Religion:Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

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Short description: Prophecies of end times in Islam


While interpretations of what the Quran and hadith say about the end times are "diverse and complex",[1] the signs of Judgment Day's arrival include disruptions in the order of both human morality and the natural world; but also the appearance of the savior(s) Mahdi and Jesus, which "is seen to represent the ultimate victory of the ummah of Islam ... in some senses".[2] Piety will be lost as music, wine drinking, usury, homosexuality, disobedience by wives and fornication abound, and the earth will be destroyed. However during this era ʿĪsā (Jesus) and the Mahdi will also vanquish the Antichrist figure al-Dajjāl, while Allah will eliminate the monstrous Gog and Magog) liberating the world from injustice and restoring sharia.[3]

The signs have been divided into minor and major by commentators. They are reported in various ḥadīth collections,[4][5] and described in commentaries of various medieval Muslim scholars, including al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari, among others.[6][1] Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon (or fitna) is often known as Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (The Great Epic), or (in Shia Islam) Ghaybah (Occultation).[7][8]

Sources

The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and the hadith, (sayings of Muhammad) which are "diffuse and fragmented".[9] These are elaborated on in creeds, Quranic commentaries (tafsịrs), and theological writing,[10] eschatological manuals and commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah who explain them in more detail. The signs and many other social aberrations are detailed in such works as Muḥammad ibn Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a,[11] and Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ.[12] Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun, is said to introduce "a full and detailed discussion of the various theories regarding the mahdi and the traditions considered most authoritative in relation to it."[13]

Quran

Many verses of the Quran, especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the Day of Judgement.[14][15]

When the sun is put out, and when the stars fall down, and when the mountains are blown away, and when pregnant camels are left untended, and when wild beasts are gathered together, and when the seas are set on fire, and when the souls ˹and their bodies˺ are paired ˹once more˺, and when baby girls, buried alive, are asked for what crime they were put to death, and when the records ˹of deeds˺ are laid open, and when the sky is stripped away, and when the Hellfire is fiercely flared up, and when Paradise is brought near— ˹on that Day˺ each soul will know what ˹deeds˺ it has brought along.

Indication that there will be signs of its coming are found in Q.47:18:

Are they only waiting for the Hour to take them by surprise? Yet ˹some of˺ its signs have already come. Once it actually befalls them, will it not be too late to be mindful?

Interest in end times

Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation" was strongest among mainstream Shia (Twelver Shia), Isma'ili Islam, Sunni on the "doctrinal and geographic margins" -- such as present day Morocco -- but was weaker in the heartland of Sunni Islam.[16] Various eschatological interpretations exist within Shia Islam. The concept of seven celestial Hells, as well as the idea that after death but before the End Times, one's soul would temporarily wait in either Paradise or Hellfire, are accounted for throughout Isma'ili Shi'i literature.[17] Shia tradition broadly tends to recognize the coming of the Mahdi as signifying the coming punishment for non-believers.[18]

Minor signs

Events in Islamic eschatology based on Sunan Abu Dawood, "Battles" (Kitab Al-Malahim).[19]
Eschatological timeline of "minor" and "major" signs preceding the Day of Judgment

The Minor or Lesser Signs (Ashraat al-Saa'ah al-Sughra) are “moral, cultural, political, religious, and natural events designed to warn humanity that the end is near and to bring people into a state of repentance.”[20][21] According to one Salafi source IslamQA.info, "For the most part", these signs will have occurred a long time before the Resurrection begins. Some of them have already happened – although they may be repeated; some of them are currently occurring; and some have not yet taken place but will.[22][23][24][25][26]

One source, Islam House, lists 50 signs, 10 of which "are past, 13 are present and 27 are future".[27] Islamic Finder website, lists 48 signs, 9 of which are past, 13 "are happening at present", and 26 are "yet to happen".[28] Islam Question and Answer lists 28 Minor Signs and 10 major signs.[22] Islam Online lists similar numbers: 10 past, 13 "Present?", 27 future.[23]

Some of these signs tend to be so general that "it is possible to find indicators of them in any modern society (for example, crime, natural disaster, etc.)".[1]

The appearance of the Mahdi, (a messiah figure) is said to be a link between the minor and major signs. In the ḥadīth literature, it is mentioned that minor signs will occur first, then the Mahdi will come and then the major signs. There is debate over whether they could occur concurrently or must be at different points in time. Some sources divide the signs into those that have already occurred, that are happening at present, and that are yet to happen.[29][30]

Events that [it is argued] have already taken place

[29][30]

  1. The sending of the Prophet;[22]
  2. The death of the Prophet;[22]
  3. The appearance of fire in the Hijaz, (which appeared in the mid-7th century AH)[22]
  4. Splitting of the moon;[note 1][30][29]
  5. A form of death, which will kill thousands of Muslims;[note 2][30]
  6. A major fighting in Madinah (understood to be the battle of al-Harrah during the caliphate of Yazid);[30]
  7. The Muslim conquest of Jerusalem;[note 3][30]
  8. The Muslim conquest of Constantinople;[note 4][30]
  9. Two large groups of Muslims will fight in a war;[note 5][30]
  10. A war between the Muslims and a reddish people with small eyes, wearing sandals made of hair;[note 6][30]
  11. A peace agreement between the Muslims and non-Muslims from the yellow race (understood to be the Chinese, Mongols etc.)[30]
  12. 30 impostors will appear, each thinking he is a prophet;[note 7][30]
  13. The spread of literacy.[31]
  14. Musical instruments will become prevalent;[22]
  15. The abandonment of the Jizya tax, of which Dhimmis stop submitting and refuse to pay the tax.[32]

Events that [it is argued] are active/currently happening

  1. The slave-woman will give birth to her master or mistress [note 8][30]
  2. A trial (fitnah) which will enter every Arab household; [note 9][30]
  3. Knowledge will be taken away (by the death of people of knowledge), and ignorance will prevail; [note 10][30]
  4. Tribulations (fitna) will prevail;[note 11][30]
  5. A man will pass by the grave of another and wish he was in the latter’s place;[note 12][30]
  6. Trustworthiness will be lost, i.e. when authority is given to those who do not deserve it;[note 13][30]
  7. People will gather for prayer, but will be unable to find an imam to lead them;[note 14][30]
  8. Commerce and business will increase significantly until a woman assists her husband.[31]
  9. Earthquakes will increase;[note 15][30]
  10. Zina will become widespread [note 16][30]
  11. Wine (intoxicants, alcohol) will be drunk in great quantities;[note 17][30]
  12. Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers;[note 18][30]
  13. A woman will go on the pilgrimage with other women but unaccompanied by a man;[33][34]
  14. The Euphrates will reveal a treasure of gold, and many will die fighting over it, each one hoping to be the one who gains the treasure;[note 19][30]

Events that [it is argued] are yet to happen

(Not including Greater signs.)

