283371 |doi=10.1007/s00421-005-0059-7|s2cid=22517777 }}</ref> Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hagemann |first1=N. |last2=Strauss |first2=B. |last3=Leissing |first3=J. |title=When the Referee Sees Red … |journal=Psychological Science |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=769–71 |year=2008 |pmid=18816283 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x|s2cid=10618757 }}</ref> and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007" /> In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elliot |first1=A. J. |last2=Maier |first2=M. A. |title=Color and Psychological Functioning |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=250–54 |year=2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x|s2cid=4678074 }}</ref> and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elliot |first1=A. J. |last2=Maier |first2=M. A. |last3=Binser |first3=M. J. |last4=Friedman |first4=R. |last5=Pekrun |first5=R. |title=The Effect of Red on Avoidance Behavior in Achievement Contexts |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=365–75 |year=2008 |pmid=19223458 |doi=10.1177/0146167208328330|s2cid=14453487 }}</ref>

== History and art==
{{See also|History of red}}

=== In prehistory and the ancient world ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:9 Bisonte Magdaleniense polícromo.jpg|Bison in red ochre in the [[Earth:Cave of Altamira|Cave of Altamira]], Spain, from the [[Earth:Upper Paleolithic|Upper Paleolithic]] era (36,000 BC)
Pech Merle main.jpg|Image of a human hand created with red [[Ochre|ochre]] in Pech Merle cave, France (Gravettian era, 25,000 BC)
KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg|''The Prince of Lilies'', from the [[History:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] Palace of Minos at Knossos on Crete
Pompeii - Fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus 2 - MAN.jpg|Roman wall painting showing a dye shop, Pompeii (40 BC) 
</gallery>

Inside cave 13B at Pinnacle Point, an archeological site found on the coast of South Africa, paleoanthropologists in 2000 found evidence that, between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago, [[History:Late Stone Age|Late Stone Age]] people were scraping and grinding [[Ochre|ochre]], a clay colored red by [[Chemistry:Iron oxide|iron oxide]], probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies.<ref name="Marean 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Marean|first1=C. W.|last2=Bar-Matthews|first2=M|last3=Bernatchez|first3=J.|last4=Fisher|first4=E.|last5=Goldberg|first5=P.|last6=Herries|first6=A. I. R.|last7=Jacobs|first7=Z.|last8=Jerardino|first8=A.|last9=Karkanas|first9=P.|display-authors=3|year=2007|title=Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene|journal=Nature|volume=449|issue=7164|pages=905–08|bibcode=2007Natur.449..905M|doi=10.1038/nature06204|pmid=17943129|last10=Minichillo|first10=T.|last11=Nilssen|first11=P. J.|last12=Thompson|first12=E.|last13=Watts|first13=I.|last14=Williams|first14=H. W.|s2cid=4387442|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf|access-date=2023-01-20|archive-date=2023-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525103726/https://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Red [[Chemistry:Hematite|hematite]] powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a [[Earth:Zhoukoudian|Zhoukoudian]] cave complex near [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]. The site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago. The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to the dead.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|4}}

Red, black and white were the first colors used by artists in the [[Earth:Upper Paleolithic|Upper Paleolithic]] age, probably because natural pigments such as red ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived. [[Biology:Rubia|Madder]], a plant whose root could be made into a red dye, grew widely in Europe, Africa and Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|last1=Pastoureau|first1=Michel|last2=Simonnet|first2=Dominique|date=2014|publisher=Seuil|isbn=9782757841532|location=Paris|pages=32|oclc=881055677}}</ref> The [[Earth:Cave of Altamira|cave of Altamira]] in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to between 15,000 and 16,500 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/310/video |title= Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain|publisher=unesco |access-date= December 30, 2016}}</ref>

A red dye called [[Biology:Kermes (dye)|Kermes]] was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny [[Biology:Scale insect|scale insect]] in the genus ''[[Biology:Kermes (insect)|Kermes]]'', primarily ''[[Biology:Kermes vermilio|Kermes vermilio]]''. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially [[Biology:Kermes oak|Kermes oak]] trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prehistoric Textiles|last=Barber|first=E. J. W.|date=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691035970|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=19922311}}</ref>{{Rp|230–31}}  Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from [[Biology:Armenian cochineal|''Porphyrophora hamelii'' (Armenian cochineal)]] scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=A perfect red|last=Greenfield|first=Amy Butler|date=2005|publisher=Autrement|isbn=9782746710948|location=Paris|oclc=470600856}}</ref>{{Rp|45}}

In ancient Egypt, red was associated with life, health, and victory. Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/reds.html |title=Pigments through the Ages – Intro to the reds |publisher=Webexhibits.org |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004065950/http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/reds.html |archive-date=2012-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Egyptian women used red ochre as a cosmetic to redden cheeks and lips<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of the Pharaohs|last=Hamilton|first=R.|date=2007|publisher=Paragon Inc.|isbn=9781405486439|location=Bath|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt0000hami/page/62 62]|oclc=144618068|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt0000hami/page/62}}</ref> and also used henna to color their hair and paint their nails.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/127|title=Sacred luxuries|last=Manniche|first=Lise|date=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801437205|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/127 127–43]|oclc=41319991|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

The ancient Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a ''flammeum''.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|46}} Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Colour|last=Feisner|first=Edith A.|date=2006|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1856694414|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=127|oclc=62259546}}</ref> The vexilloid of the [[Place:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] had a red background with the letters SPQR in [[Gold (color)|gold]]. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Triumphus.html |title=Triumphus |first=William |last=Ramsay |access-date=2007-12-09 |year=1875 |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044526/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA%2A/Triumphus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called [[Chemistry:Vermilion|vermilion]], and it came from the mineral [[Chemistry:Cinnabar|cinnabar]], a common ore of [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]]. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]], in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles and Methods of Toxicology |edition=5th |author=Hayes, A. W. |publisher=Informa Healthcare |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8493-3778-9}}</ref>

