View source for Religion:Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

{{Short description|Prophecies of end times in Islam}}

While interpretations of what the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] and [[Religion:Hadith|hadith]] say about the end times are "diverse and complex",<ref name=final-221>{{cite book |date=2017 |title=ISIS| author=Jessica Stern |url=https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf |chapter=10.The coming final battle |page=221 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> the signs of Judgment Day's arrival include disruptions in the order of both human morality and the natural world; but also the appearance of the savior(s) [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]] and [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], which "is seen to represent the ultimate victory of the  
[[Religion:Ummah|ummah]] of Islam ... in some senses".<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:67>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.67</ref> Piety will be lost as music, wine drinking, usury, homosexuality, disobedience by wives and fornication abound, and the earth will be destroyed. However during this era ʿĪsā (Jesus) and the Mahdi will also vanquish the [[Unsolved:Antichrist|Antichrist]] figure al-Dajjāl, while Allah will eliminate the monstrous [[Religion:Gog and Magog|Gog and Magog]]) liberating the world from injustice and restoring [[Religion:Sharia|sharia]].<ref name="Farhang Dajjal 2017" />

The signs have been divided into minor and major by commentators. They are reported in various ''ḥadīth'' collections,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stowasser |first=Barbara Freyer |title=The End is Near: Minor and Major Signs of the Hour in Islamic Texts and Context |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46623/MESV6-3.pdf |date=2002 |website=[[Organization:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]] |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minor Signs|url=https://www.discoveringislam.org/minor_signs.htm|access-date=2021-06-10|website=www.discoveringislam.org}}</ref> and described in commentaries of various medieval [[Religion:Ulama|Muslim scholars]], including [[Biography:Al-Ghazali|al-Ghazali]], Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari, among others.<ref name="EoQ1">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Smith |author-first=Jane I. |year=2006 |title=Eschatology |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |encyclopedia=[[Religion:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=II |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00055 |isbn=978-90-04-14743-0}}</ref><ref name=final-221>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=ISIS| author=Jessica Stern |url=https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf |chapter=10.The coming final battle |page=221 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> Islamic apocalyptic literature describing [[Unsolved:Armageddon|Armageddon]] (or ''[[Religion:Fitna (word)|fitna]]'') is often known as ''[[Religion:Al-Malhama Al-Kubra|Al-Malhama Al-Kubra]]'' (The Great Epic), or (in Shia Islam) ''Ghaybah'' (Occultation).<ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=2008-05-06|title=Eschatology - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423115519/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 23, 2014|access-date=2017-07-03|publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref><ref name="Mahdi13">{{cite book|last=Yahya|first=Harun|title=Portents And Features of the Mahdi's Coming|date=12 May 2010|publisher=Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.}}</ref>

==Sources==
The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and the [[Religion:Hadith|hadith]], (sayings of [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]]) which are "diffuse and fragmented".<ref name=GWWotS2016:250>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.250</ref> These are elaborated on in creeds, Quranic commentaries ([[Religion:Tafsir|tafsịr]]s), and theological writing,<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:vii>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.vii</ref> eschatological manuals and
commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities such as [[Biography:Al-Ghazali|al-Ghazali]], Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah who explain them in more detail.
The signs and many other social aberrations are detailed in such works as Muḥammad ibn
Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's ''al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a'',<ref>Muḥammad ibn
Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's ''al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a'', pp. 70-75; quoted in Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.66</ref> and ''Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ''.<ref name=":0">[https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7062 Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Hadith 184]</ref> ''[[Finance:Muqaddimah|Muqaddimah]]'' by [[Biography:Ibn Khaldun|Ibn Khaldun]], is said to introduce "a full and detailed discussion of the various theories regarding the ''mahdi'' and the traditions considered most authoritative in relation to it."<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:69>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.69</ref>

==Quran==
Many verses of the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]], especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the Day of Judgement.<ref name="EoQ">Isaac Hasson, ''Last Judgment'', Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</ref><ref name="EoI">L. Gardet, ''Qiyama'', Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</ref> 
{{Blockquote
|text=When the sun is put out, and when the stars fall down, and when the mountains are blown away, and when pregnant camels are left untended, and when wild beasts are gathered together, and when the seas are set on fire, and when the souls ˹and their bodies˺ are paired ˹once more˺, and when baby girls, buried alive, are asked
for what crime they were put to death, and when the records ˹of deeds˺ are laid open, and when the sky is stripped away, and when the Hellfire is fiercely flared up, and when Paradise is brought near— ˹on that Day˺ each soul will know what ˹deeds˺ it has brought along.|author={{qref|81|1-14|c=y}}}}

Indication that there will be signs of its coming are found in Q.47:18:
{{Blockquote|text=Are they only waiting for the Hour to take them by surprise? Yet ˹some of˺ its signs have already come. Once it actually befalls them, will it not be too late to be mindful?|author={{qref|47|18|c=y}}
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anwaar |first1=Amna |title=48 signs of Qiyamah |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/ |website=Islamic Finder |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>}}

== Interest in end times ==

Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation" was strongest among mainstream Shia (Twelver Shia), Isma'ili Islam, Sunni on the "doctrinal and geographic margins" -- such as present day Morocco -- but was weaker in the heartland of Sunni Islam.<ref name=JPFAiI2011:49>Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '',  2011: p.49</ref>
Various eschatological interpretations exist within Shia Islam. The concept of seven celestial Hells, as well as the idea that after death but before the End Times, one's soul would temporarily wait in either Paradise or Hellfire, are accounted for throughout Isma'ili Shi'i literature.<ref name="worldcat.org">{{Cite book|title=Locating Hell in Islamic traditions|editor=Lange, Christian|isbn=9789004301214|oclc=945783598|year = 2015}}</ref> Shia tradition broadly tends to recognize the coming of the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]] as signifying the coming punishment for non-believers.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader|last=Renard|first=John|publisher=University of California Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-520-28189-9|location=Oakland, California|pages=7–8}}</ref>

== Minor signs ==
[[File:End Times Events.svg|thumb|right|400px|Events in Islamic eschatology based on [[Religion:Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abu Dawood]], "Battles" (Kitab Al-Malahim).<ref name="Sunan">{{cite web |title=Sunan Abi Dawud. 39 Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) |url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/39 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>]]
[[File:End times.svg|thumb|right|400px|Eschatological timeline of "minor" and "major" signs preceding the [[Religion:Day of Resurrection|Day of Judgment]]]]

The Minor or Lesser Signs (''Ashraat al-Saa'ah al-Sughra'') are “moral, cultural, political, religious, and natural events designed to warn humanity that the end is near and to bring people into a state of repentance.”<ref name="ENCA">{{cite news |title=Islamic State Threatens to Attack Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.enca.com/world/islamic-state-threatens-attack-saudi-arabia |website=ENCA |access-date=16 April 2022 |date=20 December  2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press}}</ref> According to one Salafi source IslamQA.info, "For the most part", these signs will have occurred a long time before the Resurrection begins. Some of them have already happened – although they may be repeated; some of them are currently occurring; and some have not yet taken place but will.<ref name=IslamQA-signs>{{cite web |website=Islam Question and Answer |title=Signs of the Day of Judgment: What Are They? 78329|url=https://islamqa.info/amp/en/answers/78329 |date=30 January 2006 |access-date=16 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="IO">{{cite web |title=Signs of the Day of Judgment: Past, Present & Future |url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/signs-of-the-day-of-judgment-past-present-future/ |website=Islam Online |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="IK-SO">{{cite web |last1=IBN KATHIR |title=Signs Before the Day of Judgement, The |url=https://sunnahonline.com/library/paradise-hell-and-the-hereafter/262-signs-before-the-day-of-judgement-the |website=Sunna Online |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="48-Anwaar-IF">{{cite web |last1=Anwaar |first1=Amna |title=48 signs of Qiyamah |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/ |website=Islamic Finder |access-date=1 May 2022 |date=3 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RoI-2007">{{cite web |last1=Zarabozo |first1=Jamaal al-Din |title=THE MAJOR SIGNS OF THE DAY OF JUDGMENT (7 parts) |url=https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/626/viewall/major-signs-of-day-of-judgment/ |website=Religion of Islam |access-date=1 May 2022 |date=13 Aug 2007}}</ref>

One source, Islam House, lists 50 signs, 10 of which "are past, 13 are present and 27 are future".<ref name="IH">{{cite web |last1=Suhaib Hasan AbdulGhaffar |title=50 Signs of the Day of Judgment from the Words of God and His Messenger |url=https://islamhouse.com/en/articles/52531/ |website=Islam House |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Islamic Finder website, lists 48 signs, 9 of which are past, 13 "are happening at present", and 26 are "yet to happen".<ref name="48SoQ-IF">{{cite web |last1=Anwaar |first1=Amna |title=48 signs of Qiyamah |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/ |website=Islamic Finder |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Islam Question and Answer lists 28 Minor Signs and 10 major signs.<ref name=IslamQA-signs/> Islam Online lists similar numbers: 10 past, 13 "Present?", 27 future.<ref name="IO"/>

Some of these signs tend to be so general that "it is possible to find indicators of them in any modern society (for example, crime, natural disaster, etc.)".<ref name=final-221>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=ISIS| author=Jessica Stern |url=https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf |chapter=10.The coming final battle |page=221 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

