View source for Social:Proto-Kam–Sui

{{short description|Reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages}}
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Kam–Sui
| familycolor      = Kra-Dai
| ancestor = Proto-Kra–Dai
| target = Kam–Sui languages
}}
'''Proto-Kam–Sui''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.

==Reconstructions==
A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood (1988).<ref name="Thurgood, Graham 1988">Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.</ref>

Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which was done without taking the Kra languages into account.<ref name="Peiros, Ilia 1998">Peiros, Ilia, 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia", Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>

A new reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui is currently being undertaken by Peter Norquest.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1461492 Reconstructing Language Change and Variation]</ref>

==History==
Liang & Zhang (1996)<ref name="Liang1996">Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996. ''Dongtai yuzu gailun'' 侗台语族概论 / ''An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages''. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. {{ISBN|9787500416814}}</ref> consider western Guangdong to be the original homeland of Proto-Kam–Sui. According to Liang & Zhang (1996:25-29), based on evidence from Chinese written historical records, Kam-Sui languages were originally spoken in western Guangdong, but Kam-Sui peoples later started to migrate out of Guangdong during the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty (from the years 600-800). Sui and Maonan migrations were completed by the Song Dynasty, around the years 1000-1100, while the Lakkia migrated to their current location in Guangxi from Huaiji County and Fengkai County, Guangdong during the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (years 1300-1400).<ref name="Liang1996"/>

==Lexicon==
Thurgood's (1988: 209-218) reconstructed Proto-Kam–Sui forms are listed below.
{{refbegin|3}}
* *hwaːt<sup>7</sup> 'angry'
* *hnaːn<sup>5</sup> 'angry'
* *taːp<sup>7</sup> 'to answer'
* *mwit<sup>8</sup> 'ant'
* *laːk<sup>8</sup> 'arm'
* *k-xiːn<sup>1</sup> 'arm'
* *khjaːk<sup>7</sup> 'armpit'
* *taŋ<sup>1</sup> 'arrive, reach'
* *cha<sup>5</sup> 'ascend'
* *phwuːk<sup>7</sup> 'ashes'
* *phlaːu<sup>5</sup> 'ashes'
* *pa<sup>3</sup> 'aunt'
* *hlaːi<sup>1</sup> 'back(bone)'
* *lun<sup>2</sup> 'back, behind'
* *hwaːi<sup>6</sup> 'bad, cruel'
* *thruk<sup>7</sup> 'bamboo strip'
* *xwan<sup>1</sup> 'bamboo'
* *pwaŋ<sup>5</sup> 'bank, shore'
* *khrau<sup>5</sup> 'to bark'
* *ɗuŋ<sup>3</sup> 'basket, winnowing'
* *ʔaːp<sup>7</sup> 'bathe'
* *ʔmuːi<sup>1</sup> 'bear'
* *m-luːt<sup>8</sup> 'beard'
* *hȵiŋ<sup>1</sup> 'bedbug'
* *mit<sup>8</sup> 'bee'
* *daːŋ<sup>2</sup> 'bee'