=== The Middle Ages ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Innozenz3.jpg|Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ. This is Pope Innocent III, in about 1219.
File:S.George (Novgorod, mid. 14 c, GTG).jpg|Red was the traditional color of martyrs. A Russian icon of Saint George (14th c.).
File:Domschatz Halberstadt Karlsteppich.png|The color of majesty - portrait of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor, Netherlands (14th c.)
</gallery>
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, red was adopted as a color of majesty and authority by the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]], and the princes of Europe. It also played an important part in the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church, symbolizing the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/clife/lcolors.php|title=Liturgical Colors|website=Catholic Online|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=2019-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008055940/https://www.catholic.org/clife/lcolors.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicherald.com/Faith/What_do_liturgical_colors_mean_/|title=What do liturgical colors mean?- The Arlington Catholic Herald|last=Herald|first=Catholic|website=catholicherald.com|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=2019-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008055940/https://www.catholicherald.com/Faith/What_do_liturgical_colors_mean_/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|36–37}} Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red colored [[Philosophy:Religious habit|habitus]]. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added [[Engineering:Stained glass|stained glass]] windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood.<ref name=":2"/> Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross.  According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=":3"/>{{Rp|36}}

=== Renaissance ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Elizabeth I Steven Van Der Meulen.jpg|The young Queen Elizabeth I (here in about 1563) 
File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Wedding Dance - 30.374 - Detroit Institute of Arts.jpg|''The Wedding Dance'' (1566), by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Jan Vermeer van Delft 006.jpg|''The Girl with the Wine Glass'', by Johannes Vermeer (1659–60) 
File:Willem Wissing and Jan van der Vaardt - Queen Anne, when Princess of Denmark, 1665 – 1714 - Google Art Project.jpg|Princess Anne of Denmark (later Queen Anne of Great Britain) (1685)
</gallery>
In [[Philosophy:Renaissance|Renaissance]] painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or another central figure.

In Venice, Titian was the master of fine reds, particularly [[Chemistry:Vermilion|vermilion]]; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color. The figures of God, the Virgin Mary and two apostles are highlighted by their vermilion red costumes.

Queen Elizabeth I of England liked to wear bright reds, before she adopted the more sober image of the "Virgin Queen". 
 
Red costumes were not limited to the upper classes. In Renaissance Flanders, people of all social classes wore red at celebrations. One such celebration was captured in ''The Wedding Dance'' (1566) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

The painter Johannes Vermeer skilfully used different shades and tints of vermilion to paint the red skirt in ''The Girl with the Wine Glass'', then glazed it with madder lake to make a more luminous color.

=== Reds from the New World ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Paracas textile, British Museum.jpg|Textiles dyed red from the [[Social:Paracas culture|Paracas culture]] of Peru (about 200 BC), in the British Museum
Aztecheaddress.jpg|Feather headdress from the Aztec people of Mexico and Central America, dyed with [[Biology:Cochineal|cochineal]]
Indian collecting cochineal.jpg|A native of Central America collecting cochineal insects from a [[Biology:Cactus|cactus]] to make red dye (1777)
</gallery>

In Latin America, the Aztec people, the [[Social:Paracas culture|Paracas culture]] and other societies used [[Biology:Cochineal|cochineal]], a vivid scarlet dye made from insects. From the 16th until the 19th century, cochineal became a highly profitable export from Spanish Mexico to Europe.

=== 18th to 20th century ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Portrait of Joseph Emanuel, King of Portugal (1773) - Miguel António do Amaral.png|King Joseph I of Portugal (1773)
File:François-René Moreaux - O imperador D. Pedro II, sua esposa Teresa Cristina e suas filhas, princesas Isabel e Leopoldina, 1857.JPG|The Brazilian imperial family (1857)
File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg|King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1901)
File:Kustodiev The Bolshevik.jpg|Red flag of the Bolsheviks, by Boris Kustodiev (1920)
File:Chinese honor guard in column 070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG|Chinese honour guard, Beijing, 2007
</gallery>
In the 18th century, red began to take on a new identity as the color of resistance and revolution.  It was already associated with blood, and with danger; a red flag hoisted before a battle meant that no prisoners would be taken. In 1793–94, red became the color of the French Revolution. A red Phrygian cap, or "liberty cap", was part of the uniform of the sans-culottes, the most militant faction of the revolutionaries.<ref name="auto">Pastoureau, Michel, "Rouge - Histoire d'une couleur" (2019), p. 166</ref>

In the late 18th century, during a strike English dock workers carried red flags, and it thereafter became closely associated with the new labour movement, and later with the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, founded in 1900.

In  Paris in 1832, a red flag was carried by working-class demonstrators in the failed June Rebellion (an event immortalised in ''Les Misérables''), and later in the 1848 French Revolution.<ref name="marh">{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Traugott |title=The Insurgent Barricade |publisher=University of California Press |year=2010 |pages=4–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isK7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |isbn=978-0-520-94773-3 |access-date=2022-07-21 |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044526/https://books.google.com/books?id=isK7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The red flag was proposed as the new national French flag during the 1848 revolution, but was rejected by at the urging of the poet and statesman Alphonse Lamartine in favour of the tricolor flag. It appeared again as the flag of the short-lived Paris Commune in 1871. It was then adopted by [[Biography:Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] and the new European movements of [[Social:Socialism|socialism]] and [[Social:Communism|communism]]. [[Place:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] adopted a red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The People's Republic of China adopted the red flag following the Chinese Communist Revolution. It was adopted by North Vietnam in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975.