The appearance of the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]], (a [[Religion:Messiah|messiah]] figure) is said to be a link between the minor and major signs. In the [[Religion:Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]], it is mentioned that minor signs will occur first, then the Mahdi will come and then the major signs. There is debate over whether they could occur concurrently or must be at different points in time. Some sources divide the signs into those that have already occurred, that are happening at present, and that are yet to happen.<ref name="IolSotDoJ">{{cite web |title=Signs of the Day of Judgment: Past, Present & Future |url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/signs-of-the-day-of-judgment-past-present-future/ |website=Islam online |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="48 signs">{{cite web |last1=Anwaar |first1=Amna |title=48 signs of Qiyamah |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/ |website=islamic finder |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

===Events that [it is argued] have already taken place===
<ref name="IolSotDoJ"/><ref name="48 signs"/>
# The sending of the Prophet;<ref name=IslamQA-signs/>
# The death of the Prophet;<ref name=IslamQA-signs/>
# The appearance of fire in the Hijaz, (which appeared in the mid-7th century AH)<ref name=IslamQA-signs/>
# Splitting of the moon;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Book 56: 830)</ref><ref name="48 signs">{{cite web |last1=Anwaar |first1=Amna |title=48 signs of Qiyamah |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/ |website=islamic finder |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="IolSotDoJ">{{cite web |title=Signs of the Day of Judgment: Past, Present & Future |url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/signs-of-the-day-of-judgment-past-present-future/ |website=Islam online |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>
# A form of death, which will kill thousands of Muslims;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# A major fighting in Madinah (understood to be the battle of al-Harrah during the caliphate of Yazid);<ref name="48 signs"/>
# The Muslim conquest of Jerusalem;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# The Muslim conquest of Constantinople;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6924)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Two large groups of Muslims will fight in a war;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# A war between the Muslims and a reddish people with small eyes, wearing sandals made of hair;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 179)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# A peace agreement between the Muslims and non-Muslims from the yellow race (understood to be the Chinese, Mongols etc.)<ref name="48 signs"/>
# 30 impostors will appear, each thinking he is a prophet;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# The spread of literacy.<ref name=":1">Adab Al-Mufrad; 1049, Musnad Ahmad; 3870.</ref>
# Musical instruments will become prevalent;<ref name="IslamQA-signs" />
# The abandonment of the [[Religion:Jizya|Jizya]] tax, of which Dhimmis stop submitting and refuse to pay the tax.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari; 3180</ref>

===Events that [it is argued] are active/currently happening===
# The slave-woman will give birth to her master or mistress <ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 6: book 60: 300</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# A trial ([[Religion:Fitna (word)|fitnah]]) which will enter every Arab household; <ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Knowledge will be taken away (by the death of people of knowledge), and ignorance will prevail; <ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Tribulations ([[Religion:Fitna (word)|fitna]]) will prevail;<ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# A man will pass by the grave of another and wish he was in the latter’s place;<ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Trustworthiness will be lost, i.e. when authority is given to those who do not deserve it;<ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 56)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# People will gather for prayer, but will be unable to find an imam to lead them;<ref group="note">(Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 2: 0581)</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Commerce and business will increase significantly until a woman assists her husband.<ref name=":1" />
# Earthquakes will increase;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)</ref><ref name="48 signs" />
# [[Religion:Zina|Zina]] will become widespread <ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80)</ref><ref name="48 signs" />
# Wine (intoxicants, alcohol) will be drunk in great quantities;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80)</ref><ref name="48 signs" />
# Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 005: 2208</ref><ref name="48 signs" />
# A woman will go on the pilgrimage with other women but unaccompanied by a man;<ref name="disrupt">al-Barzinjī Muhammad ibn Rasul al-Ḥusaynī, ''al-Ishāʿa li-ishrāṭ al-sāʿa''.
Cairo, A.H. 1384. pp. 70 ff; cf. Mishkāt, II, 109, 558-59.</ref><ref name="JISYYHIU1981:161">Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'',  1981: p.161</ref>
# The Euphrates will reveal a treasure of gold, and many will die fighting over it, each one hoping to be the one who gains the treasure;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 6918</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>

===Events that  [it is argued] are yet to happen===
(Not including Greater signs.)
# The number of men will decrease, whilst the number of women will increase, until for every man there are 50 women;<ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 81</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# The Romans will come to a place called A’maq or Dabiq, and an army of the best people will go forth from Madinah to face them;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book aka Quran 
041: 6924</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# The Muslim conquest of Rome;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 6721</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
# Unless their leaders rule according to the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] and seek all good from that which Allah has revealed, Allah will cause them to fight one another;<ref group="note">[https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:4019 Sunan Ibn Maajah Vol. 5, Book 36, Hadith 4019]</ref>
# The conquest of Constantinople without weapons;<ref>[https://sunnah.com/muslim:2920a Sahih Muslim Book 41, Hadith 6979]</ref>
# The Earth rapidly vomiting gold and silver.<ref>Sahih Muslim; 1013</ref>
# A cruel ruler from the Mawali of Qahtan named al-Jahjah.<ref>Sahih Muslim; 2911</ref><ref>Tirmidhi; 2228</ref><ref>Sahih al-Bukhari; 3517, 7117.</ref>
# Houses adornments resembling painted garments.<ref>Al-Adab Al-Mufrad; 777</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-07|title=Cara Memahami Hadits Akhir Zaman|url=https://islam.nu.or.id/post/read/94002/cara-memahami-hadits-akhir-zaman |access-date=2021-09-04|website=NU Online|language=id}}</ref>

===Events that do not have a general consensus on what their current status is===
# Widespread wealth and lack of need for charity;<ref name="IslamQA-signs" />
# The emergence of claimants to prophethood, such as the liar Musaylimah and al-Aswad al-‘Anasi.<ref name="IslamQA-signs" />
# Killing will become widespread;<ref name="IslamQA-signs" /> 
# Appearance of women who are clothed yet naked;<ref name="IslamQA-signs" /> 
# Wild animals and inanimate objects will speak to people;<ref name="IslamQA-signs" />
# A man will disobey his mother and obey his wife, while shunning his father and speaking kindly to his friend;<ref name="disrupt" /><ref name="JISYYHIU1981:161" /> 
# There will be complete sexual license;<ref name="disrupt" /><ref name="JISYYHIU1981:161" />
# The number of males will decrease so that women will outnumber men fifty to one;<ref name="disrupt" /><ref name="JISYYHIU1981:161" />
# The Dabbah will be found by archeologists;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 027: 082</ref><ref name="48 signs" />
# Time will pass more quickly;<ref group="note">(Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)</ref><ref name="48 signs" />

==Greater signs==
Following the second period, the third will be marked by the ten major (aka greater) signs known as ''alamatu's-sa'ah al-kubra'' (the major signs of the end).<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 6931</ref><ref name="Inter-islam">{{cite web |title=Major Signs Before the Day of Judgement |url=http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html |website=Inter-islam |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>
These signs offer "more detail" in their accounts of the final days, but there is "considerable variation" in the different versions of these stories.

According to Jessica Stern, a "few elements are consistent":<ref name=final-221-2/> 
*"Constantinople will be conquered by Muslims";<ref name=final-221-2/>  
*"The coming of [[Religion:Mahdi|Imam Mahdi]],<ref name=final-221-2/>  
*"The [[Unsolved:Antichrist|Antichrist]] [[Religion:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|(Masih Ad-Dajjal)]] will appear and travel to Jerusalem";<ref name=final-221-2/>  
*"The descent (or [[Religion:Second Coming|Second Coming]]) of Jesus Christ ([[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Al-Maseeh 'Isa ibn Maryam]]) ,<ref name=final-221-2/>  
*"Kill the [[Religion:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Antichrist]]",<ref name=final-221-2/>  and 
*"convert the masses to Islam";<ref name=final-221-2/>  
*"the world’s non-Muslim territories will be conquered."<ref name=final-221-2>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=ISIS| author=Jessica Stern |url=https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf |chapter=10.The coming final battle |pages=221–222 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Some ''sahih'' hadith<ref name=ten-signs>{{cite web |title=search results |url=https://sunnah.com/search?q=ten+signs+before+the+hour |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> that all talk about the "ten signs" that appear before "the hour", but differ in details and don't specify "Greater Signs", are:
*Sunan Abi Dawud 4311<ref name=ten-signs/>
*Sunan Ibn Majah 4041<ref name=ten-signs/>
*Sahih Muslim 2901a<ref name=ten-signs/>
*Sahih Muslim 2901b<ref name=ten-signs/>
*Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2183<ref name=ten-signs/>
*Sunan Ibn Majah 4055<ref name=ten-signs/>|group="nb"}}
 