  1. The number of men will decrease, whilst the number of women will increase, until for every man there are 50 women;[note 20][30]
  2. The Romans will come to a place called A’maq or Dabiq, and an army of the best people will go forth from Madinah to face them;[note 21][30]
  3. The Muslim conquest of Rome;[note 22][30]
  4. Unless their leaders rule according to the Quran and seek all good from that which Allah has revealed, Allah will cause them to fight one another;[note 23]
  5. The conquest of Constantinople without weapons;[35]
  6. The Earth rapidly vomiting gold and silver.[36]
  7. A cruel ruler from the Mawali of Qahtan named al-Jahjah.[37][38][39]
  8. Houses adornments resembling painted garments.[40][41]

Events that do not have a general consensus on what their current status is

  1. Widespread wealth and lack of need for charity;[22]
  2. The emergence of claimants to prophethood, such as the liar Musaylimah and al-Aswad al-‘Anasi.[22]
  3. Killing will become widespread;[22]
  4. Appearance of women who are clothed yet naked;[22]
  5. Wild animals and inanimate objects will speak to people;[22]
  6. A man will disobey his mother and obey his wife, while shunning his father and speaking kindly to his friend;[33][34]
  7. There will be complete sexual license;[33][34]
  8. The number of males will decrease so that women will outnumber men fifty to one;[33][34]
  9. The Dabbah will be found by archeologists;[note 24][30]
  10. Time will pass more quickly;[note 25][30]

Greater signs

Following the second period, the third will be marked by the ten major (aka greater) signs known as alamatu's-sa'ah al-kubra (the major signs of the end).[note 26][42] These signs offer "more detail" in their accounts of the final days, but there is "considerable variation" in the different versions of these stories.

According to Jessica Stern, a "few elements are consistent":[43]

According to scholar Jean-Pierre Filiu, the collections of hadith[45] Sahih Muslim[46] "organizes the chronology of the major signs and portents of the Hour, organizing the in a sequence of ten events." "the first will be three entombments" (khasf)[47] (also called "sinking of the earth" or earthquakes or landsides)[22] where "the earth will open up and people will be buried alive"

  1. the first entombment will be in the East;[47][note 27][22]
  2. the 2nd entombment in the West;[47][note 28]
  3. the 3rd in the Arabian Peninsula;[47][note 29]
  4. the appearance of smoke;[47] forming a huge black cloud (dukhan) that covers the earth[note 30]
  5. the appearance of the Antichrist.[note 31] This false messiah, Dajjal, shall appear as an apostle of Allah,[note 32] appearing to have great powers as a one-eyed man with his right eye blind and deformed like a grape. Although believers will not be deceived, he will claim to be Allah, to hold the keys to paradise and the hellfire, and will lead many astray.[48] In reality, his paradise is the hellfire, and vice versa. The Dajjal will be followed by seventy thousand Jews of Isfahan wearing Persian shawls;[note 33]
  6. the Beast of the Earth (Dabbat al-Ard) will crawl out of the earth[47][note 34] to talk to people;[49][nb 2]
  7. followed by Gog and Magog will break out of their imprisonment "isolating them from the civilized world and run wild";[note 35] They will ravage the earth, drink all the water of Lake Tiberias, and kill all believers in their way. Isa, Imam Al-Mahdi, and the believers with them will go to the top of a mountain and pray for the destruction of Gog and Magog. Allah eventually will send disease and worms to wipe them out.[note 36][51]
  8. the rising of the sun in the west;[note 37][52][53]<[54]
  9. a "supernatural fire originating in Yemen";[note 38]
  10. this fire will drive the human race to the place of the final judgement.[47]

Some other events mentioned in other hadith as signs following the appearance of the Mahdi include:

  • The return of Isa (Jesus), from the fourth sky, to kill Dajjal.[55]
  • A major war between the Muslims (including Jews and Christians who believe Jesus is a prophet and Muslim and not divine after his return) led by the Imam Mahdi, and the Jews plus other non-Muslims led by the Antichrist;[note 39][30]
  • A time of great peace and serenity during and after the remaining lifetime of Jesus (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 3: book 43: 656)[30]
  • Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers;[note 40][30]
  • Society will then decay;[note 41][30]
  • The buttocks of the women of the tribe of Daws will again sway in circumambulation (tawaf) around the idol Dhul-Khulsah;[note 42][30]
  • A gentle wind which will take the souls of the believers;[note 43][30]
  • There is no-one left on the earth saying, "Allah, Allah" or "iilah 'iilaa ٱllah."[note 44][30]

Al Dajjal

Further information: Al-Masih ad-Dajjal

Al-Masih ad-Dajjal (Arabic: المسيح الدجّال,[3] is a false Messiah, sometimes described as the Islamic Antichrist,[56] who will appear as the first of the "Greater Signs" of apocalypse. He will be preceded by a terrible drought and present himself as a savior to the starving masses, many of whom – Bedouins, weavers, magicians, and children of fornication, and especially Jews.[3][56]—will be taken in by his claims and join his ranks.[56][57] He will emerge from the east,[58] be blind in one eye with his other eye protruding,[59][60][61][56] (an indication that he has been given powers to achieve evil goals).[58] On his forehead[62] or between his eyes[63] are the letters K-F-R (the root of Kafir,[50][56] i.e. unbeliever)[62] which every Muslim would be able to read."[64][65] Like ʿĪsā (Jesus), he will be able to perform miracles – healing the sick, raising the dead, causing the earth to grow vegetation, causing livestock to prosper and to die, and stopping the sun's movement – but unlike Jesus he will do this with the assistance of an army of demons (Shayāṭīn).[58][56] He will travel the whole world entering every city, except Mecca and Medina.[66] His army will kill and conquer, until they corner the Mahdi and a group of just 5000 Muslim fighters in Jerusalem. In this final battle before the Day of Judgment Jesus will descend from heaven to save the Muslim army, killing infidels simply by breathing on them[67][68] and defeating and killing the dajjal simply by looking at him – or looking at him and putting a sword through him.[58] The dajjal will melt away.[68][67] Sources disagree over whether the Dajjal is human or a devil (shayṭān) in human form.[58][3][69]

Gog and Magog

Further information: Gog and Magog
Dhu al-Qarnayn builds a wall to seal Yajuj and Majuj; here aided by dīvs (demons). Persian miniature from a Falnama, 16th century.[70][71]

Gog and Magog are mentioned in two chapters of the Quran – Al Kahf and Al-Anbiya – where they are referred to as Yajuj and Majuj. (They are also mentioned in the bible and "are a recognized part of Middle Eastern mythology")[50] They are suppressed by a figure called Dhul-Qarnayn – "the two-horned one."[72] Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of Yajuj and Majuj who "do great mischief on earth". (In Islamic literature Yajuj and Majuj are "described as cannibals with varying degrees of height and breadth",[50] or sometimes depicted "as large and sometimes as small, but they are always numerous and subhuman".[73] Dhul-Qarnayn agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (believed to mean the end times), Allah will remove the barrier.[74]

The Monster of Gog and Magog, by al-Qazwini (1203–1283).

Journalist Graeme Wood reports that in Islamic apocalyptic literature Gog and Magog are a subhuman pestilence who are released from thousands of years of imprisonment sometime after Isa's descent to earth. After much killing, pillaging and devouring of vast resources they are wiped out after "Allah commands an insect or worm to burrow into their necks and kill them".[73]

Sufyani

Further information: Sufyani

The Sufyani (Arabic: سفیاني) is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. According to hadith, Sufyani will be a tyrant who will spread corruption and mischief. According to Shia hadith, Sufyani will rise in the month of Rajab.[75] The predicted location of his arrival is in Damascus.