== Symbolism ==

=== Courage and sacrifice ===
Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|43}} In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood.<ref name=":2"/> Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross.  According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=":3"/>{{Rp|36}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Robert Gibb - The Thin Red Line.jpg|Robert Gibb's 1881 painting, ''The Thin Red Line'', depicting The Thin Red Line at the Battle of Balaclava (1854), when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds.
Poppies in the Sunset on Lake Geneva.jpg|The red [[Biology:Poppy|poppy]] flower is worn on Remembrance Day in [[Organization:Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War.
</gallery>

=== Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war ===
While red is the color most associated with love, it also the color most frequently associated with hatred, [[Social:Anger|anger]], [[Philosophy:Aggression|aggression]] and war. People who are angry are said to "{{wt|en|see red}}." Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat. In [[History:Ancient Rome|ancient Rome]], red was the color of [[Religion:Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the god of war—the planet [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]] was named for him because of its red color.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|42, 53}}

=== Warning and danger ===
Red is the traditional color of warning and danger, and is therefore often used on flags. In the Middle Ages up through the French Revolution, a red flag shown in warfare indicated the intent to take no prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNB0DwAAQBAJ&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=PA11|title=Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers During the Italian Wars|last=Bowd|first=Stephen D.|date=2019-01-22|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198832614|language=en|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102146/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNB0DwAAQBAJ&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE0C5TFnN5IC&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=RA1-PA106|title=Naval War College Review|date=1993|publisher=Naval War College|language=en|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102157/https://books.google.com/books?id=kE0C5TFnN5IC&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=RA1-PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, a red flag hoisted by a pirate ship meant no mercy would be shown to their target.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28d0Pap9l2wC&q=%22red+flag%22+mercy|title=Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Story of Pirate Island|last=Rogoziński|first=Jan|date=2001-04-01|publisher=Conway|isbn=9780851777924|language=en|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=28d0Pap9l2wC&q=%22red+flag%22+mercy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cordingly, p. 117.  Cordingly cites only one source for pages 116–119 of his text: ''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies'', volumes 1719–20, no. 34.</ref> In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzIlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Locomotives+on+Highways+Act+1896%22+flag&pg=PA92|title=Automobile Heritage and Tourism|last1=Conlin|first1=Michael V.|last2=Jolliffe|first2=Lee|date=December 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781315436203|language=en|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=rzIlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Locomotives+on+Highways+Act+1896%22+flag&pg=PA92|url-status=live}}</ref> In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/flags_guide/default.stm|title=BBC SPORT {{!}} Motorsport {{!}} Formula One {{!}} Flags guide|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=2019-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102034845/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/flags_guide/default.stm#targetText=The%20race%20has%20been%20stopped,for%20racing%20to%20be%20safe.&targetText=Indicates%20danger%20ahead%20and%20overtaking%20is%20prohibited.|url-status=live}}</ref> In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red [[Engineering:Penalty card|penalty card]] and ejected from the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/3f3e15cc1ab8977b/original/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k-pdf.pdf|title=Laws of The Game|website=fifa.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|pages=39, 72, 82–83|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311174803/https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k.pdf|archive-date=March 11, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=Mar 11, 2018}}</ref>

Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with the colors orange, yellow, and white, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary ergonomics 1996|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0748405497|editor-last=Robertson|editor-first=S. A.|location=London|pages=148–50|oclc=34731604}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors|last=Karwowski|first=Waldemar|date=2006|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-0415304306|edition=2nd|location=Boca Raton|pages=1518|oclc=251383265}}</ref> For this reason, red is generally used as the highest level of warning, such as threat level of terrorist attack in the United States. In fact, teachers at a primary school in the UK have been told not to mark children's work in red ink because it encourages a "negative approach".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2688623.stm|title=Red ink banned from primary books|date=Jan 23, 2003|work=BBC News World Edition|access-date=Aug 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730024918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2688623.stm|archive-date=July 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standardized as the international color at the [[Engineering:Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals|Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]] of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|54}} The 1968 [[Engineering:Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals|Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]] of 1968 uses red color also for the margin of danger warning sign, give way signs and prohibitory signs, following the previous German-type signage (established by Verordnung über Warnungstafeln für den Kraftfahrzeugverkehr in 1927).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Vienna Convention road sign B2a.svg|The standard international stop sign, following the [[Engineering:Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals|Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]] of 1968
File:SM-PAOK (18).jpg|A footballer is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match.
Red typhoon alert.png|A red Chinese typhoon alert sign
Hsas-chart with header.svg|Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the Homeland Security Advisory System.
AU Fire Danger Indicator.jpg|Red is the color of extreme fire danger in Australia; new black/red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard.
</gallery>

=== The color that attracts attention ===
[[File:Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg|upright|thumb|Fashion model [[Magdalena Frackowiak]] at Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011)]]
Red is the color that most attracts attention. Surveys show it is the color most frequently associated with visibility, proximity, and extroverts. It is also the color most associated with dynamism and activity.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|48, 58}}

Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|48, 58}} Monarchs, wives of presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.<ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=fred Wright|date=2017-08-07|title=Why Do Lifeguards Wear Red?|url=https://www.kiefer.com/blog/why-do-lifeguards-wear-red|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Kiefer Swim Shop Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102148/https://www.kiefer.com/blog/why-do-lifeguards-wear-red|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifesaver and Lifeguard Uniforms|url=https://www.ilsf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/LPS-05-2006-Uniforms.pdf|website=International Life Saving Federation|access-date=2020-09-09|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203133737/https://www.ilsf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/LPS-05-2006-Uniforms.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because red attracts attention, it is frequently used in advertising, though studies show that people are less likely to read something printed in red because they know it is advertising, and because it is more difficult visually to read than black and white text.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|60}}

=== Seduction, sexuality and sin ===
Red by a large margin is the color most commonly associated with seduction, sexuality, eroticism and immorality, possibly because of its close connection with passion and with danger.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|55}}