According to scholar [[Religion:Jean-Pierre Filiu|Jean-Pierre Filiu]], the collections of hadith<ref name="jacb">{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan |title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date = 2014|publisher = Oneworld Publications|isbn = 978-1780744209|page = [https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/257 257]|quote = [...] the ''Sahihayn'', the two authentic Hadith compilations of Bukhari and Muslim bin Hajjaj that Sunni Islam has long declared the most reliable books after the Qur'an.|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/257}}</ref> Sahih Muslim<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26-27>Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.26-27</ref> "organizes the chronology of the major signs and portents of the Hour, organizing the in a sequence of ten events."
"the first will be three entombments" (''khasf'')<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/> (also called "sinking of the earth" or earthquakes or landsides)<ref name=IslamQA-signs/> where "the earth will open up and people will be buried alive" 
# the first entombment will be in the East;<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/><ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref><ref name=IslamQA-signs/>
# the 2nd entombment in the West;<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/><ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref>
# the 3rd in the Arabian Peninsula;<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/><ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref>
# the appearance of smoke;<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/> forming a huge black cloud (dukhan) that covers the earth<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref>
# the appearance of the Antichrist.<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref> This false messiah, ''[[Religion:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Dajjal]]'', shall appear as an apostle of Allah,<ref group="note">Dawud, Book 37, Hadith 4319</ref> appearing to have great powers as a one-eyed man with his right eye blind and deformed like a grape. Although believers will not be deceived, he will claim to be Allah, to hold the keys to paradise and the hellfire, and will lead many astray.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd5vHqdvp5kC&q=signs+of+day+of+judgment+islam&pg=PT194|title=The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A complete guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, and culture|author=Christine Huda Dodge|page=182|isbn=9781605507248|date=18 April 2009}}</ref> In reality, his paradise is the hellfire, and vice versa. The Dajjal will be followed by seventy thousand Jews of Isfahan wearing Persian shawls;<ref group="note">Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 7034</ref>
# the [[Religion:Beast of the Earth|Beast of the Earth]] (''Dabbat al-Ard'') will crawl out of the earth<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226/><ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref> to talk to people;<ref>{{qref|27|82|b=y}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|"The traditions refer frequently to the beast but never with a particularly lucid account of who or what it is"<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:68>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.68</ref> |group="nb"}}
# followed by Gog and Magog will break out of their imprisonment "isolating them from the civilized world and run wild";<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref> They will ravage the earth, drink all the water of Lake Tiberias, and kill all believers in their way. [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Isa]], Imam Al-Mahdi, and the believers with them will go to the top of a mountain and pray for the destruction of Gog and Magog. Allah eventually will send disease and worms to wipe them out.<ref group="note">{{qref|21|96|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZr56ZACj7oC&q=signs+of+day+of+judgment+islam&pg=PA46|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction |author=Javed Ahmad Ghamidi|page=46|year=2009}}</ref>
# the rising of the sun in the west;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamweb.net/media/index.php?page=article&lang=A&id=17726|language=ar|script-title=ar:طلوع الشمس من مغربها |trans-title=Rising of the sun from the west}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGFbR-qgxeIC&q=signs+of+day+of+judgment+islam&pg=PR16|title=Examining Islam in the West|author=Alwi Shihab|page=16|isbn=9789792267716|year=2011}}</ref><<ref name=qaasidahmad>{{Cite web|last=qaasidahmad|date=2019-03-15|title=Rising of the Sun from the West|url=https://www.alhakam.org/rising-of-the-sun-from-the-west/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Al Hakam|language=en-GB}}</ref>
# a "supernatural fire originating in Yemen";<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim</ref>
# this fire will drive the human race to the place of the final judgement.<ref name=Filiu-abu-Muslim-2226>Abu al-Husayn Muslim, Sahih, 5 volumes. (Beirut: Dar Ahya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1982, 4:2226; quote in Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.15</ref>

Some other events mentioned in other hadith as signs following the appearance of the Mahdi include:
* The return of [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus), from the fourth sky, to kill Dajjal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&q=signs+of+day+of+judgment+islam&pg=PA28|title=What Everyone Needs To Know About Islam|author=John L. Esposito|page=28|isbn=9780199794133|date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
* A major war between the Muslims (including Jews and Christians who believe Jesus is a prophet and Muslim and not divine after his return) led by the Imam Mahdi, and the Jews plus other non-Muslims led by the Antichrist;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 177</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
* A time of great peace and serenity during and after the remaining lifetime of Jesus (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 3: book 43: 656)<ref name="48 signs"/>
* Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 005: 2208</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
* Society will then decay;<ref group="note">Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 14: 2529</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
* The buttocks of the women of the tribe of Daws will again sway in circumambulation (tawaf) around the idol Dhul-Khulsah;<ref group="note">Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 232</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
* A gentle wind which will take the souls of the believers;<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 7015</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>
* There is no-one left on the earth saying, "Allah, Allah" or "iilah 'iilaa ٱllah."<ref group="note">Sahih Muslim, Book 001: 0273</ref><ref name="48 signs"/>

===Al Dajjal===
{{see|Al-Masih ad-Dajjal}}
''Al-Masih ad-Dajjal'' ({{Lang-ar|المسيح الدجّال|al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl|Deceitful Messiah}},<ref name="Farhang Dajjal 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Farhang |author-first=Mehrvash |year=2017 |title=Dajjāl |translator-last=Negahban |translator-first=Farzin |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=[[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982 |issn=1875-9823}}</ref> is a false Messiah, sometimes described as the Islamic [[Unsolved:Antichrist|Antichrist]],<ref name=GWWotS2016:255/> who will appear as the first of the "Greater Signs" of apocalypse. He will be preceded by a terrible drought and present himself as a savior to the starving masses, many of whom – Bedouins, weavers, [[Unsolved:Magic (supernatural)|magicians]], and children of fornication, and especially [[Religion:Jews|Jews]].<ref name="Farhang Dajjal 2017"/><ref name=GWWotS2016:255/>—will be taken in by his claims and join his ranks.<ref name=GWWotS2016:255>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.255</ref><ref name="strangers-255">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State|date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|pages=255|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref> 
He will emerge from the east,<ref name="Cook 2021">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |year=2021 |origyear=2002 |title=Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic |location=[[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] and [[Place:London|London]] |publisher=Gerlach Press |pages=93–104 |isbn=9783959941211 |oclc=238821310}}</ref> be blind in one eye with his other eye protruding,<ref>{{cite web |title=Description of Dajjal's eyes |url=https://hadithanswers.com/description-of-dajjals-eyes/ |website=Hadith Answers |access-date=14 June 2021 |date=2018-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 169e|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/54/123|website=sunnah.com|access-date=17 June 2021}}; In-book reference: Book 54 (Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour), Hadith 123; Reference: Sahih Muslim 169e</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 2934a|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/54/128|website=sunnah.com|access-date=17 June 2021}}; In-book reference: Book 54 (Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour), Hadith 128; Reference: Sahih Muslim 2934a</ref><ref name=GWWotS2016:255/> (an indication that he has been given powers to achieve evil goals).<ref name="Cook 2021"/> On his forehead<ref name="muslim1">{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|41|7007}}</ref> or between his eyes<ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|41|7008}}</ref> are the letters K-F-R (the root of [[Religion:Kafir|Kafir]],<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:68/><ref name=GWWotS2016:255/> i.e. unbeliever)<ref name="muslim1"/> which every Muslim would be able to read."<ref name="muslim2">{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|41|7009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?id=1704 |title=The Signs Before the Day of Judgment by Ibn Kathîr |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |access-date=2012-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315191536/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?id=1704 |archive-date=2012-03-15 }}|2=[[Religion:Sahih Muslim|Sahih Muslim]], Book 41: The Book Pertaining to the Turmoil and Portents of the Last Hour, Chapter 7: The Turmoil Would Go Like The Mounting Waves of the Ocean, Ahâdith 7007–7009.}}</ref> Like [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]] (Jesus), he will be able to perform miracles – healing the sick, raising the dead, causing the earth to grow vegetation, causing livestock to prosper and to die, and stopping the sun's movement – but unlike Jesus he will do this with the assistance of an army of demons (''[[Unsolved:Shaitan|Shayāṭīn]]'').<ref name="Cook 2021"/><ref name=GWWotS2016:255/> He will travel the whole world entering every city, except [[Place:Mecca|Mecca]] and [[Place:Medina|Medina]].<ref>Hamid, F.A. (2008). 'The Futuristic Thought of Ustaz Ashaari Muhammad of Malaysia', p. 209, in I. Abu-Rabi' (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf6HxVjOLPsC ''The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought'']. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp.195–212</ref> His army will kill and conquer, until they corner the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]] and a group of just 5000 Muslim fighters in Jerusalem. In this final battle before the Day of Judgment Jesus will descend from heaven to save the Muslim army, killing infidels simply by breathing on them<ref name="strangers-257"/><ref name=GWWotS2016:257/> and defeating and killing the dajjal simply by looking at him – or looking at him and putting a sword through him.<ref name="Cook 2021"/> The dajjal will melt away.<ref name=GWWotS2016:257>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.257</ref><ref name="strangers-257">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State|date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|pages=257|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref> Sources disagree over whether the Dajjal is human or a devil (''shayṭān'') in human form.<ref name="Cook 2021"/><ref name="Farhang Dajjal 2017"/><ref name=GWWotS2016:256>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.256</ref>