* *ʔdlu<sup>1</sup> 'bee, wasp'
* *te<sup>3</sup> 'below'
* *mluk<sup>8</sup> 'bird'
* *krip<sup>7</sup> 'bite; chew'
* *kam<sup>1</sup> 'bitter'
* *ʔnam<sup>1</sup> 'black'
* *ɓuːt<sup>7</sup> 'blind'
* *phlaːt<sup>7</sup> 'blood'
* *hwaːt<sup>7</sup> 'blow (wind)'
* *dzup<sup>8</sup> 'to blow'
* *thrun<sup>1</sup> 'body'
* *tlaːk<sup>7</sup> 'bone'
* *cam<sup>3</sup> 'bow, bend'
* *duːi<sup>4</sup> 'bowl, cup'
* *ʔŋa<sup>5</sup> 'branch'
* *ciŋ<sup>5</sup> 'branch'
* *praːk<sup>7</sup> 'break, tear'
* **kraːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'bright'
* *ɣwaːi<sup>4</sup> 'brother, older'
* *dzuːk<sup>8</sup> 'to bundle'
* *hmuk<sup>7</sup> 'bury'
* *trai<sup>3</sup> 'to buy'
* *kaːt<sup>7</sup> 'cabbage'
* *laːp<sup>8</sup> 'candle'
* *ʔma<sup>5</sup> 'carry on back'
* *kjap<sup>7</sup> 'catch, grasp'
* *kaːm<sup>1</sup> 'cave'
* *khryap<sup>7</sup> 'centipede'
* *tak<sup>7</sup> 'chest (body)'
* *hmaːk<sup>7</sup> 'to chew'
* *hnaːi<sup>5</sup> 'to chew'
* *kaːi<sup>5</sup> 'chicken'
* *hŋlaːŋ<sup>5</sup> 'young chicken'
* *hmaːk<sup>7</sup> 'to chop'
* *pram<sup>3</sup> 'to chop'
* *khlap<sup>7</sup> 'close (eyes)'
* *m-xwa<sup>3</sup> 'cloud'
* *hnu<sup>1</sup> 'cold'
* *paŋ<sup>1</sup> 'collapse'
* *hma<sup>1</sup> 'come; return'
* *kjaːp<sup>7</sup>' 'to connect'
* *duŋ<sup>2</sup> 'copper'
* *ȵai<sup>6</sup>' 'count'
* *hraːŋ<sup>5</sup> 'a cover'
* *khruːi<sup>1</sup> 'cowry (money), shell(fish)'
* *hlaːi<sup>5</sup> 'to crawl'
* *da<sup>6</sup> 'cross, pass'
* *ka<sup>1</sup> 'a crow'
* *kat<sup>7</sup> 'to cut'
* *kaːt<sup>7</sup> 'to cut'
* *hŋwan<sup>1</sup> 'day'
* *ɗak<sup>7</sup> 'deaf'
* *ʔyam<sup>1</sup> 'deep'
* *hluːi<sup>5</sup> 'descend'
* *laːi<sup>4</sup> 'devil, ghost'
* *pjai<sup>1</sup> 'to die'
* *di<sup>6</sup> 'dirt, earth'
* *ɓja<sup>5</sup> 'disgusted'
* *k-hma<sup>1</sup> 'dog'
* *tu<sup>1</sup> 'door'
* *gwau<sup>2</sup> 'dove'
* *tak<sup>7</sup> 'draw water'
* *te<sup>3</sup> 'draw water'
* *pwjan<sup>1</sup> 'dream'
* *trwap<sup>7</sup> 'to drink'
* *tuk<sup>7</sup> 'drop, fall'
* *tuk<sup>7</sup> 'drop, fall'
* *dip<sup>8</sup> 'dull'
* *mpraːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'ear of grain'
* *khra<sup>1</sup> 'ear'
* *khjam<sup>1</sup> 'early'
* *caːn<sup>1</sup> 'eat'
* *krai<sup>5</sup> 'egg'
* *pjaːt<sup>7</sup> 'eight'
* *phe<sup>1</sup> 'end, tip'
* *ʔȵam<sup>5</sup> 'evening'
* *hlik<sup>7</sup> 'exchange'
* *ke<sup>4</sup> 'excrement'
* *mpiŋ<sup>1</sup> 'expensive'
* *ɗap<sup>7</sup> 'extinguish'
* *thla<sup>1</sup> 'eye'
* *ʔna<sup>3</sup> 'face, in front'
* *lai<sup>4</sup> 'to fall'
* *klaːi<sup>1</sup> 'far'
* *tut<sup>7</sup> 'fart'
* *gjaːŋ<sup>4</sup> 'feed, raise'
* *traːi<sup>5</sup> 'dry field'
* *ʔra<sup>5</sup> 'paddy field'
* *ʔdlyap<sup>7</sup>? 'fingernail'
* *pwai<sup>1</sup> 'fire'
* *kuːn<sup>5</sup> 'first'
* *mlit<sup>8</sup> 'fish ([[Biology:Loach|loach]])'