Red was long seen as having a dark side, particularly in [[Religion:Christianity|Christian]] theology. It was associated with sexual passion, anger, sin, and the devil.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theology of the Old Testament|last=Oehler|first=Gustav Friedrich|date=2015|publisher=Arkose Press|isbn=9781345212341|editor-last=Day|editor-first=George E.|pages=320}}</ref><ref name="StClair">{{Cite book|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|pages=136–137|oclc=936144129}}</ref> In the [[Religion:Old Testament|Old Testament]] of the [[Religion:Bible|Bible]], the Book of Isaiah said: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+1:18&version=KJV|title=Isaiah 1:18 - King James Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=Nov 26, 2018|quote=Come now, and let us reason together, saith the Lord: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022423/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+1:18&version=KJV|archive-date=November 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]], in the [[Religion:Book of Revelation|Book of Revelation]], the Antichrist appears as a red monster, ridden by a woman dressed in scarlet, known as the [[Religion:Whore of Babylon|Whore of Babylon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+17&version=KJV|title=Revelation 17 - King James Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=Nov 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221622/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+17&version=KJV|archive-date=November 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Biography:Satan|Satan]] is often depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume in both iconography and [[Social:Popular culture|popular culture]].<ref name="StClair" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbols of the Christian faith|last=Steffler|first=Alva W.|date=2002|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub|isbn=978-0802846761|location=Grand Rapids|pages=132|oclc=48557619}}</ref> By the 20th century, the devil in red had become a folk character in legends and stories. The devil in red appears more often in cartoons and movies than in religious art. 
In 17th-century New England, red was associated with [[Social:Adultery|adultery]]. In the 1850 novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, ''The Scarlet Letter'', set in a Puritan New England community, a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn onto her clothes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The scarlet letter|last=Hawthorne|first=Nathaniel|date=2004|publisher=Pocket|isbn=978-0743487566|editor-last=Brantley|editor-first=Margaret|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scarletletter0000hawt_p9a6/page/136 136]|oclc=55483830|url=https://archive.org/details/scarletletter0000hawt_p9a6/page/136}}</ref><ref name="StClair" />

Red is still commonly associated with prostitution. At various points in history, prostitutes were required to wear red to announce their profession.<ref name="StClair" /> Houses of prostitution displayed a red light. Beginning in the early 20th century, houses of prostitution were allowed only in certain specified neighborhoods, which became known as red-light districts. Large red-light districts are found today in [[Place:Bangkok|Bangkok]] and [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Light District Amsterdam {{!}} Amsterdam.info |url=https://www.amsterdam.info/red-light-district/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.amsterdam.info |archive-date=2022-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326202309/https://www.amsterdam.info/red-light-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finlay |first=Leslie |date=2018-03-27 |title=A Guide to Bangkok's Red Light Districts |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/a-guide-to-bangkoks-red-light-districts/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032323/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/a-guide-to-bangkoks-red-light-districts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Handkerchief code|handkerchief code]], the color red signifies interest in the sexual act of fisting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornier |first=J. Raúl |date=2019-04-23 |title=Hanky Panky: An Abridged History of the Hanky Code |url=https://historyproject.org/news/2019-04/hanky-panky-abridged-history-hanky-code-0 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The History Project |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044528/https://historyproject.org/news/2019-04/hanky-panky-abridged-history-hanky-code-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In both Christian and Hebrew tradition, red is also sometimes associated with murder or guilt, with "having blood on one's hands", or "being caught red-handed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/red-handed | title=red-handed | work=Cambridge Dictionary | access-date=26 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212711/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/red-handed | archive-date=26 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Whore of Babylon (XIV).jpg|The [[Religion:Whore of Babylon|Whore of Babylon]], depicted in a 14th-century French illuminated manuscript. The woman appears attractive, but is wearing red under her blue garment.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 057.jpg|''Reine de joie'', (''Queen of Joy''), a book cover illustration by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1892) about a Paris prostitute
At the Devil's Ball 1.jpg|Sheet music for "At the Devil's Ball", by Irving Berlin, United States, 1915
Amsterdam red light district 24-7-2003.JPG|The red-light district in Amsterdam (2003). Red is the sex industry's preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|39–63}}|alt=The red-light district in Amsterdam (2003). Red is the sex industry's preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.: 39–63
Red lipstick (photo by weglet).jpg|Red lipstick has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times. It was worn by Cleopatra, Queen Elizabeth I, and film stars such as Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe.
</gallery>

== In religion ==
* In [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], red is associated with the [[Religion:Blood of Christ|blood of Christ]] and the sacrifice of [[Religion:Christian martyr|martyrs]]. In the Roman Catholic Church it is also associated with [[Religion:Pentecost|pentecost]] and the Holy Spirit. Since 1295, it is the color worn by Cardinals, the senior clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Red is the liturgical color for the feasts of martyrs, representing the blood of those who suffered death for their faith. It is sometimes used as the liturgical color for Holy Week, including Palm Sunday and [[Religion:Good Friday|Good Friday]], although this is a modern (20th-century) development. In Catholic practice, it is also the liturgical color used to commemorate the Holy Spirit (for this reason it is worn at Pentecost and during Confirmation masses). Because of its association with martyrdom and the Spirit, it is also the color used to commemorate saints who were martyred, such as St. George and all the Apostles (except for the Apostle St. John, who was not martyred, where white is used). As such, it is used to commemorate bishops, who are the successors of the Apostles (for this reason, when funeral masses are held for bishops, cardinals, or popes, red is used instead of the white that would ordinarily be used).
* In [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]], red is one of the five colors which are said to have emanated from the Buddha when he attained enlightenment, or [[Philosophy:Nirvana|nirvana]]. It is particularly associated with the benefits of the practice of Buddhism; achievement, wisdom, virtue, fortune and dignity. It was also believed to have the power to resist evil. In China red was commonly used for the walls, pillars, and gates of temples.
* In the [[Philosophy:Shinto|Shinto]] religion of Japan, the gateways of temples, called [[Religion:Torii|torii]], are traditionally painted vermilion red and black. The torii symbolizes the passage from the profane world to a sacred place. The bridges in the gardens of Japanese temples are also painted red (and usually only temple bridges are red, not bridges in ordinary gardens), since they are also passages to sacred places.  Red was also considered a color which could expel evil and disease.
* In [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]], red is sometimes used to symbolize [[Yin and yang|yang]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The World Book Encyclopedia |publisher=Scott Fetzer Company |year=2003 |isbn=0-7166-0103-6 |edition= |volume=19 |location=Chicago |pages=36 |oclc=50204221 }}</ref>
* In [[Religion:Chinese folk religion|Chinese folk religion]], red is also sometimes used to symbolize yang in the context of the creator [[Religion:Pangu|Pangu]], who hatched out of a [[Religion:World egg|cosmic egg]] colored like a ''[[Taijitu|taijitu]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ni |first=Xueting C. |title=Chinese Myths: From Cosmology and Folklore to Gods and Immortals |publisher=Amber Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83886-263-3 |location=London |pages=13}}</ref> Some art of Pangu colored yang as red.<ref name=":5" /> In addition, red is also an auspicious color according to Chinese beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|work=ASTV Manager|language=thai|url=https://mgronline.com/china/detail/9640000013049|title=ไขปริศนา ทำไมคนจีนอะไรๆก็ "สีแดง"?|date=2024-08-17|accessdate=2021-02-10|first=Yuthachai|last=Anansakranon}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Itsukushima torii angle.jpg|A [[Philosophy:Shinto|Shinto]] [[Religion:Torii|torii]] at Itsukushima, Japan
John Paul II funeral long shot.jpg|Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope John Paul II
Debating Monks.JPG|Buddhist monks in [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]]
Ravi Varma-Lakshmi.jpg|In [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]], red is associated with [[Religion:Lakshmi|Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty.
Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (160).jpg|Red flags in a celebration of [[Religion:Muharram|Muharram]] in [[Religion:Iran|Iran]]
</gallery>