===Gog and Magog===
{{see|Gog and Magog}}
[[Image:Iranischer Meister 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0| Dhu al-Qarnayn builds a wall to seal Yajuj and Majuj; here aided by dīvs (demons). Persian miniature from a ''Falnama'', 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbl.ie/cbl_image_gallery/search/detail.aspx?imageId=1473&ImageNumber=D0006377&page=0 |title=Iskandar Oversees the Building of the Wall |work=image gallery |author=Chester Beatty Library |access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|type=Ph. D|last=Amín |first=Haila Manteghí |title=La Leyenda de Alejandro segn el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī. La transmisión desde la versión griega hast ala versión persa |publisher=Universidad de Alicante |year=2014 |url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/41360/1/tesis_manteghi_amin.pdf |at=p.&nbsp;196 and Images 14, 15}}</ref>]]
Gog and Magog are mentioned in two chapters of the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] – ''Al Kahf'' and ''Al-Anbiya'' – where they are referred to as ''Yajuj'' and ''Majuj''. (They are also mentioned in the bible and "are a recognized part of Middle Eastern mythology")<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:68/> They are suppressed by a figure called [[Biography:Dhul-Qarnayn|Dhul-Qarnayn]] – "the two-horned one."{{sfn|Van Donzel|Schmidt|2010|pp=57, fn 3}} Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of ''Yajuj'' and ''Majuj'' who "do great mischief on earth". (In Islamic literature ''Yajuj'' and ''Majuj'' are "described as cannibals with varying degrees of height and breadth",<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:68/> or sometimes depicted "as large and sometimes as small, but they are always numerous and subhuman".<ref name=GWWotS2016:258>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.258</ref> 
''Dhul-Qarnayn'' agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (believed to mean the [[Unsolved:Eschatology|end times]]), Allah will remove the barrier.<ref name="dict-islam-Gog">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Patrick Thomas |title=Dictionary of Islam |publisher=W.H.Allen & Co. |place=London |year=1895 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm|isbn=9788120606722 |orig-year=1885 |chapter=Gog and Magog |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - The Monster of Gog and Magog - Walters W659190B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|left|The Monster of Gog and Magog, by al-Qazwini (1203–1283).]] Journalist Graeme Wood reports that in Islamic apocalyptic literature Gog and Magog are a subhuman pestilence who are released from thousands of years of imprisonment sometime after Isa's descent to earth. After much killing, pillaging and devouring of vast resources they are wiped out after "Allah commands an insect or worm to burrow into their necks and kill them".<ref name=GWWotS2016:258>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.258</ref>

===Sufyani===
{{see|Sufyani}}
The Sufyani ({{lang-ar|سفیاني}}) is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. According to [[Religion:Hadith|hadith]], Sufyani will be a tyrant who will spread corruption and mischief. According to Shia hadith, Sufyani will rise in the month of Rajab.<ref name="rising of as-Sufyani">{{Cite web|date=2015-07-23|title=Chapter 18: The rising of as-Sufyani|url=https://www.al-islam.org/kitab-al-ghayba-book-occultation-sheikh-an-numani/chapter-18-rising-sufyani|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref> The predicted location of his arrival is in [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]].

Sufyani is a distinctly different individual than Dajjal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunan Ibn Majah 4072 – Tribulations – كتاب الفتن – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:4072|access-date=2021-03-13|website=sunnah.com}}</ref> It is said that he will kill children and rip out the bellies of women. The Sufyani will murder those from the household of the Prophet and will rule over [[Place:Syria|Syria]]. When the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]] appears, Sufyani will send an army to seize and kill him. However, when Sufyani and his army would reach the desert of [[Religion:Bayda (land)|Bayda]], they would be [[Religion:Khasf al-Bayda|swallowed]].<ref name="al-islam-Mahdi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/mahdi-quran-according-shiite-quran-commentators-vasran-toussi/chapter-3-mahdi-classical-and-modern#9-quran-34:51|title = Chapter 3: Mahdi in classical and modern|date = 30 September 2015}}</ref>

===The Mahdi===
{{see|3 = Signs of the appearance of Mahdi|Mahdi}}
Mahdi ({{lang-ar|ٱلْمَهْدِيّ}}, [[ISO 233]]: ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|al-mahdīy}})'', meaning "Rightly Guided One" is a messianic figure in Islamic tradition who will "rid the world of ''bid'ah'' (innovation), reestablish ''Sunnah'' and teach religion...".<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:67>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.67</ref> The word ''Mahdi'' does not appear in the Quran (''al-hadī'', or "guide" appears twice),<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:69>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.69</ref> but is found in hadiths and is said to be the sign between Minor signs and Major signs of Day of Resurrection.<ref name="Joel3">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Joel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lyXZu3d3OcC&q=islamic+eschatology&pg=PA37|title=Antichrist: Islam's Awaited Messiah|date=7 April 2006|publisher=Pleasant Word-A Division of WinePress Publishing|isbn=9781414104409|page=284}}</ref><ref name="Jon R. Stone2">{{cite book|author=Jon R. Stone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVdQGk5O9-8C&pg=PT17|title=Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hadith – Book of Tribulations – Sunan Ibn Majah – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/160|access-date=2017-03-03|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hadith – Book of Tribulations – Sunan Ibn Majah – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/161|access-date=2017-03-03|website=sunnah.com}}</ref> Some Shia Muslims regard him as the first sign of the third period.<ref name="Mahdi22">{{cite book|title=Clarity Amidst Confusion: Imam Mahdi and the End of Time|last=Yahya|first=Harun|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.|page=64}}</ref> Hadith reports state that he will be a descendant of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter [[Biography:Fatimah|Fatimah]] and cousin [[Biography:Ali|Ali]]'s son Hassan. According to Shias, Mahdi will be looked upon to kill Dajjal to end the disintegration of the Muslim community, and to prepare for the reign of [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus), who will rule for a time thereafter. According to Sunnis, Mahdi will be against Dajjal and will have some Muslim communities in Shaam and that Jesus will return to kill Dajjal. The Mahdi will fulfill his prophetic mission, a vision of justice and peace, before submitting to Jesus' rule.<ref name="Waldman">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=nysl_ce_colgul&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3424500949&&docId=GALE%7CCX3424500949&docType=GALE|title=Eschatology: Islamic Eschatology|last=Waldman|first=Marilyn Robinson|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|publisher=Detroit: Macmillan Reference (subscription required).}}</ref> The physical features of Mahdi are described in the hadith; he will be of Arab complexion, of average height, with a big forehead, large eyes, and a sharp nose. He will have a mole on his cheek, and be recognized by the Muslim community while he sits in his own home. As written by Abu Dawud, "Our Mahdi will have a broad forehead and a pointed (prominent) nose. He will fill the earth with justice as it is filled with injustice and tyranny. He will rule for seven years."<ref>Abu Dawud, Sahih, 2.208 and Fusul al-muhimma, 275</ref> Other sources say five or nine years.<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:70>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.70</ref> In some accounts, his reign will be followed by a ''cold wind'' causing everyone with the smallest measure of human-kindness or faith, to die and be carried straight to heaven. Therefore, only the wicked will remain and be victims of terrible animals and Shayateen, until the day of resurrection.<ref>Hava Lazarus-Yafeh ''Some Religious Aspects of Islam: A Collection of Articles'' Brill Archive 1981 {{ISBN|9789004063297}} p. 52</ref>

Though the predictions of the duration of his rule differ, hadith are consistent in describing that Allah will perfect him in a single night, imbuing him with inspiration and wisdom, and his name will be announced from the sky. The Mahdi will bring back worship of true Islamic values, and bring the [[Engineering:Ark of the Covenant|Ark of the Covenant]] to light. He will conquer Constantinople and Mount Daylam and will regard Jerusalem and the Dome as his home. His banner will be that of Muhammad: black and unstitched, with a halo. Furled since the death of Muhammad, the banner will unfurl when the Mahdi appears. He will be helped by angels and others that will prepare the way for him. He will understand the secrets of abjad.<ref name="Mahdi13">{{cite book|last=Yahya|first=Harun|title=Portents And Features of the Mahdi's Coming|date=12 May 2010|publisher=Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.}}</ref>