Sufyani is a distinctly different individual than Dajjal.[76] It is said that he will kill children and rip out the bellies of women. The Sufyani will murder those from the household of the Prophet and will rule over Syria. When the Mahdi appears, Sufyani will send an army to seize and kill him. However, when Sufyani and his army would reach the desert of Bayda, they would be swallowed.[77]

The Mahdi

Further information: Mahdi and Signs of the appearance of Mahdi

Mahdi (Arabic: ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, ISO 233: al-mahdīy), meaning "Rightly Guided One" is a messianic figure in Islamic tradition who will "rid the world of bid'ah (innovation), reestablish Sunnah and teach religion...".[2] The word Mahdi does not appear in the Quran (al-hadī, or "guide" appears twice),[13] but is found in hadiths and is said to be the sign between Minor signs and Major signs of Day of Resurrection.[78][79][80][81] Some Shia Muslims regard him as the first sign of the third period.[82] Hadith reports state that he will be a descendant of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and cousin Ali's son Hassan. According to Shias, Mahdi will be looked upon to kill Dajjal to end the disintegration of the Muslim community, and to prepare for the reign of Isa (Jesus), who will rule for a time thereafter. According to Sunnis, Mahdi will be against Dajjal and will have some Muslim communities in Shaam and that Jesus will return to kill Dajjal. The Mahdi will fulfill his prophetic mission, a vision of justice and peace, before submitting to Jesus' rule.[83] The physical features of Mahdi are described in the hadith; he will be of Arab complexion, of average height, with a big forehead, large eyes, and a sharp nose. He will have a mole on his cheek, and be recognized by the Muslim community while he sits in his own home. As written by Abu Dawud, "Our Mahdi will have a broad forehead and a pointed (prominent) nose. He will fill the earth with justice as it is filled with injustice and tyranny. He will rule for seven years."[84] Other sources say five or nine years.[85] In some accounts, his reign will be followed by a cold wind causing everyone with the smallest measure of human-kindness or faith, to die and be carried straight to heaven. Therefore, only the wicked will remain and be victims of terrible animals and Shayateen, until the day of resurrection.[86]

Though the predictions of the duration of his rule differ, hadith are consistent in describing that Allah will perfect him in a single night, imbuing him with inspiration and wisdom, and his name will be announced from the sky. The Mahdi will bring back worship of true Islamic values, and bring the Ark of the Covenant to light. He will conquer Constantinople and Mount Daylam and will regard Jerusalem and the Dome as his home. His banner will be that of Muhammad: black and unstitched, with a halo. Furled since the death of Muhammad, the banner will unfurl when the Mahdi appears. He will be helped by angels and others that will prepare the way for him. He will understand the secrets of abjad.[8]

Descent of Jesus

Further information: Jesus_in_Islam § Second_Coming

Islamic literature predicts that the Mahdi will be followed and assisted in his fight against evil "by a bygone prophet who will come back to earth". This prophet will not be Muhammad (as non-Muslims might expect) but ʿĪsā (Jesus), 'praised in the Quran as the Messiah and the “Word of Allah.”' "The usual interpretation" of the prophecy of Jesus's return to earth is that He "will put an end to his own worship, symbolized by the cross, and re-establish the dietary laws that Christianity abandoned but Jews and Muslims still observe."[87] While the Quran is not explicit about Jesus' return,[88] many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses suggest his second coming during the end times.[89] The verse that is the basis of Islamic belief that Jesus did not die on the cross, but ascended into heaven:

  • "And [for] their saying, 'Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.' And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain." (Q.4:157:)

The other verse connects Jesus in some way with "the Hour":

  • "And indeed, Jesus will be [a sign for] knowledge of the Hour, so be not in doubt of it, and follow Me. This is a straight path". (Q.43:61)."[89][90]

Tabari, author of one of the most important Sunni tafsirs, argues that the verse refers to Jesus, who will unite all believers under the banner of Islam. (There is no mention of ʿĪsā from Q.43:58-62, though an ambiguous male singular pronoun "he" is used.)[89] Hadiths further elaborate the events following Jesus arrival.[91] According to Sahih al-Bukhari and a number of other hadith, Jesus will descend among Muslims, "break the cross, kill (or slaughter) the pig and abolish (or remove) the Jizya".[89][92] Although traced back to Abu Hurairah, one of the sahaba, such hadiths might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early Abbasid Caliphate, when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. (Other sources expect Isa is the Mahdi, "mahdi" meaning "the divinely-guided one", a title rather than a distinct person).[13] During the early Abbasid Caliphate, wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of Legion.[91]

Jesus in Shia Islam

For Shia, the return of Jesus is considered the third major sign of the last days (along with the appearance of the Mahdi and Jesus's nemesis Masih ad-Dajjal). Like Sunni Muslims, Shia believe in the Hadith describing the return of the Mahdi that will coincide with the return of Isa, who will serve as a just judge before the Day of Judgment.[93] Although Muhammad is the preeminent prophet in Islam, Jesus is mentioned in the Quran, and so is Idris (Enoch), who is said not to have died but to have been raised up by Allah.[94]

Isa will descend from the heavens in al-Quds at dawn, meet with the Mahdi, whose appearance has preceded Isa, and who will lead the people in fajr prayer. After the prayer, they will open a gate to the west to confront and defeat Masih ad-Dajjal. Isa will then lead a peaceful forty-year reign until his death, and be buried in a tomb beside Muhammad in Medina.[95]

What will be your reaction when the son of Mary (Jesus) descends and your Imam is from among yourselves? [96]

Version of timeline (Sunni)

Interpretations of the Quran and hadith by Muslims to determine what happens and when (or how much it matters) leading up to Judgement Day vary.[1] (Some examples: will the Dajjal be killed by the Mahdi,[97] or by Jesus?[68] Will the Sufyani appear in end times? (Sunnis say no or are doubtful;[98][99] Shia say yes.)[75] Will the Mahdi work with Jesus?[100] or be Jesus?[101] How long will the Mahdi and Jesus reign? And how long after their deaths will the earth come to an end? (estimates in Islamic eschatological literature "have varied greatly").[102] Will there even be a Mahdi? (He is not mentioned in the Quran, the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, or several famous creeds (ʿAqīda by al-Ash'arī, al-Nasafī, Al-Tahawi, and Abu Ḥanīfa, etc.) that mention other famous apocalyptic characters and events.)[103]

One issue in interpretation that followers of apocalyptic literature give considerable debate to are the metaphors, or what are believed to be metaphors, in the prophesies: are the naked shepherds who build tall buildings Gulf Arabs (who are only a couple of generations away from poverty)? Are the worshippers of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-Lat the Shia Hezbollah (as the Islamic State does)?[104] Who is Rûm (the term meaning "Romans" historically used by Muslims to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire ("Byzantines") and geographically Asia Minor)? the Vatican, Italy, Europe, NATO, Russia, the United States,[105] the Turkish Republic? (The Turkish Ottoman Empire conquered the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which called itself the Roman Empire, and the Turkish Republic took over the heart of the Ottoman Empire),[106] have all been suggested.