== Military uses ==
=== Red uniform ===
The red military uniform was adopted by the English Parliament's New Model Army in 1645, and was still worn as a dress uniform by the British Army until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914.  Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed with [[Biology:Rubia|madder]], while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensive [[Biology:Cochineal|cochineal]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|168–69}} This led to British soldiers being known as red coats.

In the modern British army, scarlet is still worn by the Foot Guards, the Life Guards, and by some regimental bands or [[Engineering:Drum|drum]]mers for ceremonial purposes. Officers and NCOs of those regiments which previously wore red retain scarlet as the color of their "mess" or formal evening jackets. The Royal Gibraltar Regiment has a scarlet tunic in its winter dress.

Scarlet is worn for some full dress, military band or mess uniforms in the modern armies of a number of the countries that made up the former British Empire. These include the Australian, Jamaican, New Zealand, Fijian, Canadian, Kenyan, Ghanaian, Indian, Singaporean, Sri Lankan and Pakistani armies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=World uniforms in colour: Vol. 2: Nations of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania |last=d'Ami|first=Rinaldo|date=1968 |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd|location=London |isbn=978-0850590319 |oclc=14994}}</ref>

The musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band wear red, following an 18th-century military tradition that the uniforms of band members are the reverse of the uniforms of the other soldiers in their unit. Since the US Marine uniform is blue with red facings, the band wears the reverse.

Red Serge is the uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, created in 1873 as the North-West Mounted Police, and given its present name in 1920. The uniform was adapted from the tunic of the British Army. Cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada also wear red dress uniforms.

The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a red dress uniform.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Officer and Private, 40th Foot, 1815.jpg|Officer and soldier of the British Army, 1815
Garde nationale bulgare.jpg|The scarlet uniform of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria
PlateVII Band.jpg|Musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band
RCMP officer on a horse.JPG|Officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Forma-2g.jpg|The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a dress uniform called ''A Garança''.
Indian Army-Rajput regiment.jpeg|Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian Army
</gallery>

NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems uses red to denote hostile forces, hence the terms "red team" and "Red Cell" to denote challengers during exercises.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Korkolis |first1=M. |title=APP-6 Military Symbols For Land Based Symbols |url=https://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/NATO_Symbols/APP-6.pdf |website=alternatewars.com |date=July 1986 |pages=1–4 |access-date=2018-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619134420/http://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/NATO_Symbols/APP-6.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In sports ==
The first known team sport to feature red uniforms was chariot racing during the late [[Place:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]. The earliest races were between two chariots, one driver wearing red, the other white. Later, the number of teams was increased to four, including drivers in light green and sky blue. Twenty-five races were run in a day, with a total of one hundred chariots participating.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|last=Gibbon|first=Edward|publisher=Harcourt|year=1960|isbn=978-0151355372|editor-last=Low|editor-first=M. D.|location=New York|pages=554|oclc=402038}}</ref>

Today many sports teams throughout the world feature red on their uniforms. Along with [[Blue|blue]], red is the most commonly used non-white color in sports. Numerous national sports teams wear red, often through association with their national flags. A few of these teams feature the color as part of their nickname such as Spain (with their association football (soccer) national team nicknamed ''La Furia Roja'' or "The Red Fury") and Belgium (whose football team bears the nickname ''Rode Duivels'' or "Red Devils").

In club association football (soccer), red is a commonly used color throughout the world. Among European notable club teams most often playing at home in red shirts include Bayern Munich, Benfica, Liverpool, [[Company:Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and Roma. Furthermore, many prominent teams play in partially red color schemes, involving different-colored sleeves or stripes. A number of teams' nicknames feature the color. A red [[Engineering:Penalty card|penalty card]] is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one fewer player for the game's duration.

Rosso Corsa is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy. Since the 1920s Italian race cars of [[Company:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]], [[Company:Maserati|Maserati]], [[Company:Lancia|Lancia]], and later [[Company:Ferrari|Ferrari]] and Abarth have been painted with a color known as ''rosso corsa'' ("racing red"). National colors were mostly replaced in Formula One by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red, although the shade of the color varies. Ducati traditionally run red factory bikes in motorcycle World Championship racing.

