Social:Proto-Kam–Sui

Short description: Reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages

Proto-Kam–Sui
Reconstruction of	Kam–Sui languages
Reconstructed ancestor	Proto-Kra–Dai

Proto-Kam–Sui is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.

Reconstructions

A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood (1988).

Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which was done without taking the Kra languages into account.

A new reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui is currently being undertaken by Peter Norquest.

History

Liang & Zhang (1996) consider western Guangdong to be the original homeland of Proto-Kam–Sui. According to Liang & Zhang (1996:25-29), based on evidence from Chinese written historical records, Kam-Sui languages were originally spoken in western Guangdong, but Kam-Sui peoples later started to migrate out of Guangdong during the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty (from the years 600-800). Sui and Maonan migrations were completed by the Song Dynasty, around the years 1000-1100, while the Lakkia migrated to their current location in Guangxi from Huaiji County and Fengkai County, Guangdong during the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (years 1300-1400).

Lexicon

Thurgood's (1988: 209-218) reconstructed Proto-Kam–Sui forms are listed below.

• *hwaːt⁷ 'angry'
• *hnaːn⁵ 'angry'
• *taːp⁷ 'to answer'
• *mwit⁸ 'ant'
• *laːk⁸ 'arm'
• *k-xiːn¹ 'arm'
• *khjaːk⁷ 'armpit'
• *taŋ¹ 'arrive, reach'
• *cha⁵ 'ascend'
• *phwuːk⁷ 'ashes'
• *phlaːu⁵ 'ashes'
• *pa³ 'aunt'
• *hlaːi¹ 'back(bone)'
• *lun² 'back, behind'
• *hwaːi⁶ 'bad, cruel'
• *thruk⁷ 'bamboo strip'
• *xwan¹ 'bamboo'
• *pwaŋ⁵ 'bank, shore'
• *khrau⁵ 'to bark'
• *ɗuŋ³ 'basket, winnowing'
• *ʔaːp⁷ 'bathe'
• *ʔmuːi¹ 'bear'
• *m-luːt⁸ 'beard'
• *hȵiŋ¹ 'bedbug'
• *mit⁸ 'bee'
• *daːŋ² 'bee'
• *ʔdlu¹ 'bee, wasp'
• *te³ 'below'
• *mluk⁸ 'bird'
• *krip⁷ 'bite; chew'
• *kam¹ 'bitter'
• *ʔnam¹ 'black'
• *ɓuːt⁷ 'blind'
• *phlaːt⁷ 'blood'
• *hwaːt⁷ 'blow (wind)'
• *dzup⁸ 'to blow'
• *thrun¹ 'body'
• *tlaːk⁷ 'bone'
• *cam³ 'bow, bend'
• *duːi⁴ 'bowl, cup'
• *ʔŋa⁵ 'branch'
• *ciŋ⁵ 'branch'
• *praːk⁷ 'break, tear'
• **kraːŋ¹ 'bright'
• *ɣwaːi⁴ 'brother, older'
• *dzuːk⁸ 'to bundle'
• *hmuk⁷ 'bury'
• *trai³ 'to buy'
• *kaːt⁷ 'cabbage'
• *laːp⁸ 'candle'
• *ʔma⁵ 'carry on back'
• *kjap⁷ 'catch, grasp'
• *kaːm¹ 'cave'
• *khryap⁷ 'centipede'
• *tak⁷ 'chest (body)'
• *hmaːk⁷ 'to chew'
• *hnaːi⁵ 'to chew'
• *kaːi⁵ 'chicken'
• *hŋlaːŋ⁵ 'young chicken'
• *hmaːk⁷ 'to chop'
• *pram³ 'to chop'
• *khlap⁷ 'close (eyes)'
• *m-xwa³ 'cloud'
• *hnu¹ 'cold'
• *paŋ¹ 'collapse'
• *hma¹ 'come; return'
• *kjaːp⁷' 'to connect'
• *duŋ² 'copper'
• *ȵai⁶' 'count'
• *hraːŋ⁵ 'a cover'
• *khruːi¹ 'cowry (money), shell(fish)'
• *hlaːi⁵ 'to crawl'
• *da⁶ 'cross, pass'
• *ka¹ 'a crow'
• *kat⁷ 'to cut'
• *kaːt⁷ 'to cut'
• *hŋwan¹ 'day'
• *ɗak⁷ 'deaf'
• *ʔyam¹ 'deep'
• *hluːi⁵ 'descend'
• *laːi⁴ 'devil, ghost'
• *pjai¹ 'to die'
• *di⁶ 'dirt, earth'
• *ɓja⁵ 'disgusted'
• *k-hma¹ 'dog'
• *tu¹ 'door'
• *gwau² 'dove'
• *tak⁷ 'draw water'
• *te³ 'draw water'
• *pwjan¹ 'dream'
• *trwap⁷ 'to drink'