Muslims who believe "the hour" is nigh are very interested in the details of "the signs". Journalist Graeme Wood has put together a summary of end time events as interpreted by one such group—Sunni jihadis supporters of the Islamic State—based on conversations with an Islamic State "cleric" Musa Cerantonio and other Jihadist Muslims, as well as apocalyptic literature cited by scholar of Islamic eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu.[107][108] (The Islamic State features predictions about the signs of the hour in its magazine Dabiq.)[105]

Lesser Signs

Supporters (like many Muslims) believe many of the Lesser Signs have already occurred[109]—such as "a slave giving birth to her master" (having occurred in the Islamic State among enslaved women who give birth to a child fathered by a jihadi who went on to be killed in combat, the child inheriting the rights of the father),[110] an embargo of Iraq, leadership of Muslim nations by unworthy miscreants, a war between Muslims and Jews, worship of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-Lat, naked shepherds will build tall buildings, mass importation of non-Muslims to Muslim lands (guest workers in the Gulf States and Saudi), and lax moral standards (rampant fornication, alcohol consumption, listening to music).[111] [112] Next will occur a number of great battles and terrible events, along with weird and horrible natural disasters. The Euphrates will divert itself and reveal "mountains of gold", which Muslims should either not touch or take only a small amount.[105] The earth will open up and swallow people. Smoke will appear.[105] The caliphate will be revived, but Islam will not be united as many "false prophets and deviants" cause discord.[113]

During or around this time there will be two titanic battles between Muslims and their enemies; First the enemy -- "united behind 80 banners" and led by Rum, will fight Muslims at Dabiq, (in what is now northern Syria). One-third of the world's Muslims will be killed as martyrs, and another third will desert, fleeing the battle, and the remaining third will advance to Rum and sack it.[113]

This will be followed by "the Great Slaughter" (Al-Malhama Al-Kubra), a battle "the likes of which has never been seen", pitting the Muslim world against "everyone else",[114] with Muslim readers of eschatology disagreeing on what prophesies say about the result.[115]

Greater Signs

At this point, the first of the "Greater Signs" will commence, a terrible drought that will leave one third of the world without rain for a year, and two-thirds without the next year. Into this calamity the al masih al dajjal (the "False Messiah" or Anti-Christ),[56] will appear, providing food for the starving, rain for the thirsty, having been granted the ability (by Allah) to perform miracles. Presenting himself as a saviour to the world's starving masses, millions or even billions will fall at his feet in gratitude.[56][69] Blind in one disfigured eye that protrudes "like a grape", with the word "kafir" imprinted on his forehead,[56] he will not deceive true Muslims.[69]

The Anti-Christ will raise an army of his supporters, especially women and Iranian Jews. Wandering the planet, killing and conquering, its power will be so great it will send "Muslims into hiding".[69] Finally a small force of 5000 Muslim fighters will be cornered by his armies in Jerusalem", taking refuge within the gates of the city in what appears to be a doomed last stand. The Muslims' leader will be the Mahdi, last of the caliphs, Muhammad ibn Abdullah al Qahtani. Coming to their rescue will be Jesus. Having never died on the cross but ascended bodily into heaven where his aging process was arrested and he did not die, he will now descend onto earth, "wearing saffron robes" and borne by two angels. Arriving at the white minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus" he will hurry to Jerusalem and without announcing himself, appear during dawn prayers.[68]

"In hushed voices" the assembling Muslims will identify Jesus and point him out to each other. As the caliph/Mahdi is about to lead prayers, he will ask Jesus to lead them instead. Exhibiting modesty, Jesus will decline the invitation and take a place in the rows behind the Mahdi, praying like any other Muslim.[68] The Anti-Christ will flee, attempting to escape, but "in his ignominious scramble, will melt away, like salt in water. But before he disappears, Jesus will ... pierce him fatally with his spear", and raise the bloody spear above his head.[68] Their leader defeated, supporters of the Anti-Christ "will surrender and submit to the rule of the Mahdi". With Jesus proving to Christians the falsity of their religion and ordering them to follow Islam, Christianity will come to an end. Any Christians and Jews "who persist in disbelief" will no longer be able to get by paying Jizya, but will be killed. Stones and trees will assist Muslim warriors seeking to uncover "any Jews cowering behind them, vainly wishing to escape death,"[68] as in the hadith related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.

Following this victory, there will be 40 years of "glorious" Jesus-Mahdi rule,[68] until the menace of Gog and Magog escapes from the iron wall that has confined them inside a mountain in Central Asia for thousands of years. They will kill multitudes, invading Iraq and Palestine like a pestilence, draining rivers and the Sea of Galilee with their thirst and consuming crops with their hunger. Finally Allah will command "an insect or worm" to burrow into their necks and kill them[73] or by "fire and a plague of worms, birds and/or other natural disasters".[50]

Gog and Magog's bodies will rot and stink before being washed away by rain. And various other tribulations will take place before the world is finally destroyed. Humanity will be surrounded by fire. Few Arabs will survive the devastation, and most of the survivors will be 'Romans'. At the end of time, even the Muslims will die, their lives taken by a wind that will be either "horrendous",[73][117] or a "breeze bearing a pleasant scent",[118] leaving only the wicked to face the Earth's destruction. On the last day of earth, the sun will rise in the west and Allah will stop accepting repentance.[119]

Signs in Shi'i Islam

Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi

At least one Shia scholar (Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, 1927–2002 CE) divides the signs into categories similar to lesser/minor and greater/major although he does not use those terms:

  • Signs "connected with the general [bad] behaviour of the society", or "Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam";
  • 'the acts of Allah' rather than human society, appearing "just before Qiyamat" and "culminating in Qiyamat".[120]

Shi'i apocalyptic accounts differ from Sunni, their hadith including not only reported sayings of the prophet Muhammad but also the twelve Imams. Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (c. 948–1022 CE) directed collection of Shi'i hadith giving apocalyptic accounts "greater detail and assurance".[121]

Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam

Akhtar Rizvi quotes a hadith of Muhammad shortly before his death just after completing the Farewell Pilgrimage, reported by Ibn Abbas. He gives a long list of some "of the Signs of the Hour", many like those in Sunni hadith, including:[120]

  • "people will neglect the prayer (i.e., will not pray at all, or will pray without fulfilling its conditions, or will not pray in the preferred time),
  • people "will follow their own views (and desires will supersede the commands of Allah, they will follow only those rules which will appeal to them, and will leave other rules),[120]
  • people "will respect the wealthy people (forgetting the Islamic criterion of honour, i.e., piety),
  • people "will sell the religion for worldly benefits (for example, the greed of worldly riches will instigate them to go to such places where, they very well know, it would be difficult to observe their religious commands); at that time the heart and soul of the believer will melt (from grief) as salt melts in water, because he will see the unlawful things (and actions) and will not be able to change them.”[120]
  • "the evil will become virtue, and the virtue will become evil; the embezzlers will be trusted, and the trustworthy people will be thought untrustworthy; and the liars will be vouchsafed, and the truthful one will be considered liars.”[120]
  • "at that time, women will be rulers and the concubines will be consulted; (Rizvi speculates that this "may mean" the government is dominated by women and /or women dominate their husbands - "so much so that the husbands will not, or cannot, ask them to remain within the limits of the Shariat, leaving them free to go wherever they want in whatever clothes they like)".[121]
  • "at that time males will satisfy their lust with males; and females will satisfy their lust with females; and minor boys will be mounted upon like women; and the males will liken themselves to females (i.e, will look like females); and females will look like males (Rizvi interprets this to mean "The clean-shaved faces and long hair" of men, and wearing of "pants and bell-bottoms" by women "are proof of the fulfilment of this forecast); and females will ride the saddles (i.e, not only horses, but according to Rizvi bicycles, scooters and motor-cycles). So there will be Curse of Allah upon those women of my Ummat.”[120]
  • at that time will appear female singers and musical instruments (according to Rizvi 'will appear' means will be openly used'), and will rule upon them most evil of my Ummat (worst people will rule upon the Muslims).[120]
  • "there will be rains at wrong times";[120]
  • people "will like chess and gambling apparatus and musical instruments;[120]
  • they "will dislike enjoining the good and forbidding the evil; so much so that the (true) believer will, at that time, have less respect than a slave-girl";[120]
  • "the reciters (of the Qur'an) and those who spend their time in worshipping Allah, will blame each other".[120]
"Acts of Allah" culminating in Qiyamat