The color is commonly used for professional sports teams in Canada and the United States with eleven Major League Baseball teams, eleven National Hockey League teams, seven National Football League teams and eleven National Basketball Association teams prominently featuring some shade of the color. The color is also featured in the league logos of Major League Baseball, the National Football League and the National Basketball Association.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3533300.ece|title=Teams with red shirts have a head start|last=Dart|first=Tom|date=Mar 12, 2008|work=Times Online|access-date=Apr 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133533/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3533300.ece|archive-date=June 29, 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=News International Group|location=London}}</ref> In the National Football League, a red flag is thrown by the head coach to challenge a referee's decision during the game. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with [[Social:Communism|communism]] in the United States, the modern Cincinnati Reds team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War|last=Cuordileone|first=Kyle A.|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415925990|location=New York|pages=13|oclc=56535047}}</ref>

In boxing, red is often the color used on a fighter's gloves. George Foreman wore the same red trunks he used during his loss to Muhammad Ali when he defeated Michael Moorer 20 years later to regain the title he lost. Boxers named or nicknamed "red" include Red Burman, Ernie "Red" Lopez, and his brother Danny "Little Red" Lopez.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Winner of a Roman chariot race.jpg|Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race, wearing the colors of the red team
RS Redz.png|Both the Cleveland Guardians and the Boston Red Sox wear red.
Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg|In martial arts, a red belt shows a high degree of proficiency, second only, in some schools, to the black belt.
Alfa Romeo 33 SC 12 Sovralimentata 1977 red vr TCE.jpg|An [[Company:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] Sports Racing car in 1977, painted Rosso Corsa ("racing red"), the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s.
</gallery>

== On flags ==
[[File:Countries with red on their flags.svg|thumb|Countries with red on their flags; the shades of red correspond to those on their respective flags.]]
Red is the most common color found in national flags, found on the flags of 77 percent of the 210 countries listed as independent in 2016;  far ahead of white (58 percent); green (40 percent) and blue (37 percent).<ref>Pastoureau, "Rouge - Histoire d'un couleur" (2019), p. 177</ref> The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the [[Engineering:Saltire|saltire]] of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Tracking the jack|last=Brabazon|first=Tara|date=2000|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0868406992|location=Sydney|oclc=50382088}}</ref>{{Rp|10}} The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/Flag.asp|title=The United States Flag – Public and Intergovernmental Affairs|website=United States Department of Veterans Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231081100/http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/Flag.asp|archive-date=December 31, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=Dec 7, 2006}}</ref> the colors of the French {{lang|fr|tricolore}} include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|13–20}} Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers.

The red on the flag of Nepal represents the [[Biology:Floral emblem|floral emblem]] of the country, the [[Biology:Rhododendron|rhododendron]].

Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgia]] adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

Red, white, and black were the colors of the [[Place:German Empire|German Empire]] from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the [[Social:Nazi Party|Nazi]] flag. In ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention – Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Life of the Führer |date=1938|website=German Propaganda Archive |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm |publisher=Calvin.edu|access-date=Sep 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007075549/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mein Kampf|title-link=Mein Kampf |last=Hitler|first=Adolf|year=1926|volume=2 |chapter=Chapter VII|}}</ref>

Red, white, green and black are the colors of [[Social:Pan-Arabism|Pan-Arabism]] and are used by many Arab countries.<ref name="flags">{{cite web |title=Colors as Symbols in Flags |url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/flags/colors.shtml |publisher=EnchantedLearning.com |access-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228174002/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/flags/colors.shtml}}</ref>

Red, gold, green, and black are the colors of [[Social:Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanism]]. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including South Africa, [[Earth:Ghana|Ghana]], Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the flag of Ethiopia, one of the oldest independent African countries.<ref name="flags"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Chanting Down Babylon |last1=Murrell |first1=Nathaniel S. |last2=Spencer |first2=William D. |last3=McFarlane |first3=Adrian A. |date=1998 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1566395830 |location=Philadelphia |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse/page/135 135] |oclc=37115199 |display-authors=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse/page/135}}</ref> Rwanda, notably, removed red from its flag after the Rwandan genocide because of red's association with blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwandan: Adoption of the new flag|date=Dec 31, 2005 |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rw-ad01.html#var |website=Crwflags.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913164945/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rw-ad01.html#var |archive-date=September 13, 2008 |access-date=Dec 17, 2011}}</ref>

The flags of Japan and Bangladesh both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the Philippines has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]] has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the flag of Portugal is green and red. The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule, with the successor [[Place:Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] continuing the 1844 Ottoman flag.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]] from 1260 to its fall in 1453
Flag of England.svg|The St George's cross was the banner of the First Crusade, then, beginning in the 13th century, the flag of England. It is the red color (along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the flag of the United States.
Flag of the United States (1776–1777).svg|The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the British Red Ensign. This is the Continental Union Flag, the ''de facto'' flag of the United States until 1777.
Flag of Georgia.svg|The Flag of Georgia also features the Saint George's Cross. It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century.
Flag of Canada.svg|The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965. The red color comes from the Saint George's Cross of England.
</gallery>

== In politics ==

[[File:Sansculottes.jpg|thumb|upright|The red Phrygian cap worn by ''sans-culottes'' during the French Revolution]] 
[[File:SPD logo.svg|thumb|upright|Logo of the [[German Social Democratic Party]]]]

In 18th-century Europe, red was usually associated with the monarchy and with those in power. The [[Religion:Pope|Pope]] wore red, as did the Swiss Guards of the Kings of France, the soldiers of the British Army and the Danish Army.

In the Roman Empire, freed slaves were given a red Phrygian cap  as an emblem of their liberation. Because of this symbolism, the red "Liberty cap" became a symbol of the American patriots fighting for independence from England. During the French Revolution, the [[Social:Jacobins|Jacobins]] also adapted the red Phrygian cap, and forced the deposed King Louis XVI to wear one after his arrest.<ref name="auto"/>

===Socialism and communism===
In the 19th century, with the [[History:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] and the rise of worker's movements, red became the color of [[Social:Socialism|socialism]] (especially the [[Philosophy:Marxism|Marxist]] variant), and, with the Paris Commune of 1871, of revolution.<ref name="marh"/>

In the 20th century, red was the color first of the Russian Bolsheviks and then, after the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, of communist parties around the world. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia went back to the pre-revolutionary blue, white and red flag.