=== Descent of Jesus ===
{{see|Jesus_in_Islam#Second_Coming}}
Islamic literature predicts that the Mahdi will be followed and assisted in his fight against evil "by a bygone prophet who will come back to earth". This prophet will not be Muhammad (as non-Muslims might expect) but ''[[Biography:Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]]'' (Jesus), 'praised in the Quran as the Messiah and the “Word of Allah.”' "The usual interpretation" of the prophecy of Jesus's return to earth is that He "will put an end to his own worship, symbolized by the cross, and re-establish the dietary laws that Christianity abandoned but Jews and Muslims still observe."<ref name="Akyol-nyt-3-10-16">{{cite news |last1=Akyol |first1=Mustafa |title=The Problem With the Islamic Apocalypse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/opinion/the-problem-with-the-islamic-apocalypse.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |agency=New York Times |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> 
While the Quran is not explicit about Jesus' return,<ref>Roberto Tottoli ''Biblical Prophets in the Qur'an and Muslim Literature'' Routledge, 11 January 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-12314-6}} p. 121</ref> many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses suggest his second coming during the end times.<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335">WARREN LARSON ''Jesus in Islam and Christianity: Discussing the Similarities and the Differences'' p. 335</ref> The verse that is the basis of Islamic belief that Jesus did not die on the cross, but ascended into heaven: 
*"And [for] their saying, 'Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.' And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain." (Q.4:157:) 
The other verse connects Jesus in some way with "the Hour": 
*"And indeed, Jesus will be [a sign for] knowledge of the Hour, so be not in doubt of it, and follow Me. This is a straight path". (Q.43:61)."<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335"/><ref name=GWWotS2016:69>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.69</ref> 
Tabari, author of one of the most important Sunni [[Religion:Tafsir|tafsir]]s, argues that the verse refers to Jesus, who will unite all believers under the banner of Islam. (There is no mention of ʿĪsā from Q.43:58-62, though an ambiguous male singular pronoun "he" is used.)<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335"/> Hadiths further elaborate the events following Jesus arrival.<ref name="ReferenceA">Neal Robinson ''Christ in Islam and Christianity'' SUNY Press 1 January 1991 {{ISBN|9780791405581}} p. 104</ref> According to [[Religion:Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]] and a number of other hadith, Jesus will descend among Muslims, "break the cross, kill (or slaughter) the pig and abolish (or remove) the [[Religion:Jizya|Jizya]]".<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Search Results - break the cross and kill the pigs (page 1) » Search Results |url=https://sunnah.com/search?q=break+the+cross+and+kill+the+pigs |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Although traced back to Abu Hurairah, one of the sahaba, such hadiths might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]], when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. (Other sources expect Isa ''is'' the Mahdi, "mahdi" meaning "the divinely-guided one", a title rather than a distinct person).<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:69>Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981: p.69</ref> During the early [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]], wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of Legion.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Jesus in Shia Islam====

For Shia, the return of [[Biography:Jesus|Jesus]] is considered the third major sign of the last days (along with the appearance of the Mahdi and Jesus's nemesis Masih ad-Dajjal). Like Sunni Muslims, Shia believe in the Hadith describing the return of the Mahdi that will coincide with the return of Isa, who will serve as a just judge before the Day of Judgment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Poston|first=Larry|date=January 2010|title=The Second Coming of 'Isa: an Exploration of Islamic Premillennialism|journal=The Muslim World|volume=100|pages=108–109|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01304.x}}</ref> Although [[Biography:Muhammad|Muhammad]] is the preeminent prophet in Islam, Jesus is mentioned in the Quran, and so is Idris (Enoch), who is said not to have died but to have been raised up by Allah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/55/default.htm|title=al-Imran 3:55|last=Quran|access-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121125525/http://www.islamawakened.com/Quran/3/55/default.htm|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Isa will descend from the heavens in ''al-Quds'' at dawn, meet with the Mahdi, whose appearance has preceded Isa, and who will lead the people in fajr prayer. After the prayer, they will open a gate to the west to confront and defeat Masih ad-Dajjal. Isa will then lead a peaceful forty-year reign until his death, and be buried in a tomb beside Muhammad in Medina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0223?_hi=2&_pos=8#match|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124233626/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0223?_hi=2&_pos=8#match|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2020|title=Eschatology|last=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|publisher=Oxford University Press (subscription required).}}</ref>

: ''What will be your reaction when the son of Mary (Jesus) descends and your Imam is from among yourselves?'' <ref>(Sahih Muslim, bab nuzul 'isa, Vol. 2; Sahih Bukhari, kitab bad' al-khalq wa nuzul 'isa, Vol. 4)</ref>

==Version of timeline (Sunni)==
Interpretations of the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] and [[Religion:Hadith|hadith]] by Muslims to determine what happens and when (or how much it matters) leading up to Judgement Day vary.<ref name=final-221/> (Some examples: will the Dajjal be killed by the Mahdi,<ref name="Al-Musawi-Dajjal"/> or by Jesus?<ref name=GWWotS2016:257/> Will the [[Religion:Sufyani|Sufyani]] appear in end times? (Sunnis say no or are doubtful;<ref name="Madelung-1986">{{cite journal |last1=Madelung |first1=Wilferd |title=The Sufyānī between Tradition and History |journal=Studia Islamica |date=1986 |volume=63 |issue=63 |pages=5–48 |doi=10.2307/1595566 |jstor=1595566 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595566 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="sound-islamQA">{{cite web |title=136772. How sound is the hadith of as-Sufyaani? |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/136772/how-sound-is-the-hadith-of-as-sufyaani |website=Islam Question and Answer |access-date=21 April 2022 |date=6 November 2015}}</ref> Shia say yes.)<ref name="rising of as-Sufyani"/> Will the Mahdi work with Jesus?<ref name=smith-quote1>{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1= Jane I. |first2= Yvonne Y. |last2=Haddad |date=1981 |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |location=Albany, N Y |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g |page=128 |quotation= The appearance of the Mahdi is generally mentioned [in Islamic eschatology], but again there is no consistency of opinion as to whether or not he is to be identified with Jesus.|ref=JISYYHIU1981}}</ref> or ''be'' Jesus?<ref name=smith-quote2>{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1= Jane I. |first2= Yvonne Y. |last2=Haddad |date=1981 |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |location=Albany, N Y |publisher=SUNY Press |page=69 |url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g |quotation=It is clear from the way al-Barzinji orders his material that he sees the ''mahdi'' and Jesus as two distinct personages, not identical, both present in some way at the events ushering in the Hour. Others, however, understand the second coming of 'Isa, ... as the role and function of the ''mahdi'' (literally the divinely-guided one.|ref=JISYYHIU1981}}</ref>  How long will the Mahdi and Jesus reign? And how long after their deaths will the earth come to an end? (estimates in Islamic eschatological literature "have varied greatly").<ref name=smith-quote3>{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1= Jane I. |first2= Yvonne Y. |last2=Haddad |date=1981 |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |location=Albany, N Y |publisher=SUNY Press |page=70 |url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g |quotation=estimates have varied greatly concerning the length of time both the ''mahdi'' and Jesus will reign and how long after their deaths (both are generally expected to die naturally) the actual Hour will arrive.|ref=JISYYHIU1981}}</ref> Will there even be a Mahdi? (He is not mentioned in the Quran, the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections of ''[[Religion:Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Religion:Sahih Muslim|Sahih Muslim]]'', or several famous creeds (''ʿAqīda'' by al-Ash'arī, al-Nasafī, Al-Tahawi, and Abu Ḥanīfa, etc.) that mention other famous apocalyptic characters and events.)<ref name=smith-quote4>{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1= Jane I. |first2= Yvonne Y. |last2=Haddad |date=1981 |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |pages=70, 212 note 1 |location=Albany, N Y |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g |quotation=none of the creeds selected for this study mentions the mahdi, although both the ''Fiqh Akbar II'' and the ''ʿAqīda of al-Ṭahāwī'' list the descent of 'Isa among the indications of the Hour, along with the ''Dajjāl'', Yājūj and Mājūj, and the rising of the sun from the west. (p.70) The following creeds make mention of one or more of the particulars assigned to the period beginning with the signs of the Hour and leading through the specific events of judgment: al-Ṭahāwī, 'Aqīdat al-sunna wa'l-jamā'a (Elder, The Macdonald Presentation Volume, pp. 134-44); the Waṣiyat Abī Ḥanīfa and Fiqh Akbar II (Wensinck, Muslim Creed); the Sharḥ al-ʿaqāʾid al-Nasafīya (Elder, Commentary); al-Ashʿarī's Maqālāt and Ibāna (McCarthy, Theology) (p.212 note 1)|ref=JISYYHIU1981}}</ref>

One issue in interpretation that followers of apocalyptic literature give considerable debate to are the metaphors, or what are believed to be metaphors, in the prophesies: are the naked shepherds who build tall buildings Gulf Arabs (who are only a couple of generations away from poverty)? Are the worshippers of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess ''al-Lat'' the Shia Hezbollah (as the [[Religion:Islamic State|Islamic State]] does)?<ref name=GWWotS2016:249>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.249</ref> Who is ''[[Religion:Rûm|Rûm]]'' (the term meaning "Romans" historically used by Muslims to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire ("Byzantines") and geographically Asia Minor)? the Vatican, Italy, Europe, NATO, Russia, the United States,<ref name=GWWotS2016:254>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.254</ref> the Turkish Republic? (The Turkish Ottoman Empire conquered the remnants of the [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]], which called itself the Roman Empire, and the Turkish Republic took over the heart of the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]),<ref name=GWWotS2016:253-4>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.253-4</ref> have all been suggested.