Rizvi quotes a hadith reported by Hudhaifah bin Usaid al-Ghifari where Muhammad says Qiyamat "will not stand (it will not come) until you see ten signs before it”.[122] These include many of the major signs found in Sunni Islam but not all:

  1. The smoke;[122]
  2. Dajjal (the AntiChrist);[122]
  3. Dabbatul-Ard (the Beast of the Earth);[122]
  4. Rising of the sun from its setting place (i.e. the West);[122]
  5. coming down of Isa, son of Maryam;[122]
  6. Gog and Magog;[122]
  7. three land-slides [khasf], one in the East;[122]
  8. another in the West;[122]
  9. one in Arabian peninsula;[122]
  10. a Fire which will appear from Yemen and will turn the people towards their Mahshar, i.e. the gathering place of the Qiyamat.”[122]

Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

Some of the Shi'a signs disseminated by Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid are the same or similar to those described by Sunni Muslims:[121]

  • The sun will rise in the West;
  • The infidels will seem to triumph;
  • An abundance of false messiah's will aggravate chaos;

But others will be different. The return of the Mahdi will be heralded by:[121]

  • Eclipses during Ramadan;
  • A plague of locusts;
  • A flood of the Euphrates into the streets of Kufa where it will cause the wall of the great mosque to crumble.
  • A rain of "reddish fire" will fall on Baghdad and Kufa;
  • Syria will be devastated by fighting among "Arab rebels" from Egypt, "cavalrymen stationed in Al-Hira", and a surprising attack from Khurasan "beneath black banners";
  • The Turks will occupy Kazora, the middle valley of the Euphrates;
  • at the same time the Byzantines will attack the Palestinian city of Ramla;
  • "Twenty four successive storms" will rid Muslims of miasmas from "the red death and the white death" the previous strife produced.[121]

Five signs of Shi'i traditionalists

Scholar of Islamic Eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu, has identified "five signs" (al-alamat al-khams) of the Mahdi's appearance from anthologies of Shi'i traditionalists:

  1. the return of the Sufyani, who is "the Mahdi's sworn enemy", and "identified with Umayyad tyranny";
  2. in response to the Sufyani, "the Yemini"—the Mahdi's ally and "implacable" enemy of the Sufyani—will rise up against him;
  3. there will be a "Call" -- "a heavenly rallying cry of the partisan's of the Mahdi"—and in response a "demoniacal roar" from the bowels of the earth by his enemies, going back and forth for one entire month of Ramadan;
  4. "the Pure Soul", a messenger of the Mahdi, will be assassinated;
  5. an army sent against the Mahdi, will be swallowed up by the earth when a crack (khasf) opens up beneath it.[123]

Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im

According to "Shi'ite narrations" by Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im in Al-Islam.org, the "ten signs" (although it lists fewer than ten) that must be seen before Resurrection Day will occur are:

  1. sunrise from the West,
  2. al-Dajjal and
  3. the beast of the earth,
  4. three lunar eclipses on the earth, one in the East,
  5. one in the West and
  6. one in the Arabian Peninsula and
  7. the emergence of Jesus the son of Mary (‘a)[124]

Sunni and Shia perspectives on the Mahdi

Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam have different beliefs regarding the identity of Mahdi.
Item Sunni perspective Shia perspective
Shared belief In both Sunni and Twelver Islam versions the Mahdi confronts a world of strange natural disasters, war, chaos, ignorance, depravity, and wickedness. In both versions he will be named Muhammad, he will appear to Muslims before Isa (Jesus), and in both he will be assisted by Isa in his struggle against and killing of the dajjal (antichrist), Muslims will declare/swear their allegiance to him (Bay'ah) and will restores order and righteousness,[125] ruling the world for a period of time.
Importance in doctrine In Sunni Islam, the mahdi doctrine is a popular belief, but among scholars it is not theologically important. The two most authoritative compilations of hadith in Sunni Islam — Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim — make no mention of the Mahdi (nor does Nasai,[126][127][128][129] although three of six canonical Sunni hadith compilations do—Abu Dawood, Ibn Maja, and Tirmidhi). In Twelver Shi'ism, the largest Shi'i branch, the belief in the messianic imam is not merely a part of creed, but the pivot.[130] Born in Samarra in 868 CE, the Mahdi has been in occultation (hidden) by divine command for over 1000 years, waiting for end times to reappear and put an end to injustice.
Any supernatural characteristics? The Mahdi, though a leader of Islam as caliph (the traditional Sunni religious authority chosen by representative(s) of the commnity), a righteous man and among the descendants of Muhammad, will have a normal human lifespan (and not live for hundreds of years).[131] For Shia, the Mahdi is divinely ordained to be leaders and guides of the Muslim world (and thus all humanity). He became "the Imam of mankind" at the age five; has been in Occultation since 941 CE—over 1000 years—not hidden from view, but living on the earth among the people but unbeknownst to them.[132]

His titles include the Lord of the Resurrection (Qāʾim al-Qiyāma). Shia believe he will be the perfect being and the purpose of creation, and through him the world will come out of darkness and ignorance and "The earth will shine with the light of its Lord, the record ˹of deeds˺ will be laid ˹open˺, the prophets and the witnesses will be brought forward—and judgment will be passed on all with fairness. None will be wronged." (Quran 39:69); to an era of reward for those "who laboured in fulfilment of (the Prophets') command and with knowledge", unlike previous eras where Allah prescribes the people to work, that of the enunciators of divine revelation (nāṭiqs) who came before him.[133]