Red also became the color of many [[Philosophy:Social democracy|social democratic]] parties in Europe, including the Labour Party in Britain (founded 1900); the Social Democratic Party of Germany (whose roots went back to 1863) and the French Socialist Party, which dated back under different names, to 1879. The [[Biography:Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party of America]] (1901–1972) and the Communist Party USA (1919) both also chose red as their color.

Members of the Christian-Social People's Party in [[Finance:Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] (founded 1918) advocated an expansion of democracy and progressive social policies, and were often referred to disparagingly as "Reds" for their social liberal leanings and party colors.<ref name="NA">{{cite web |title=Christlich-soziale Volkspartei |url=http://www.e-archiv.li/koerperschaftDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&koerperID=3396 |website=e-archiv.li |publisher=Liechtenstein National Archives |access-date=22 February 2014 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122421/http://www.e-archiv.li/koerperschaftDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&koerperID=3396 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chinese Communist Party, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]], the Party anthem became "The East Is Red",<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943793,00.html |title=The East Is Red |magazine=TIME |access-date=2009-04-10 |date=1970-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211084929/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943793,00.html |archive-date=2009-02-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morningsun.org/red/redfamily_cp_69.html |title=The Reddest Red Sun |publisher=Morning Sun |access-date=2009-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820024710/http://www.morningsun.org/red/redfamily_cp_69.html |archive-date=2008-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a little red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Chinese Communist Party claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/24/c_13947698.htm|title=China's Communist Party members exceed 80 million|date=2011-06-24|publisher=News.xinhuanet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929111323/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/24/c_13947698.htm|archive-date=2011-09-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-09-08}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1960s and the 1970s, paramilitary extremist groups such as the Red Army Faction in Germany, the Japanese Red Army and the Shining Path Maoist movement in Peru used red as their color. But in the 1980s, some European socialist and social democratic parties, such as the Labour Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France, moved away from the symbolism of the far left, keeping the red color but changing their symbol to a less-threatening red rose.

Red is used around the world by political parties of the left or center-left. In the United States, it is the color of the Communist Party USA, and of the Social Democrats, USA.

===United States===
[[File:Red states and blue states of the US based on data from the 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.svg|thumb|A map of the U.S. showing the [[blue states]], which voted for the Democratic candidate in the 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections, and the red states, which voted for the Republican Party]]

In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which voted for Republican candidates in the last four presidential elections, and "blue states", which voted for Democrats. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|title=Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue|last=Farhi|first=Paul|date=Nov 2, 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=Apr 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819102044/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|archive-date=August 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> States which voted for different parties in two of the last four presidential elections are called "Swing States", and are usually colored purple, a mix of red and blue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Are Swing States and How Did They Become a Key Factor in US Elections?|url=https://www.history.com/news/swing-states-presidential-elections|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=HISTORY|date=7 October 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085129/https://www.history.com/news/swing-states-presidential-elections|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Social and special interest groups ==
Such names as Red Club (a bar), Red Carpet (a discothèque) or Red Cottbus and Club Red (event locations) suggest liveliness and excitement. The Red Hat Society is a social group founded in 1998 for women 50 and over. Use of the color red to call attention to an emergency situation is evident in the names of such organizations as the Red Cross (humanitarian aid), Red Hot Organization (AIDS support), and the Red List of Threatened Species (of IUCN). In reference to humans, term "red" is often used in the West to describe the indigenous peoples of the Americas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Canadian Criminal Justice System|last=Larsen|first=Nick|date=1995|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1551300467|location=Toronto|pages=440|oclc=30666261}}</ref>

== Idioms ==
Many idiomatic expressions exploit the various connotations of red:
'''Expressing emotion'''
* "to see red" (to be angry or aggressive)<ref>{{Cite web |title=see red |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/see-red |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506132049/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/see-red |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fetterman |first1=Adam K. |last2=Robinson |first2=Michael D. |last3=Gordon |first3=Robert D. |last4=Elliot |first4=Andrew J. |date=November 4, 2010 |title=Anger as Seeing Red: Perceptual Sources of Evidence |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1177/1948550610390051 |issn=1948-5506 |pmc=3399410 |pmid=22822418}}</ref>
* "to have red ears / a red face" (to be embarrassed)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Department of Health & Human |title=Blushing and flushing |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blushing-and-flushing |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045032/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blushing-and-flushing |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "to paint the town red" (to have an enjoyable evening, usually with a generous amount of eating, drinking, dancing)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=paint the town red |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/paint-the-town-red |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071912/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/paint-the-town-red |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Giving warning'''
* "to raise a red flag" (to signal that something is problematic)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of RED-FLAG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-flag |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-flag |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "like a red rag to a bull" (to cause someone to be enraged)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title='A red rag to a bull' - the meaning and origin of this phrase |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/red-rag-to-a-bull.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Phrasefinder |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/red-rag-to-a-bull.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of A RED RAG TO A BULL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+red+rag+to+a+bull |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819094720/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+red+rag+to+a+bull |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "to be in the red" (to be losing money, from the accounting convention of writing deficits and losses in red ink)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Gary |title='In the red' - the meaning and origin of this phrase |url=https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/in-the-red.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Phrasefinder |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/in-the-red.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of IN THE RED |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in+the+red |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045032/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in%20the%20red |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Calling attention'''
* "a red letter day" (a special or important event, from the medieval custom of printing the dates of saints' days and holy days in red ink.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of RED-LETTER DAY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-letter+day |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045033/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-letter%20day |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Library |url=https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/medieval-calendars |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128185112/https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/medieval-calendars |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "to roll out the red carpet"  (to formally welcome an important guest)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of roll out the red carpet |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/roll+out+the+red+carpet |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-05 |title=Red carpet Idiom Definition |url=https://grammarist.com/phrase/red-carpet/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203852/https://grammarist.com/phrase/red-carpet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "to give red-carpet treatment" (to treat someone as important or special)<ref name=":4" />
* "to catch someone red-handed" (to catch or discover someone doing something bad or wrong)<ref>{{Cite web |title=catch someone red-handed |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/catch-red-handed |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071912/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/catch-red-handed |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Other idioms'''
* "to tie up in [[Social:Red tape|red tape]]". In England red tape was used by lawyers and government officials to identify important documents. It became a term for excessive bureaucratic regulation. It was popularized in the 19th century by the writer [[Biography:Thomas Carlyle|Thomas Carlyle]], who complained about "red-tapism".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_The%20Facts%20on%20File%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Word%20and%20Phrase%20Origins.pdf|title=The Facts on File encyclopedia of word and phrase origins|last=Hendrickson|first=Robert|publisher=Facts On File, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=9780816069668|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=166383622|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205457/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_The%20Facts%20on%20File%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Word%20and%20Phrase%20Origins.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
* "[[Philosophy:Red herring|red herring]]". A false clue that leads investigators off the track. Refers to the practice of using a fragrant smoked fish to distract hunting or tracking dogs from the track they are meant to follow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Red-Herring |date=2019-05-15 |title=Red Herring |url=https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Red-Herring.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.txst.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193932/https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Red-Herring.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=D810A0D29704544E1B932C5258AA3603?authRejection=true&url=%252Fview%252FEntry%252F160314 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.oed.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125145158/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=D810A0D29704544E1B932C5258AA3603?authRejection=true&url=%252Fview%252FEntry%252F160314 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "red ink" (to show a business loss)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of RED INK |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red+ink |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230153822/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red%20ink |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biology:Blushing|Blushing]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* Little Red Riding Hood
* Red flag (politics)
* Red pigments