* *mprai<sup>3</sup> 'fish'
* *pa<sup>1</sup> 'fish'
* *mum<sup>6</sup> 'fish'
* *ŋu<sup>4</sup> 'five'
* *k-hmat<sup>7</sup> 'flea'
* *naːn<sup>4</sup> 'flesh, meat'
* *nuk<sup>7</sup><nowiki>''</nowiki> 'flower'
* *muk<sup>8</sup> 'fog'
* *praːk<sup>7</sup> 'forehead'
* *ɗuŋ<sup>1</sup> 'forest'
* *laːm<sup>2</sup> 'to forget'
* *kup<sup>7</sup> 'field frog'
* *k-wai<sup>3</sup> 'small frog'
* *tiːk<sup>7</sup> 'full'
* *ɗai<sup>3</sup> 'to get, gain'
* *ʔȵaːk<sup>7</sup> 'gills'
* *khjaːi<sup>1</sup> 'to give'
* *ʔuːk<sup>7</sup> 'to go out, out'
* *paːi<sup>1</sup> 'to go, walk'
* *mwaːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'god, ghost'
* *ɗaːi<sup>1</sup> 'good'
* *gju<sup>4</sup> 'granary'
* *khlaːn<sup>1</sup> 'grandchild'
* *thrak<sup>7</sup> 'grasshopper'
* *pram<sup>1</sup> 'hair, head'
* *k-mja<sup>1</sup> 'hand'
* **kra<sup>3</sup> 'hard'
* *pram<sup>1</sup> 'to hatch'
* *ʔnaŋ<sup>1</sup> 'to have'
* *me<sup>2</sup> 'to have'
* *kru<sup>3</sup> 'head'
* *dai<sup>2</sup> 'to hit'
* *ʔŋam<sup>1</sup> 'to hold in mouth'
* *ʔuːm<sup>3</sup> 'hold (child)'
* *ȵam<sup>1</sup> 'to hold'
* *hŋuːm<sup>3</sup> 'to hold'
* *m-kwaːu<sup>1</sup> 'horn'
* *ma<sup>4</sup> 'horse'
* *hraːn<sup>1</sup> 'house'
* *ɓjaːk<sup>7</sup> 'hungry'
* *ʔre<sup>1</sup> 'husband'
* *mpaːk<sup>7</sup> 'insane'
* *ȵak<sup>8</sup> 'to insert'
* *tshaːp<sup>7</sup> 'to insert'
* *khjaːi<sup>3</sup> 'intestine'
* *khlit<sup>7</sup> 'iron'
* *daːp<sup>8</sup> 'to kick'
* *gruk<sup>8</sup> 'to kneel'
* *miːt<sup>8</sup> 'knife'
* *mbra<sup>4</sup> 'knife, sword'
* *khwe<sup>1</sup> 'late'
* *kru<sup>1</sup> 'to laugh'
* *khlut<sup>7</sup> 'lazy'
* *laːn<sup>4</sup> 'lazy'
* *pwa<sup>5</sup> 'leaf'
* *ʔniŋ<sup>3</sup> 'to lean'
* *mpliŋ<sup>1</sup> 'leech'
* *kla<sup>1</sup> 'left over'
* *kwa<sup>1</sup> 'leg'
* *tiːn<sup>1</sup> 'leg, foot'
* *lja<sup>2</sup>? 'lick'
* *ljaːm<sup>5</sup>? 'lick'
* *ɓau<sup>1</sup> 'light, to float'
* *ʔdlaːp<sup>7</sup> 'lightning'
* *maŋ<sup>4</sup> 'to like'
* *tap<sup>7</sup> 'liver'
* *ʔraːi<sup>3</sup> 'long'
* *kraːk<sup>7</sup> 'loom'
* *tuk<sup>7</sup> 'to lose, misplace'
* *nan<sup>1</sup><nowiki>''</nowiki> 'louse'
* *mprai<sup>1</sup> 'louse, chicken'
* *mprum<sup>1</sup> 'to love (child)'
* *thram<sup>5</sup> 'low'
* **ʔnuːn<sup>1</sup> 'maggot'
* *mpaːn<sup>1</sup> 'male (person)'
* *ʔme<sup>1</sup> 'mark'
* *hle<sup>1</sup> 'mark'
* *mpraːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'mat (straw)'
* *ŋe<sup>2</sup> 'meal, early'
* *mbrau<sup>2</sup> 'meal, late'
* *gja<sup>2</sup> 'medicine, to cure'
* *ta<sup>5</sup> 'middle'
* *muːn<sup>6</sup> 'monkey'
* *nüaːn<sup>1</sup><nowiki>''</nowiki> 'moon, month'
* *hjit<sup>7</sup> 'morning'
* *paːk<sup>7</sup> 'mouth'
* *muːk<sup>8</sup> 'mucus'
* *khlum<sup>5</sup> 'mud, dirt'
* *naːm<sup>5</sup> 'mud, dirt'
* *hŋla<sup>1</sup> 'mushroom'