Arrival Before his leadership starts, he will be unrecognized and flee from Medina to Mecca to take refuge in the Ka'ba. Then, against his will, he will be recognized as ruler by the people.[134] He will then lead an army bearing black banners against the dajjal and his corruption. The Shia version of the Mahdi will also reappear in Mecca. On the day of ashura (10th of Muharram; the day the third Shi'a imam Husayn ibn Ali was slain), he will stand with the sword of Ali (dhu'l-fiqar) in his hand,[135] between the corner of the Ka'ba and the station of Abraham. Shia will come from all over the world to pledge their loyalty.[121] A voice from the heavens will call the people of the world to his aid; the angels, jinns, and humans will flock around him.[136] He will then go to Kufa accompanied by 5000 angels, which will become his capital. He will kill "all the hypocrites" and destroy their palaces there.[121] He will send troops to kill the Sufyani in Damascus. Husayn and his slain partisans will then resurrect, as will other imams and Muhammad.[136]
Linage He will be from the Hasanid branch of Muhammad's family, descended through Muhammad's daughter Fatima and her husband Ali. He is of the Husaynid line of Muhammad's descendants,[137] traced back to Imam ‘Ali (as), is: Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Musa Ibn Ja’far Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn al-Husayn Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (as),[132] the last of a line known as the twelve Imams.
Name and appearance His name will be Muhammad and his father's name will be Abdullah, thus making his full name Muhammad ibn Abdullah.[125] He will have a broad forehead and curved nose.[125] His name is Muhammad bin Hasan and that he is the son of Hasan-al-Askari. He will be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face", black hair and beard.[138]
Will he kill the Dajjal? The Mahdi will lead an army against the Dajjal, but it will be Isa who kills him. The Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will kill the Dajjal[97]
After the defeat of the Dajjal He will "usher in a short golden age" lasting seven, eight, or nine years until the end of the world.[139] After the killing of the Dajjal,[140] conquering Constantinople, China, and "the mountains of Daylam", the Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will rule the world with perfect justice for seven, eight, nine, ten, nineteen,[46] twenty, or 1000 years[141] (accounts differ), as Jesus (Hazrat Isa bin Maryam) helps him spreading the Islamic faith.[140] According to Shīʿa hadiths, "he will bring a new religion, a new book and a new law".[142]

Raj`a (Return)

Raj`a (Arabic: الرجعة) in Islamic terminology, refers to the Second Coming, or the return to life of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death.[143] Shia believe that the Mahdi will return, or more properly "reappear" (zuhur) with a group of chosen companions, having been alive but hidden in "occultation" since the year 874 CE.[143] But at the same time, a group of "immensely wicked disbelievers" will also appear.[144] According to the Shia scholar Sayyid Murtadha:

“After the reappearance of Hadhrat Mahdi (a.s.), the Exalted Allah (s.w.t.) shall cause group of those, who had previously departed from the world, to return to this world in order that they may be partners in the reward and glory of assisting him (a.s.) and in witnessing Allah's rule over the entire world; He shall also cause the most obstinate enemies to return in order to exact revenge from them.”[144]

The return of the historical figures of Jesus and the Mahdi will signify the beginning of the Last Judgment and establish justice for those who were oppressed in their lifetime up until their death. The oppressors will be punished directly by the oppressed during this future reappearance.[145]

Raj'a is mentioned in some Sunni works where the return of numerous people is cited, such as the Seven Sleepers, synchronous with the appearance of the Mahdi.[146] According to Jalaluddin Al-Sayuti, in contrast to Shia belief, the return of Muhammad is not limited to a specific time in the future. Al-Sayuti did not mention if any other religious figures will return after death before the resurrection.[147] According to Abu 'Abdullah Al-Qurtubi, raj`a is understood to be the lack of physical presence of a prophet, who marks his apparent death by absence in the physical world but will reappear, from time to time, to those who are pure in heart.[148]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Some sahih hadith[44] that all talk about the "ten signs" that appear before "the hour", but differ in details and don't specify "Greater Signs", are:
    • Sunan Abi Dawud 4311[44]
    • Sunan Ibn Majah 4041[44]
    • Sahih Muslim 2901a[44]
    • Sahih Muslim 2901b[44]
    • Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2183[44]
    • Sunan Ibn Majah 4055[44]
  2. ↑ "The traditions refer frequently to the beast but never with a particularly lucid account of who or what it is"[50]
  3. ↑ see also Sahih Muslim, 41:6981, Sahih Muslim, 41:6982, Sahih Muslim, 41:6983, Sahih Muslim, 41:6984, Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:791,(Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:177)

Citations (of hadith)

  1. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Book 56: 830)
  2. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401
  3. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401
  4. ↑ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6924)
  5. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237)
  6. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 179)
  7. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237
  8. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 6: book 60: 300
  9. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401
  10. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80
  11. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)
  12. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237)
  13. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 56)
  14. ↑ (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 2: 0581)
  15. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)
  16. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80)
  17. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80)
  18. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 005: 2208
  19. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 6918
  20. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 81
  21. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book aka Quran 041: 6924
  22. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 6721
  23. ↑ Sunan Ibn Maajah Vol. 5, Book 36, Hadith 4019
  24. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 027: 082
  25. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146)
  26. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 6931
  27. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  28. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  29. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  30. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  31. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  32. ↑ Dawud, Book 37, Hadith 4319
  33. ↑ Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 7034
  34. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  35. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  36. ↑ Quran 21:96
  37. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  38. ↑ Sahih Muslim
  39. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 177
  40. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 005: 2208
  41. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 14: 2529
  42. ↑ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 232
  43. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 041: 7015
  44. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 001: 0273