Muslims who believe "the hour" is nigh are very interested in the details of "the signs". 
Journalist Graeme Wood has put together a summary of end time events as interpreted by one such group—Sunni jihadis supporters of the [[Religion:Islamic State|Islamic State]]—based on conversations with an Islamic State "cleric" Musa Cerantonio and other Jihadist Muslims, as well as apocalyptic literature cited by scholar of Islamic eschatology, [[Religion:Jean-Pierre Filiu|Jean-Pierre Filiu]].<ref name="strangers-303-6">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State|date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|page=303, note 6|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Filiu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Apocalypse in Islam |publisher=University of California Press |date=2011 | translator-last1=DeBevoise |translator-first1=M. B. |location=Berkley |pages=12–23}}</ref> (The [[Religion:Islamic State|Islamic State]] features predictions about the signs of the hour in its magazine ''Dabiq''.)<ref name=GWWotS2016:254/>

===Lesser Signs===
Supporters (like many Muslims) believe many of the Lesser Signs have already occurred<ref name="strangers-247-253">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State|date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|pages=247–253|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref>—such as "a slave giving birth to her master" (having occurred in the Islamic State among enslaved women who give birth to a child fathered by a jihadi who went on to be killed in combat, the child inheriting the rights of the father),<ref name=GWWotS2016:252>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.252</ref> an embargo of Iraq, leadership of Muslim nations by unworthy miscreants, a war between Muslims and Jews, worship of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess ''al-Lat'', naked shepherds will build tall buildings, mass importation of non-Muslims to Muslim lands (guest workers in the Gulf States and Saudi), and lax moral standards (rampant fornication, alcohol consumption, listening to music).<ref name="strangers-249-252-3">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State |date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|pages=249, 252–3|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref>
<ref name=GWWotS2016:249-252-3>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.249-252-3</ref>
Next will occur a number of great battles and terrible events, along with weird and horrible natural disasters. The Euphrates will divert itself and reveal "mountains of gold", which Muslims should either not touch or take only a small amount.<ref name=GWWotS2016:254>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.254</ref> The earth will open up and swallow people. Smoke will appear.<ref name=GWWotS2016:254/> The caliphate will be revived, but Islam will not be united as many "false prophets and deviants" cause discord.<ref name=GWWotS2016:253>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.253</ref>

During or around this time there will be two titanic battles between Muslims and their enemies; First the enemy -- "united behind 80 banners" and led by ''Rum'', will fight Muslims at [[Place:Dabiq, Syria|Dabiq]], (in what is now northern Syria). One-third of the world's Muslims will be killed as martyrs, and another third will desert, fleeing the battle, and the remaining third will advance to ''Rum'' and sack it.<ref name=GWWotS2016:253>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.253</ref>

This will be followed by "the Great Slaughter" (''[[Religion:Al-Malhama Al-Kubra|Al-Malhama Al-Kubra]]''), a battle "the likes of which has never been seen", pitting the Muslim world against "everyone else",<ref name="strangers-254-55">{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State|date=2016|publisher=Random House|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132|chapter=The War of the End of Time|pages=254–5|isbn=9780812988765}}</ref> with Muslim readers of eschatology disagreeing on what prophesies say about the result.<ref name=GWWotS2016:254-255>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.254-255</ref>

===Greater Signs===
At this point, the first of the "Greater Signs" will commence, a terrible drought that will leave one third of the world without rain for a year, and two-thirds without the next year. Into this calamity the ''al masih al dajjal'' (the "False Messiah" or Anti-Christ),<ref name=GWWotS2016:255>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.255</ref> will appear, providing food for the starving, rain for the thirsty, having been granted the ability (by Allah) to perform miracles.  Presenting himself as a saviour to the world's starving masses, millions or even billions will fall at his feet in gratitude.<ref name=GWWotS2016:255/><ref name=GWWotS2016:256>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.256</ref> Blind in one disfigured eye that protrudes "like a grape", with the word "kafir" imprinted on his forehead,<ref name=GWWotS2016:255/> he will not deceive true Muslims.<ref name=GWWotS2016:256/>

The Anti-Christ will raise an army of his supporters, especially women and Iranian Jews. Wandering the planet, killing and conquering, its power will be so great it will send "Muslims into hiding".<ref name=GWWotS2016:256>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.256</ref> Finally a small force of 5000 Muslim fighters will be cornered by his armies in Jerusalem", taking refuge within the gates of the city in what appears to be a doomed last stand. The Muslims' leader will be the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]], last of the caliphs, Muhammad ibn Abdullah al Qahtani. Coming to their rescue will be Jesus. Having never died on the cross but ascended bodily into heaven where his aging process was arrested and he did not die, he will now descend onto earth, "wearing saffron robes" and borne by two angels. Arriving at the white minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]]" he will hurry to Jerusalem and without announcing himself, appear during [[Religion:Fajr prayer|dawn prayers]].<ref name=GWWotS2016:257>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.257</ref>

"In hushed voices" the assembling Muslims will identify Jesus and point him out to each other. As the caliph/Mahdi is about to lead prayers, he will ask Jesus to lead them instead. Exhibiting modesty, Jesus will decline the invitation and take a place in the rows behind the Mahdi, praying like any other Muslim.<ref name=GWWotS2016:257>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.257</ref>
The Anti-Christ will flee, attempting to escape, but "in his ignominious scramble, will melt away, like salt in water. But before he disappears, Jesus will ... pierce him fatally with his spear", and raise the bloody spear above his head.<ref name=GWWotS2016:257/> Their leader defeated, supporters of the Anti-Christ "will surrender and submit to the rule of the Mahdi". With Jesus proving to Christians the falsity of their religion and ordering them to follow Islam, Christianity will come to an end. Any Christians and Jews "who persist in disbelief" will no longer be able to get by paying ''[[Religion:Jizya|Jizya]]'', but will be killed. Stones and trees will assist Muslim warriors seeking to uncover "any Jews cowering behind them, vainly wishing to escape death,"<ref name=GWWotS2016:257/> as in the hadith related by [[Religion:Sahih al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]] and [[Religion:Sahih Muslim|Muslim]]. 
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|
The Day of Judgement will not come about until Muslims fight the Jews, when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say O Muslims, O Servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (the Boxthorn tree) would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews.{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|41|6985}}, {{#tag:ref|see also {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|41|6981}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|41|6982}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|41|6983}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|41|6984}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|791}},({{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|177}})|group="nb"}}<ref>Laqueur, Walter. ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day''. Oxford University Press. 2006. {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}} p. 192</ref>}}

Following this victory, there will be 40 years of "glorious" Jesus-Mahdi rule,<ref name=GWWotS2016:257/> until the menace of [[Religion:Gog and Magog|Gog and Magog]] escapes from the iron wall that has confined them inside a mountain in Central Asia for thousands of years. They will kill multitudes, invading Iraq and Palestine like a pestilence, draining rivers and the Sea of Galilee with their thirst and consuming crops with their hunger. Finally Allah will command "an insect or worm" to burrow into their necks and kill them<ref name=GWWotS2016:258>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.258</ref> or by "fire and a plague of worms, birds and/or other natural disasters".<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:68/>

Gog and Magog's bodies will rot and stink before being washed away by rain. And various other tribulations will take place before the world is finally destroyed. Humanity will be surrounded by fire. Few Arabs will survive the devastation, and most of the survivors will be 'Romans'. At the end of time, even the Muslims will die, their lives taken by a wind that will be either "horrendous",<ref name=GWWotS2016:258>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.258</ref><ref name="Islamqa-hour">{{cite web |title=91794. The Hour will only come upon the worst of people |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/91794/the-hour-will-only-come-upon-the-worst-of-people |website=Islam Question and Answer |access-date=1 May 2022 |date=20 March 2007}}</ref> or a "breeze bearing a pleasant scent",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/292936675/Some-Articles-Core |title=Some Articles Core {{!}} Shia Islam {{!}} Jesus in Islam |website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> leaving only the wicked to face the Earth's destruction. On the last day of earth, the sun will rise in the west and Allah will stop accepting repentance.<ref name=GWWotS2016:259>Wood, ''The Way of the Strangers'', 2016: p.259</ref>

==Signs in Shi'i Islam==
===Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi===
At least one Shia scholar (Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, 1927–2002 CE) divides the signs into categories similar to lesser/minor and greater/major although he does not use those terms: 
*Signs "connected with the general [bad] behaviour of the society", or "Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam";
*'the acts of Allah' rather than human society, appearing "just before Qiyamat" and "culminating in Qiyamat".<ref name="Rizvi-part3">{{cite book |last1=Akhtar Rizvi |first1=Sayyid Sa'eed |title=Day of Judgement |publisher=al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection |access-date=10 May 2022 |chapter=Part 3: Some Signs of Day of Resurrection}}</ref>