* *taːk<sup>7</sup> 'to nail'
* *ɓlwa<sup>1</sup> 'navel'
* *phlai<sup>5</sup> 'near'
* *ke<sup>1</sup> 'net (to cast)'
* *hmai<sup>5</sup> 'new'
* *ʔnaŋ<sup>1</sup> 'nose, face'
* *man<sup>2</sup> 'oil'
* *kaːu<sup>5</sup> 'old (things)'
* *ke<sup>5</sup> 'old (vegetables)'
* *ɓjaːn<sup>3</sup> 'otter, beaver'
* *chaːt<sup>7</sup> 'otter, beaver'
* *ʔŋluːk<sup>7</sup> 'outside'
* *phwa<sup>3</sup> 'palm (hand)'
* *lin<sup>6</sup> 'pangolin'
* *laːk<sup>8</sup> 'person, child'
* *kjaːk<sup>7</sup> 'pestle'
* *cup<sup>7</sup> 'to pick up'
* *ɓit<sup>7</sup> 'to pick (flowers)'
* *laːi<sup>6</sup> 'to pick, select'
* *k-hmu<sup>5</sup> 'pig'
* *ʔdlaːi<sup>5</sup> 'wild pig'
* *dap<sup>8</sup> 'to pile'
* *ʔlaːu<sup>1</sup> 'pillar'
* *liːn<sup>2</sup> 'pipe, water'
* *ljum<sup>2</sup> 'to plant'
* *mpra<sup>1</sup> 'to plant'
* *ʔdram<sup>1</sup> 'to transplant'
* *pwak<sup>7</sup> 'pod, sheath'
* *hŋlaːn<sup>1</sup> 'shoulder pole'
* *ʔmiːn<sup>3</sup> 'porcupine, wild pig'
* *ʔdlaːk<sup>7</sup> 'to pull'
* *zuk<sup>8</sup> 'pus'
* *kat<sup>7</sup> 'to put'
* *naːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'raft, bamboo'
* *xwin<sup>1</sup> 'to rain'
* *hnu<sup>3</sup> 'rat, mouse'
* *ɗip<sup>7</sup> 'raw, live'
* *duk<sup>8</sup> 'to read'
* *hwa<sup>1</sup> 'right side'
* *zuk<sup>8</sup> 'ripe, cooked'
* *hma<sup>3</sup> 'to rise (river)'
* *ʔnja<sup>1</sup> 'river'
* *pra<sup>1</sup> 'rock, cliff'
* *kjaːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'root'
* *ʔlaːk<sup>7</sup> 'rope'
* *laːn<sup>6</sup> 'to rot'
* *naːu<sup>6</sup> 'rotten'
* **krin<sup>5</sup> 'scales'
* *khjaːn<sup>5</sup> 'to scare'
* *tak<sup>7</sup> 'to scoop'
* *ʔlun<sup>1</sup> 'to see'
* *ɗai<sup>3</sup> 'to see'
* *pwan<sup>1</sup> 'seed'
* *kla<sup>3</sup> 'rice seedling'
* *kwe<sup>1</sup> 'to sell'
* *ʔŋra<sup>1</sup> 'sesame'
* *tau<sup>1</sup> 'shadow'
* *ŋaːu<sup>2</sup> 'to shake'
* *m-hliːn<sup>5</sup>? 'shallow'
* *hraːi<sup>5</sup> 'be sharp'
* *gwan<sup>2</sup> 'to sharpen'
* *khjam<sup>1</sup> 'sharpened, pointed'
* *ɗau<sup>5</sup> 'spiral shell'
* *thrin<sup>3</sup> 'short'
* *pjau<sup>5</sup> 'shuttle'
* *nu<sup>4</sup> 'younger sibling'
* *ʔram<sup>1</sup> 'to sink'
* *dzuːi<sup>6</sup> 'to sit'
* *ljuk<sup>8</sup> 'six'
* *hŋra<sup>1</sup> 'skin'
* *ʔrwum<sup>1</sup>? 'skinny, lean'
* *ɓun<sup>1</sup> 'sky'
* *nuːn<sup>2</sup> 'to sleep'
* *nun<sup>4</sup> 'to smell'
* *dzuːi<sup>2</sup> 'snake'
* *ʔnuːi<sup>1</sup> 'snow'
* *hma<sup>5</sup> 'soak, pickle'
* *maːt<sup>8</sup> 'socks'
* *ʔma<sup>3</sup> 'soft'
* *khjum<sup>3</sup> 'sour'
* *tljaːi<sup>3</sup>? 'sparrow'
* *m-hljaːn<sup>5</sup> 'spicy (hot)'
* *pha<sup>5</sup> 'to split'
* *hmaːk<sup>7</sup> 'to split'
* *ŋa<sup>2</sup> 'sprout, a'
* *khlak<sup>7</sup> 'stake, post'
* *ʔdraːu<sup>1</sup> 'star'
* *hmlut<sup>7</sup> 'star'
* *ŋjaːu<sup>6</sup> 'to stay, live'