Other citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Jessica Stern (2017). "10.The coming final battle". ISIS. p. 221. https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf. Retrieved 29 January 2022.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "final-221" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "final-221" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.67
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad, eds (2017). "Dajjāl". Encyclopaedia Islamica. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982. 
  4. ↑ Stowasser, Barbara Freyer (2002). "The End is Near: Minor and Major Signs of the Hour in Islamic Texts and Context". https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46623/MESV6-3.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Minor Signs". https://www.discoveringislam.org/minor_signs.htm. 
  6. ↑ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed (2006). "Eschatology". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. II. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00055. ISBN 978-90-04-14743-0. 
  7. ↑ "Eschatology - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Yahya, Harun (12 May 2010). Portents And Features of the Mahdi's Coming. Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.. 
  9. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.250
  10. ↑ Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.vii
  11. ↑ Muḥammad ibn Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a, pp. 70-75; quoted in Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.66
  12. ↑ Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Hadith 184
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.69
  14. ↑ Isaac Hasson, Last Judgment, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  15. ↑ L. Gardet, Qiyama, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  16. ↑ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p.49
  17. ↑ Lange, Christian, ed (2015). Locating Hell in Islamic traditions. ISBN 9789004301214. OCLC 945783598. 
  18. ↑ Renard, John (2014). Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-520-28189-9. 
  19. ↑ "Sunan Abi Dawud. 39 Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim)". https://sunnah.com/abudawud/39. 
  20. ↑ "Islamic State Threatens to Attack Saudi Arabia". 20 December 2015. https://www.enca.com/world/islamic-state-threatens-attack-saudi-arabia. 
  21. ↑ Cook, David (2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 "Signs of the Day of Judgment: What Are They? 78329". 30 January 2006. https://islamqa.info/amp/en/answers/78329. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Signs of the Day of Judgment: Past, Present & Future". https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/signs-of-the-day-of-judgment-past-present-future/. 
  24. ↑ IBN KATHIR. "Signs Before the Day of Judgement, The". https://sunnahonline.com/library/paradise-hell-and-the-hereafter/262-signs-before-the-day-of-judgement-the. 
  25. ↑ Anwaar, Amna (3 December 2018). "48 signs of Qiyamah". https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/. 
  26. ↑ Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din (13 Aug 2007). "THE MAJOR SIGNS OF THE DAY OF JUDGMENT (7 parts)". https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/626/viewall/major-signs-of-day-of-judgment/. 
  27. ↑ Suhaib Hasan AbdulGhaffar. "50 Signs of the Day of Judgment from the Words of God and His Messenger". https://islamhouse.com/en/articles/52531/. 
  28. ↑ Anwaar, Amna. "48 signs of Qiyamah". https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Signs of the Day of Judgment: Past, Present & Future". https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/signs-of-the-day-of-judgment-past-present-future/. 
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 30.17 30.18 30.19 30.20 30.21 30.22 30.23 30.24 30.25 30.26 30.27 30.28 30.29 30.30 30.31 30.32 30.33 30.34 Anwaar, Amna. "48 signs of Qiyamah". https://www.islamicfinder.org/news/48-signs-of-qiyamah/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Adab Al-Mufrad; 1049, Musnad Ahmad; 3870.
  32. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari; 3180
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 al-Barzinjī Muhammad ibn Rasul al-Ḥusaynī, al-Ishāʿa li-ishrāṭ al-sāʿa. Cairo, A.H. 1384. pp. 70 ff; cf. Mishkāt, II, 109, 558-59.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.161
  35. ↑ Sahih Muslim Book 41, Hadith 6979
  36. ↑ Sahih Muslim; 1013
  37. ↑ Sahih Muslim; 2911
  38. ↑ Tirmidhi; 2228
  39. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari; 3517, 7117.
  40. ↑ Al-Adab Al-Mufrad; 777
  41. ↑ "Cara Memahami Hadits Akhir Zaman" (in id). 2018-08-07. https://islam.nu.or.id/post/read/94002/cara-memahami-hadits-akhir-zaman. 
  42. ↑ "Major Signs Before the Day of Judgement". http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 Jessica Stern (2015). "10.The coming final battle". ISIS. pp. 221–222. https://www.bu.edu/history/files/2015/04/The-Coming-Final-Battle1.pdf. Retrieved 29 January 2022. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.6 "search results". https://sunnah.com/search?q=ten+signs+before+the+hour. 
  45. ↑ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 257. ISBN 978-1780744209. https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/257. "[...] the Sahihayn, the two authentic Hadith compilations of Bukhari and Muslim bin Hajjaj that Sunni Islam has long declared the most reliable books after the Qur'an." 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p.26-27
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 Abu al-Husayn Muslim, Sahih, 5 volumes. (Beirut: Dar Ahya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1982, 4:2226; quote in Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p.15
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  49. ↑ Quran 27:82
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.68
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  54. ↑ qaasidahmad (2019-03-15). "Rising of the Sun from the West" (in en-GB). https://www.alhakam.org/rising-of-the-sun-from-the-west/. 
  55. ↑ John L. Esposito (13 July 2011). What Everyone Needs To Know About Islam. p. 28. ISBN 9780199794133. https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&q=signs+of+day+of+judgment+islam&pg=PA28. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.8 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.255
  57. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 255. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 Cook, David (2021) [2002]. Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic. Berlin and London: Gerlach Press. pp. 93–104. ISBN 9783959941211. OCLC 238821310. 
  59. ↑ "Description of Dajjal's eyes". 2018-05-22. https://hadithanswers.com/description-of-dajjals-eyes/. 
  60. ↑ "Sahih Muslim 169e". https://sunnah.com/muslim/54/123. ; In-book reference: Book 54 (Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour), Hadith 123; Reference: Sahih Muslim 169e
  61. ↑ "Sahih Muslim 2934a". https://sunnah.com/muslim/54/128. ; In-book reference: Book 54 (Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour), Hadith 128; Reference: Sahih Muslim 2934a
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Sahih Muslim, 41:7007
  63. ↑ Sahih Muslim, 41:7008
  64. ↑ Sahih Muslim, 41:7009
  65. ↑ "The Signs Before the Day of Judgment by Ibn Kathîr". Qa.sunnipath.com. 2005-07-03. http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?id=1704. |2=Sahih Muslim, Book 41: The Book Pertaining to the Turmoil and Portents of the Last Hour, Chapter 7: The Turmoil Would Go Like The Mounting Waves of the Ocean, Ahâdith 7007–7009.}}
  66. ↑ Hamid, F.A. (2008). 'The Futuristic Thought of Ustaz Ashaari Muhammad of Malaysia', p. 209, in I. Abu-Rabi' (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp.195–212
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 257. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 68.7 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.257
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.256
  70. ↑ Chester Beatty Library. "Iskandar Oversees the Building of the Wall". image gallery. http://www.cbl.ie/cbl_image_gallery/search/detail.aspx?imageId=1473&ImageNumber=D0006377&page=0. 
  71. ↑ Amín, Haila Manteghí (2014). La Leyenda de Alejandro segn el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī. La transmisión desde la versión griega hast ala versión persa (PDF) (Ph. D). Universidad de Alicante. p. 196 and Images 14, 15.
  72. ↑ Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010, pp. 57, fn 3.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.258
  74. ↑ Hughes, Patrick Thomas (1895). "Gog and Magog". Dictionary of Islam. London: W.H.Allen & Co.. ISBN 9788120606722. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm. Retrieved 22 May 2022. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Chapter 18: The rising of as-Sufyani" (in en). 2015-07-23. https://www.al-islam.org/kitab-al-ghayba-book-occultation-sheikh-an-numani/chapter-18-rising-sufyani. 
  76. ↑ "Sunan Ibn Majah 4072 – Tribulations – كتاب الفتن – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:4072. 
  77. ↑ "Chapter 3: Mahdi in classical and modern". 30 September 2015. https://www.al-islam.org/mahdi-quran-according-shiite-quran-commentators-vasran-toussi/chapter-3-mahdi-classical-and-modern#9-quran-34:51. 
  78. ↑ Richardson, Joel (7 April 2006). Antichrist: Islam's Awaited Messiah. Pleasant Word-A Division of WinePress Publishing. p. 284. ISBN 9781414104409. https://books.google.com/books?id=_lyXZu3d3OcC&q=islamic+eschatology&pg=PA37. 
  79. ↑ Jon R. Stone. Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy. https://books.google.com/books?id=tVdQGk5O9-8C&pg=PT17. 
  80. ↑ "Hadith – Book of Tribulations – Sunan Ibn Majah – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/160. 
  81. ↑ "Hadith – Book of Tribulations – Sunan Ibn Majah – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/161. 