== References ==

=== Notes and citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book
| last      = Broecke
| first     = Lara
| title     = Cennino Cennini's ''Il Libro dell'Arte'': a New English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription
| year      = 2015
| publisher = Archetype
| isbn      = 978-1-909492-28-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Barber
| first     = E. j. w.
| title     = Prehistoric Textiles
| year      = 1991
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| isbn      = 978-0-691-00224-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Greenfield
| first     = Amy Butler
| title     = A Perfect Red
| year      = 2005
| publisher = Editions Autrement (French translation)
| isbn      = 978-2-7467-1094-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Ball
| first     = Philip
| title     = Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour
| year      = 2001
| publisher = Hazan (French translation)
| isbn      = 978-2-7541-0503-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Heller
| first     = Eva
| title     = Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques
| year      = 2009
| publisher = Pyramyd (French translation)
| isbn      = 978-2-35017-156-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Chunling
| first      = Yan
| title      = China Red
| year      = 2008
| publisher      = Foreign Languages Press
| location      = Beijing
| isbn      = 978-7-119-04531-3
| url-access      = registration
| url      = https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Pastoureau
| first     = Michel
| title     = Rouge - Histoire d'une couleur
| year      = 2019
| publisher = Éditions du Seuil
| isbn      = 978-2-7578-7820-0
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Pastoureau
| first     = Michel
| title     = Le petit livre des couleurs
| year      = 2005
| publisher = Editions du Panama
| isbn      = 978-2-7578-0310-3
}}
*{{cite journal|last=Pike|first=A. W. G.|author2=Hoffmann, D. L. |author3=Garcia-Diez, M. |author4=Pettitt, P. B. |author5=Alcolea, J. |author6=De Balbin, R. |author7=Gonzalez-Sainz, C. |author8=de las Heras, C. |author9=Lasheras, J. A. |author10=Montes, R. |author11=Zilhao, J. |title=U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain|journal=Science|date=14 June 2012|volume=336 |issue=6087|pages=1409–1413|doi=10.1126/science.1219957 |pmid=22700921|bibcode=2012Sci...336.1409P|s2cid=7807664 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1498254 }}
* {{cite book
| last      = Gage
| first     = John
| title     = Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction
| url      = https://archive.org/details/colourculturepra0000gage
| url-access = registration
| year      = 1993
| publisher = Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)
| isbn      = 978-2-87811-295-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Varichon
| first     = Anne
| title     = Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples
| year      = 2000
| publisher = Seuil
| isbn      = 978-2-02-084697-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last       = Davies
| first      = Kevin M.
| title      = Plant pigments and their manipulation
| publisher  = [[Company:Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley-Blackwell]]
| year       = 2004
| page       = 6
| isbn       = 978-1-4051-1737-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last       = Hendrickson
| first       = Robert
| title       = Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins
| publisher       = Facts on File
| year       = 1999
| page       = [https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc00hend/page/6 6]
| url       = https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc00hend/page/6
| isbn       = 978-0-8160-3266-2
}}
* {{cite book
| editor    = Jenkins, David
| year      = 2003
| title     = The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn      = 978-0-521-34107-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Thompson
| first      = Daniel
| title      = The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
| publisher      = Dover Publications
| year      = 1956
| isbn      = 978-0-486-20327-0
| url      = https://archive.org/details/materialstechniq00thom
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Bomford
| first      = David
| title      = A Closer Look – Colour
| publisher      = National Gallery Company, London
| year      = 2000
| isbn      = 978-1-85709-442-8
| url-access      = registration
| url      = https://archive.org/details/colour0000bomf
}}

== External links ==

{{Shades of red|nocategory=yes}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Shades of pink|*}}
{{Color topics|colour}}
{{EMSpectrum}}
{{web colours|colour}}
}}


[[Category:Primary colors]]
[[Category:Secondary colors]]
[[Category:Optical spectrum]]
[[Category:Shades of red| ]]
[[Category:Rainbow colors]]

{{Sourceattribution|Red}}