Shi'i apocalyptic accounts differ from Sunni, their hadith including not only reported sayings of the prophet Muhammad but also the twelve Imams. Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (c. 948–1022 CE) directed collection of Shi'i hadith giving apocalyptic accounts "greater detail and assurance".<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26>Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.26</ref>
;Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam
Akhtar Rizvi quotes a hadith of Muhammad shortly before his death just after completing the Farewell Pilgrimage, reported by Ibn Abbas.
He gives a long list of some "of the Signs of the Hour", many like those in Sunni hadith, including:<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/> 
* "people will neglect the prayer (i.e., will not pray at all, or will pray without fulfilling its conditions, or will not pray in the preferred time), 
* people "will follow their own views (and desires will supersede the commands of Allah, they will follow only those rules which will appeal to them, and will leave other rules),<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* people "will respect the wealthy people (forgetting the Islamic criterion of honour, i.e., piety), 
* people "will sell the religion for worldly benefits (for example, the greed of worldly riches will instigate them to go to such places where, they very well know, it would be difficult to observe their religious commands); at that time the heart and soul of the believer will melt (from grief) as salt melts in water, because he will see the unlawful things (and actions) and will not be able to change them.”<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* "the evil will become virtue, and the virtue will become evil; the embezzlers will be trusted, and the trustworthy people will be thought untrustworthy; and the liars will be vouchsafed, and the truthful one will be considered liars.”<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* "at that time, women will be rulers and the concubines will be consulted; (Rizvi speculates that this "may mean" the government is dominated by women and /or women dominate their husbands - "so much so that the husbands will not, or cannot, ask them to remain within the limits of the [[Religion:Sharia|Sharia]]t, leaving them free to go wherever they want in whatever clothes they like)".<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/>
* "at that time males will satisfy their lust with males; and females will satisfy their lust with females; and minor boys will be mounted upon like women; and the males will liken themselves to females (i.e, will look like females); and females will look like males (Rizvi interprets this to mean "The clean-shaved faces and long hair" of men, and wearing of "pants and bell-bottoms" by women "are proof of the fulfilment of this forecast); and females will ride the saddles (i.e, not only horses, but according to Rizvi bicycles, scooters and motor-cycles). So there will be Curse of Allah upon those women of my Ummat.”<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* at that time will appear female singers and musical instruments (according to Rizvi 'will appear' means will be openly used'), and will rule upon them most evil of my Ummat (worst people will rule upon the Muslims).<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* "there will be rains at wrong times";<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/> 
* people "will like chess and gambling apparatus and musical instruments;<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
* they "will dislike enjoining the good and forbidding the evil; so much so that the (true) believer will, at that time, have less respect than a slave-girl";<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/> 
* "the reciters (of the Qur'an) and those who spend their time in worshipping Allah, will blame each other".<ref name="Rizvi-part3"/>
;"Acts of Allah" culminating in Qiyamat
Rizvi quotes a hadith reported by Hudhaifah bin Usaid al-Ghifari where Muhammad says ''Qiyamat'' "will not stand (it will not come) until you see ten signs before it”.<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific">{{cite book |last1=Akhtar Rizvi |first1=Sayyid Sa'eed |title=Day of Judgement |publisher=al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection |access-date=10 May 2022 |chapter=Part 3: Some Signs of Day of Resurrection. Specific Signs}}</ref> These include many of the major signs found in Sunni Islam but not all:
# The smoke;<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# ''Dajjal'' (the AntiChrist);<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# [[Religion:Beast of the Earth|Dabbatul-Ard]] (the Beast of the Earth);<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# Rising of the sun from its setting place (i.e. the West);<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# coming down of ''[[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Isa]]'', son of Maryam;<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# [[Religion:Gog and Magog|Gog and Magog]];<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# three land-slides [''khasf''], one in the East;<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/> 
# another in the West;<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# one in Arabian peninsula;<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>
# a Fire which will appear from Yemen and will turn the people towards their ''Mahshar'', i.e. the gathering place of the ''Qiyamat''.”<ref name="Rizvi-part3-specific"/>

===Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid===
Some of the Shi'a signs disseminated by Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid are the same or similar to those described by Sunni Muslims:<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/>
* The sun will rise in the West;
* The infidels will seem to triumph;
* An abundance of false messiah's will aggravate chaos;
But others will be different. The return of the Mahdi will be heralded by:<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/>
* Eclipses during Ramadan; 
* A plague of locusts;
* A flood of the Euphrates into the streets of Kufa where it will cause the wall of the great mosque to crumble.
* A rain of "reddish fire" will fall on Baghdad and Kufa;
* Syria will be devastated by fighting among "Arab rebels" from Egypt, "cavalrymen stationed in Al-Hira", and a surprising attack from Khurasan "beneath black banners";
* The Turks will occupy ''Kazora'', the middle valley of the Euphrates;
* at the same time the Byzantines will attack the Palestinian city of Ramla;
* "Twenty four successive storms" will rid Muslims of miasmas from "the red death and the white death" the previous strife produced.<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/>

===Five signs of Shi'i traditionalists===
Scholar of Islamic Eschatology, [[Religion:Jean-Pierre Filiu|Jean-Pierre Filiu]], has identified "five signs" (''al-alamat al-khams'') of the Mahdi's appearance from anthologies of Shi'i traditionalists:
# the return of the [[Religion:Sufyani|Sufyani]], who is "the Mahdi's sworn enemy", and "identified with Umayyad tyranny"; 
# in response to the Sufyani, "the Yemini"—the Mahdi's ally and "implacable" enemy of the Sufyani—will rise up against him;
# there will be a "Call" -- "a heavenly rallying cry of the partisan's of the Mahdi"—and in response a "demoniacal roar" from the bowels of the earth by his enemies, going back and forth for one entire month of [[Religion:Ramadan|Ramadan]];
# "the Pure Soul", a messenger of the Mahdi, will be assassinated;
# an army sent against the Mahdi, will be swallowed up by the earth when a crack (''khasf'') opens up beneath it.<ref name=JPFAiI2011:227>Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.27</ref>

===Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im===
According to "Shi'ite narrations" by Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im in Al-Islam.org, the "ten signs" (although it lists fewer than ten) that must be seen before Resurrection Day will occur are:
#sunrise from the West, 
#al-Dajjal and 
#the beast of the earth, 
#three lunar eclipses on the earth, one in the East, 
#one in the West and 
#one in the Arabian Peninsula and 
#the emergence of Jesus the son of Mary (‘a)<ref name=shia>Bihar, 6, 304, 3; cited in  {{cite book |url=https://www.al-islam.org/jesus-through-shiite-narrations-mahdi-muntazir-qaim/his-second-coming |title=Jesus through Shiite Narrations |chapter=His Second Coming |author=Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Sunni and Shia perspectives on the Mahdi ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Sunni and Twelver [[Religion:Shia Islam|Shia Islam]] have different beliefs regarding the identity of Mahdi.
|-
! scope="col"| Item
! scope="col"|  Sunni perspective
! scope="col"|  Shia perspective
|-
! scope="row"| Shared belief
| colspan="2"|In both Sunni and Twelver Islam versions the Mahdi confronts a world of strange natural disasters, war, chaos, ignorance, depravity, and  wickedness. In both versions he will be named Muhammad, he will appear to Muslims before [[Biography:Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus), and in both he will be assisted by Isa in his struggle against and killing of the dajjal (antichrist), Muslims will declare/swear their allegiance to him (''[[Religion:Bay'ah|Bay'ah]]'') and will restores order and righteousness,<ref name="Arjomand 20072">{{cite journal|last=Arjomand|first=Said Amir|date=Dec 2007|title=Islam in Iran vi., the Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vi-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-sunni-islam|journal=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=XIV|issue=Fasc. 2|pages=134–136|access-date=29 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117044044/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vi-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-sunni-islam|archive-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ruling the world for a period of time.

|-
! scope="row"|Importance in doctrine
| In Sunni Islam, the mahdi doctrine is a popular belief, but among scholars it is not theologically important. The two most authoritative compilations of hadith in Sunni Islam — ''[[Religion:Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Religion:Sahih Muslim|Sahih Muslim]]'' — make no mention of the Mahdi (nor does ''Nasai'',{{sfn|Doi|1971|p=119}}{{sfn|Furnish|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=35}}{{sfn|Doi|1971|p=120}} although three of six canonical Sunni hadith compilations do—''[[Religion:Sunan Abu Dawood|Abu Dawood]]'', ''Ibn Maja'', and ''[[Religion:Jami' al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]]'').
| In Twelver Shi'ism, the largest Shi'i branch, the belief in the messianic imam is not merely a part of creed, but the pivot.{{sfn|Sachedina|1978|p=109}} Born in [[Place:Samarra|Samarra]] in 868 CE, the Mahdi has been in [[Religion:Minor Occultation|occultation]] (hidden) by divine command for over 1000 years, waiting for end times to reappear and put an end to injustice.