  82. ↑ Yahya, Harun (1 January 2008). Clarity Amidst Confusion: Imam Mahdi and the End of Time. Global Publishing. Kindle Edition.. p. 64. 
  83. ↑ Waldman, Marilyn Robinson. "Eschatology: Islamic Eschatology". Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference (subscription required).. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=nysl_ce_colgul&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3424500949&&docId=GALE%7CCX3424500949&docType=GALE. 
  84. ↑ Abu Dawud, Sahih, 2.208 and Fusul al-muhimma, 275
  85. ↑ Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.70
  86. ↑ Hava Lazarus-Yafeh Some Religious Aspects of Islam: A Collection of Articles Brill Archive 1981 ISBN:9789004063297 p. 52
  87. ↑ Akyol, Mustafa (3 October 2016). "The Problem With the Islamic Apocalypse". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/opinion/the-problem-with-the-islamic-apocalypse.html. 
  88. ↑ Roberto Tottoli Biblical Prophets in the Qur'an and Muslim Literature Routledge, 11 January 2013 ISBN:978-1-136-12314-6 p. 121
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 WARREN LARSON Jesus in Islam and Christianity: Discussing the Similarities and the Differences p. 335
  90. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.69
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Neal Robinson Christ in Islam and Christianity SUNY Press 1 January 1991 ISBN:9780791405581 p. 104
  92. ↑ "Search Results - break the cross and kill the pigs (page 1) » Search Results". https://sunnah.com/search?q=break+the+cross+and+kill+the+pigs. 
  93. ↑ Poston, Larry (January 2010). "The Second Coming of 'Isa: an Exploration of Islamic Premillennialism". The Muslim World 100: 108–109. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01304.x. 
  94. ↑ Quran. "al-Imran 3:55". http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/55/default.htm. 
  95. ↑ Oxford Islamic Studies Online. "Eschatology". Oxford University Press (subscription required).. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0223?_hi=2&_pos=8#match. 
  96. ↑ (Sahih Muslim, bab nuzul 'isa, Vol. 2; Sahih Bukhari, kitab bad' al-khalq wa nuzul 'isa, Vol. 4)
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Al-Musawi, Mohammad. "Will Dajjal come before, during, or after the advent of Imam Mahdi (as)?". https://www.al-islam.org/ask/will-dajjal-come-before-during-or-after-the-advent-of-imam-mahdi-as/sayyed-mohammad-al-musawi. 
  98. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd (1986). "The Sufyānī between Tradition and History". Studia Islamica 63 (63): 5–48. doi:10.2307/1595566. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595566. Retrieved 21 April 2022. 
  99. ↑ "136772. How sound is the hadith of as-Sufyaani?". 6 November 2015. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/136772/how-sound-is-the-hadith-of-as-sufyaani. 
  100. ↑ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 128. https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g. 
  101. ↑ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 69. https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g. 
  102. ↑ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 70. https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g. 
  103. ↑ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. pp. 70, 212 note 1. https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g. 
  104. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.249
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.254
  106. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.253-4
  107. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. p. 303, note 6. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  108. ↑ Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Berkley: University of California Press. pp. 12–23. 
  109. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 247–253. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  110. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.252
  111. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 249, 252–3. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  112. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.249-252-3
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.253
  114. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2016). "The War of the End of Time". The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State. Random House. pp. 254–5. ISBN 9780812988765. https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoOCwAAQBAJ&q=al-Bahrumi&pg=PT132. 
  115. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.254-255
  116. ↑ Laqueur, Walter. The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN:0-19-530429-2 p. 192
  117. ↑ "91794. The Hour will only come upon the worst of people". 20 March 2007. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/91794/the-hour-will-only-come-upon-the-worst-of-people. 
  118. ↑ "Some Articles Core | Shia Islam | Jesus in Islam" (in en). https://www.scribd.com/document/292936675/Some-Articles-Core. 
  119. ↑ Wood, The Way of the Strangers, 2016: p.259
  120. ↑ 120.00 120.01 120.02 120.03 120.04 120.05 120.06 120.07 120.08 120.09 120.10 Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyid Sa'eed. "Part 3: Some Signs of Day of Resurrection". Day of Judgement. al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection. Retrieved 10 May 2022. 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 121.5 121.6 Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p.26
  122. ↑ 122.00 122.01 122.02 122.03 122.04 122.05 122.06 122.07 122.08 122.09 122.10 Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyid Sa'eed. "Part 3: Some Signs of Day of Resurrection. Specific Signs". Day of Judgement. al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection. Retrieved 10 May 2022. 
  123. ↑ Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam , 2011: p.27
  124. ↑ Bihar, 6, 304, 3; cited in Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im. "His Second Coming". Jesus through Shiite Narrations. https://www.al-islam.org/jesus-through-shiite-narrations-mahdi-muntazir-qaim/his-second-coming. Retrieved 22 May 2022. 
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Arjomand, Said Amir (Dec 2007). "Islam in Iran vi., the Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam". Encyclopaedia Iranica XIV (Fasc. 2): 134–136. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vi-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-sunni-islam. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 
  126. ↑ Doi 1971, p. 119.
  127. ↑ Furnish 2005, p. 11.
  128. ↑ Esposito 1998, p. 35.
  129. ↑ Doi 1971, p. 120.
  130. ↑ Sachedina 1978, p. 109.
  131. ↑ Rogers, Ed (26 October 2011). Islam and the Last days. Connection Publishing. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00605KLP8/ref=docs-os-doi_0. 
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "Special specifications of Imam al-Mahdi (as)". A Shiite Encyclopedia. Al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia/special-specifications-imam-al-mahdi. Retrieved 11 May 2022. 
  133. ↑ Virani, Shafique. "The Days of Creation in the Thought of Nasir Khusraw" (in en). Nasir Khusraw: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. https://www.academia.edu/37219457. 
  134. ↑ Madelung 1981, p. 291.
  135. ↑ Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011, p. 104.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Sachedina 1981, pp. 161–166.
  137. ↑ Cook 2002a, p. 140.
  138. ↑ Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0300035314. https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C. 
  139. ↑ "mahdī Islamic concept". https://www.britannica.com/topic/mahdi. 
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Saeed Akhtar Rizvi. "Part 3, some signs of the day of resurrection. (27) Specific Signs". Day of Judgement. Al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/day-judgement-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/part-3-some-signs-day-resurrection. Retrieved 17 April 2022. 
  141. ↑ Tabasi, Ayatolah Najmuddin. "An Overview of the Mahdi's Government. The Government of Truth. The Period of Rule". https://www.al-islam.org/overview-mahdis-atfs-government-najmuddin-tabasi/government-truth. 
  142. ↑ Mahmoud Pargoo (April 2019). "Who is Ahmad al-Hassan al-Yamani, and why do so many Shīʿas think he is the promised messiah?". ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/religion/meet-shia-islams-latest-claimant-of-messiah/10959614. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300035314. https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C. 
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Husaini, Sayyid Husain. "10. What is Raj'at (The Return)? Is Its Occurrence Possible?". 180 Questions -- Enquiries About Islam. 2. Various Issues. Al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/180-questions-enquiries-about-islam-volume-2-various-issues/10-what-rajat-return-its-occurrence. Retrieved 14 June 2022. 
  145. ↑ Islam and the Modern Age, Volume 24, Page 61, Zakir Hussain Institute of Islamic Studies, 1993.
  146. ↑ Staff Writer. "Raj'a in view of Sunni Islam". encyclopaedia of Mahdiism. http://lib.eshia.ir/71814/1/309#_ftnref5. 
  147. ↑ Marwan Khlifat, Warakibtu Assafeena 1st Ed P.644 مروان خليفات. وركبت السفينة: 644
  148. ↑ Al Tathkira Fi Ahwal Al Mawta Vol 1.P212, ar. التذكرة في أحوال الموتى وأمور الآخرة. 1/212

Bibliography

Further reading

  • "Fath al-Bari" (from Sahih al-Bukhari by ibn Hajar al-Asqalani).
  • Esposito, John, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN:0-19-512558-4.
  • Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, MacMillan Reference Books, 2003, ISBN:978-0028656038.
  • Lawson, Todd (1999). Duality, Opposition and Typology in the Qur'an: The Apocalyptic Substrate. Journal of Quranic Studies. 10: 23–49.



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