* *hljak<sup>7</sup> 'to steal'
* *luŋ<sup>2</sup> 'stomach'
* *mpwaːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'straw'
* *kruːi<sup>3</sup> 'stream'
* *kjak<sup>7</sup> 'to stuff'
* *hwit<sup>7</sup>' 'to stuff'
* *ʔuːi<sup>3</sup> 'sugar cane'
* *ʔiːn<sup>5</sup> 'a swallow'
* *phjit<sup>7</sup>? 'to sweep'
* *khwaːn<sup>1</sup> 'sweet'
* *khjut<sup>7</sup> 'tail'
* *ʔaːu<sup>1</sup> 'to take'
* *ɓraːk<sup>7</sup> 'taro'
* *ʔna<sup>1</sup> 'thick'
* *ʔnak<sup>7</sup> 'thick, viscous'
* *ɓwaːŋ<sup>1</sup> 'thin'
* *naːi<sup>6</sup> 'this'
* *tiːn<sup>3</sup> 'thunder'
* *lai<sup>6</sup> 'thunder'
* *pra<sup>3</sup> 'thunder, lightning'
* *mum<sup>4</sup> 'tiger'
* *khwe<sup>3</sup> 'tired'
* *ʔni<sup>5</sup> 'tired'
* *ma<sup>2</sup> 'tongue'
* *pjwan<sup>1</sup> 'tooth'
* *hȵa<sup>5</sup> 'trace, dregs'
* *mai<sup>4</sup> 'tree, wood'
* *kjaːt<sup>7</sup> 'to twist'
* *hra<sup>1</sup> 'two'
* *ta<sup>1</sup> 'uncle'
* *kam<sup>3</sup> 'upside down'
* *juŋ<sup>6</sup> 'to use'
* *ʔma<sup>1</sup> 'vegetable'
* *hruːi<sup>1</sup> 'vestige'
* *ɓaːn<sup>3</sup> 'village'
* *trwak<sup>7</sup> 'to vomit'
* *kra<sup>3</sup> 'to wait'
* *chaːm<sup>3</sup> 'to walk, crawl'
* *aːu<sup>1</sup> 'to want'
* *ʔlak<sup>7</sup> 'to wash clothes'
* *zuːk 'to wash hands'
* *ȵam<sup>3</sup> 'water'
* *traːu<sup>1</sup> 'we (incl.)'
* *tan<sup>3</sup> 'to wear'
* *tam<sup>3</sup> 'to weave'
* *kjaːn<sup>1</sup> 'to weave, plait'
* *ne<sup>1</sup><nowiki>''</nowiki> 'to weed'
* *ʔȵe<sup>3</sup> 'to weep, cry'
* *ɓun<sup>5</sup> 'well, spring'
* *ɓu<sup>5</sup> 'well, spring'
* *thlam<sup>1</sup> 'well, pond, pool'
* *ʔrak<sup>7</sup> 'wet'
* *hlwum<sup>1</sup> 'wind'
* *khlaːu<sup>3</sup> 'rice wine'
* *pwa<sup>5</sup> 'wing'
* *ɓjaːk<sup>7</sup> 'woman, girl'
* *trit<sup>7</sup> '(fire)wood'
* *dzan<sup>4</sup> 'worm'
* *tuːk<sup>7</sup> 'to wrap, bundle'
* *ɓjuːt<sup>7</sup>? 'to wring towel'
* *kjaːt<sup>7</sup> 'to write'
* *man<sup>2</sup> 'yam'
* *mpe<sup>1</sup> 'year'
* *ɓjaːk<sup>7</sup> 'woman, girl'
* *trit<sup>7</sup> '(fire)wood'
* *dzan<sup>4</sup> 'worm'
* *tuːk<sup>7</sup> 'to wrap, bundle'
* *ɓjuːt<sup>7</sup>? 'to wring towel'
* *kjaːt<sup>7</sup> 'to write'
* *man<sup>2</sup> 'yam'
* *mpe<sup>1</sup> 'year'
{{refend}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Ostapirat, Weera. (2006). [http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Linguistics%20Studies%20in%20Chinese%20and%20Neighboring%20Languages/Volume%202/51-Ostapirat.pdf Alternation of tonal series and the reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui]. In D.-A. Ho et al. (Eds.), ''Linguistics Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages'' (pp.&nbsp;1077-1121). Taipei: Academia Sinica.

{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proto-Kam-Sui language}}
[[Category:Proto-languages|Kam-Sui]]

{{Sourceattribution|Proto-Kam–Sui|1}}