|-
! scope="row"|Any supernatural characteristics?
| The Mahdi, though a leader of Islam as caliph (the traditional Sunni religious authority chosen by representative(s) of the commnity), a righteous man and among the descendants of Muhammad, will have a normal human lifespan (and not live for hundreds of years).<ref name="Red2">{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00605KLP8/ref=docs-os-doi_0|title=Islam and the Last days|last=Rogers|first=Ed|date=26 October 2011|publisher=Connection Publishing}}</ref> 
| For Shia, the Mahdi is divinely ordained to be leaders and guides of the Muslim world (and thus all humanity). He became "the Imam of mankind" at the age five; has been in Occultation since 941 CE—over 1000 years—not hidden from view, but living on the earth among the people but unbeknownst to them.<ref name="SSoIM"/>
His titles include the [[Religion:Al-Qa'im Al Muhammad|Lord of the Resurrection]] (''Qāʾim al-Qiyāma''). Shia believe he will be the perfect being and the purpose of creation, and through him the world will come out of darkness and ignorance and "The earth will shine with the light of its Lord, the record ˹of deeds˺ will be laid ˹open˺, the prophets and the witnesses will be brought forward—and judgment will be passed on all with fairness. None will be wronged." (Quran 39:69); to an era of reward for those "who laboured in fulfilment of (the Prophets') command and with knowledge", unlike previous eras where Allah prescribes the people to work, that of the enunciators of divine revelation (''nāṭiqs'') who came before him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique|title=The Days of Creation in the Thought of Nasir Khusraw|url=https://www.academia.edu/37219457|journal=Nasir Khusraw: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Arrival 
| Before his leadership starts, he will be unrecognized and flee from Medina to Mecca to take refuge in the Ka'ba. Then, against his will, he will be recognized as ruler by the people.{{sfn|Madelung|1981|p=291}} He will then lead an army bearing black banners against the dajjal and his corruption.   
| The Shia version of the Mahdi will also reappear in Mecca. On the day of {{transliteration|ar|ashura}} (10th of Muharram; the day the third Shi'a imam [[Biography:Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn ibn Ali]] was slain), he will stand with the sword of Ali ({{transliteration|ar|dhu'l-fiqar}}) in his hand,{{sfn|Halverson|Goodall|Corman|2011|p=104}} between the corner of the Ka'ba and the [[Religion:Maqam Ibrahim|station of Abraham]]. Shia will come from all over the world to pledge their loyalty.<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/> A voice from the heavens will call the people of the world to his aid; the angels, jinns, and humans will flock around him.{{sfn|Sachedina|1981|pp=161–166}} He will then go to Kufa accompanied by 5000 angels, which will become his capital. He will kill "all the hypocrites" and destroy their palaces there.<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26/> He will send troops to kill the Sufyani in Damascus. Husayn and his slain partisans will then resurrect, as will other imams and Muhammad.{{sfn|Sachedina|1981|pp=161–166}}
|-
! scope="row"|Linage
| He will be from the Hasanid branch of Muhammad's family, descended through Muhammad's daughter [[Biography:Fatimah|Fatima]] and her husband [[Biography:Ali|Ali]]. 
| He is of the Husaynid line of Muhammad's descendants,{{sfn|Cook|2002a|p=140}} traced back to Imam ‘Ali (as), is: Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Musa Ibn Ja’far Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn al-Husayn Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (as),<ref name="SSoIM">{{cite book |title=A Shiite Encyclopedia |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia/special-specifications-imam-al-mahdi |access-date=11 May 2022 |chapter=Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (as)}}</ref> the last of a line known as the twelve Imams.
|-
! scope="row"|Name and appearance
| His name will be Muhammad and his father's name will be Abdullah, thus making his full name Muhammad ibn Abdullah.<ref name="Arjomand 20072" />  He will have a broad forehead and curved nose.<ref name="Arjomand 20072" />  
| His name is Muhammad bin Hasan and that he is the son of Hasan-al-Askari. He will be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face", black hair and beard.<ref name="Momen-169">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve |last1=Momen|first1=Moojan|date=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=169|isbn=0300035314}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | Will he kill the Dajjal?
|The Mahdi will lead an army against the Dajjal, but it will be Isa who kills him.   
|The Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will kill the Dajjal<ref name="Al-Musawi-Dajjal">{{cite web |last1=Al-Musawi |first1=Mohammad |title=Will Dajjal come before, during, or after the advent of Imam Mahdi (as)? |url=https://www.al-islam.org/ask/will-dajjal-come-before-during-or-after-the-advent-of-imam-mahdi-as/sayyed-mohammad-al-musawi |website=al-Islam.org |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | After the defeat of the Dajjal
| He will "usher in a short golden age" lasting seven, eight, or nine years until the end of the world.<ref name="EB-mahdi">{{cite web |title=mahdī Islamic concept |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mahdi |website=Britannica |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>  
|After the killing of the Dajjal,<ref name="Rizvi-signs-27"/> conquering Constantinople, China, and "the mountains of Daylam", the Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will rule the world with perfect justice for seven, eight, nine, ten, nineteen,<ref name=JPFAiI2011:26-27>Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.26-27</ref> twenty, or 1000 years<ref name="Tabasi-overview">{{cite web |last1=Tabasi |first1=Ayatolah Najmuddin |title=An Overview of the Mahdi's Government. The Government of Truth. The Period of Rule |url=https://www.al-islam.org/overview-mahdis-atfs-government-najmuddin-tabasi/government-truth |website=Al-Islam.org |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> (accounts differ), as Jesus (Hazrat Isa bin Maryam) helps him spreading the Islamic faith.<ref name="Rizvi-signs-27">{{cite book |last1=Saeed Akhtar Rizvi |title=Day of Judgement |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection |access-date=17 April 2022 |chapter=Part 3, some signs of the day of resurrection. (27) Specific Signs}}</ref> According to Shīʿa hadiths, "he will bring a new religion, a new book and a new law".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/meet-shia-islams-latest-claimant-of-messiah/10959614 |title= Who is Ahmad al-Hassan al-Yamani, and why do so many Shīʿas think he is the promised messiah? |author=Mahmoud Pargoo |date=April 2019 |agency=ABC |access-date=31 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Raj`a (Return)===
''Raj`a'' ({{Lang-ar|الرجعة|lit=Return|translit=āl rj'ah}}) in Islamic terminology, refers to the [[Religion:Second Coming|Second Coming]], or the return to life of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death.<ref name="Momen22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve|last1=Momen|first1=Moojan|date=1985|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300035314}}</ref> Shia believe that the Mahdi will return, or more properly "reappear" (''zuhur'') with a group of chosen companions, having been alive but hidden in "occultation" since the year 874 CE.<ref name="Momen22" /> But at the same time, a group of "immensely wicked disbelievers" will also appear.<ref name="Husaini-What is Raj'at"/>
According to the Shia scholar Sayyid Murtadha: 
<blockquote>“After the reappearance of Hadhrat [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]] (a.s.), the Exalted Allah (s.w.t.) shall cause group of those, who had previously departed from the world, to return to this world in order that they may be partners in the reward and glory of assisting him (a.s.) and in witnessing Allah's rule over the entire world; He shall also cause the most obstinate enemies to return in order to exact revenge from them.”<ref name="Husaini-What is Raj'at">{{cite book |last1=Husaini |first1=Sayyid Husain |title=180 Questions -- Enquiries About Islam |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/180-questions-enquiries-about-islam-volume-2-various-issues/10-what-rajat-return-its-occurrence |volume=2. Various Issues |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=10. What is Raj'at (The Return)? Is Its Occurrence Possible?}}</ref></blockquote>

The return of the historical figures of Jesus and the Mahdi will signify the beginning of the [[Religion:Last Judgment|Last Judgment]] <!-- Contraction with Islamic doctrine which maintains that some period of time of just rule will happen before all the faithful are killed by a gentle poisonous wind -->and establish justice for those who were oppressed in their lifetime up until their death. The oppressors will be punished directly by the oppressed during this future reappearance.<ref>''Islam and the Modern Age'', Volume 24, Page 61, Zakir Hussain Institute of Islamic Studies, 1993.</ref>

Raj'a is mentioned in some Sunni works where the return of numerous people is cited, such as the Seven Sleepers, synchronous with the appearance of the [[Religion:Mahdi|Mahdi]].<ref name="Raj'a in view of Sunni Islam2">{{cite web|url=http://lib.eshia.ir/71814/1/309#_ftnref5|title=Raj'a in view of Sunni Islam|author=Staff Writer|website=eshia|publisher=encyclopaedia of Mahdiism}}</ref> According to Jalaluddin Al-Sayuti, in contrast to Shia belief, the return of  Muhammad is not limited to a specific time in the future. Al-Sayuti did not mention if any other religious figures will return after death before the resurrection.<ref>Marwan Khlifat, Warakibtu Assafeena 1st Ed P.644 مروان خليفات. وركبت السفينة: 644</ref> According to Abu 'Abdullah Al-Qurtubi, raj`a is understood to be the lack of physical presence of a prophet, who marks his apparent death by absence in the physical world but will reappear, from time to time, to those who are pure in heart.<ref>Al Tathkira Fi Ahwal Al Mawta Vol 1.P212, ar. التذكرة في أحوال الموتى وأمور الآخرة. 1/212</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religion:Islamic eschatology|Islamic eschatology]]
* [[Religion:Judgement Day in Islam|Judgement Day in Islam]]
* [[Religion:Jannah|Jannah]]
* [[Religion:Jahannam|Jahannam]]
* Final Judgement
* [[Unsolved:Eschatology|Eschatology]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations (of hadith)===
{{Reflist|35em|group=note}}

===Other citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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==Further reading==
* "''Fath al-Bari''" (from ''[[Religion:Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' by ibn Hajar al-Asqalani).
* Esposito, John, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-512558-4}}.
* Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll, ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', MacMillan Reference Books, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0028656038}}.
* Lawson, Todd (1999). ''[https://www.academia.edu/3679569/Duality_Opposition_and_Typology_in_the_Quran_The_Apocalyptic_Substrate Duality, Opposition and Typology in the Qur'an: The Apocalyptic Substrate]''. Journal of Quranic Studies. 10: 23–49.

{{Doomsday}}
{{Theology}}

[[Category:Islamic eschatology|*]]

{{Sourceattribution|Signs of the coming of Judgement Day}}