• *tuk⁷ 'drop, fall'
• *tuk⁷ 'drop, fall'
• *dip⁸ 'dull'
• *mpraːŋ¹ 'ear of grain'
• *khra¹ 'ear'
• *khjam¹ 'early'
• *caːn¹ 'eat'
• *krai⁵ 'egg'
• *pjaːt⁷ 'eight'
• *phe¹ 'end, tip'
• *ʔȵam⁵ 'evening'
• *hlik⁷ 'exchange'
• *ke⁴ 'excrement'
• *mpiŋ¹ 'expensive'
• *ɗap⁷ 'extinguish'
• *thla¹ 'eye'
• *ʔna³ 'face, in front'
• *lai⁴ 'to fall'
• *klaːi¹ 'far'
• *tut⁷ 'fart'
• *gjaːŋ⁴ 'feed, raise'
• *traːi⁵ 'dry field'
• *ʔra⁵ 'paddy field'
• *ʔdlyap⁷? 'fingernail'
• *pwai¹ 'fire'
• *kuːn⁵ 'first'
• *mlit⁸ 'fish (loach)'
• *mprai³ 'fish'
• *pa¹ 'fish'
• *mum⁶ 'fish'
• *ŋu⁴ 'five'
• *k-hmat⁷ 'flea'
• *naːn⁴ 'flesh, meat'
• *nuk⁷'' 'flower'
• *muk⁸ 'fog'
• *praːk⁷ 'forehead'
• *ɗuŋ¹ 'forest'
• *laːm² 'to forget'
• *kup⁷ 'field frog'
• *k-wai³ 'small frog'
• *tiːk⁷ 'full'
• *ɗai³ 'to get, gain'
• *ʔȵaːk⁷ 'gills'
• *khjaːi¹ 'to give'
• *ʔuːk⁷ 'to go out, out'
• *paːi¹ 'to go, walk'
• *mwaːŋ¹ 'god, ghost'
• *ɗaːi¹ 'good'
• *gju⁴ 'granary'
• *khlaːn¹ 'grandchild'
• *thrak⁷ 'grasshopper'
• *pram¹ 'hair, head'
• *k-mja¹ 'hand'
• **kra³ 'hard'
• *pram¹ 'to hatch'
• *ʔnaŋ¹ 'to have'
• *me² 'to have'
• *kru³ 'head'
• *dai² 'to hit'
• *ʔŋam¹ 'to hold in mouth'
• *ʔuːm³ 'hold (child)'
• *ȵam¹ 'to hold'
• *hŋuːm³ 'to hold'
• *m-kwaːu¹ 'horn'
• *ma⁴ 'horse'
• *hraːn¹ 'house'
• *ɓjaːk⁷ 'hungry'
• *ʔre¹ 'husband'
• *mpaːk⁷ 'insane'
• *ȵak⁸ 'to insert'
• *tshaːp⁷ 'to insert'
• *khjaːi³ 'intestine'
• *khlit⁷ 'iron'
• *daːp⁸ 'to kick'
• *gruk⁸ 'to kneel'
• *miːt⁸ 'knife'
• *mbra⁴ 'knife, sword'
• *khwe¹ 'late'
• *kru¹ 'to laugh'
• *khlut⁷ 'lazy'
• *laːn⁴ 'lazy'
• *pwa⁵ 'leaf'
• *ʔniŋ³ 'to lean'
• *mpliŋ¹ 'leech'
• *kla¹ 'left over'
• *kwa¹ 'leg'
• *tiːn¹ 'leg, foot'
• *lja²? 'lick'
• *ljaːm⁵? 'lick'
• *ɓau¹ 'light, to float'
• *ʔdlaːp⁷ 'lightning'
• *maŋ⁴ 'to like'
• *tap⁷ 'liver'
• *ʔraːi³ 'long'
• *kraːk⁷ 'loom'
• *tuk⁷ 'to lose, misplace'
• *nan¹'' 'louse'
• *mprai¹ 'louse, chicken'
• *mprum¹ 'to love (child)'
• *thram⁵ 'low'
• **ʔnuːn¹ 'maggot'
• *mpaːn¹ 'male (person)'
• *ʔme¹ 'mark'
• *hle¹ 'mark'
• *mpraːŋ¹ 'mat (straw)'
• *ŋe² 'meal, early'
• *mbrau² 'meal, late'
• *gja² 'medicine, to cure'
• *ta⁵ 'middle'
• *muːn⁶ 'monkey'
• *nüaːn¹'' 'moon, month'
• *hjit⁷ 'morning'
• *paːk⁷ 'mouth'
• *muːk⁸ 'mucus'
• *khlum⁵ 'mud, dirt'
• *naːm⁵ 'mud, dirt'
• *hŋla¹ 'mushroom'
• *taːk⁷ 'to nail'
• *ɓlwa¹ 'navel'
• *phlai⁵ 'near'
• *ke¹ 'net (to cast)'
• *hmai⁵ 'new'
• *ʔnaŋ¹ 'nose, face'
• *man² 'oil'
• *kaːu⁵ 'old (things)'
• *ke⁵ 'old (vegetables)'
• *ɓjaːn³ 'otter, beaver'
• *chaːt⁷ 'otter, beaver'
• *ʔŋluːk⁷ 'outside'
• *phwa³ 'palm (hand)'
• *lin⁶ 'pangolin'
• *laːk⁸ 'person, child'
• *kjaːk⁷ 'pestle'
• *cup⁷ 'to pick up'
• *ɓit⁷ 'to pick (flowers)'
• *laːi⁶ 'to pick, select'
• *k-hmu⁵ 'pig'
• *ʔdlaːi⁵ 'wild pig'
• *dap⁸ 'to pile'
• *ʔlaːu¹ 'pillar'
• *liːn² 'pipe, water'
• *ljum² 'to plant'
• *mpra¹ 'to plant'
• *ʔdram¹ 'to transplant'
• *pwak⁷ 'pod, sheath'
• *hŋlaːn¹ 'shoulder pole'
• *ʔmiːn³ 'porcupine, wild pig'
• *ʔdlaːk⁷ 'to pull'
• *zuk⁸ 'pus'
• *kat⁷ 'to put'
• *naːŋ¹ 'raft, bamboo'
• *xwin¹ 'to rain'
• *hnu³ 'rat, mouse'
• *ɗip⁷ 'raw, live'
• *duk⁸ 'to read'
• *hwa¹ 'right side'
• *zuk⁸ 'ripe, cooked'
• *hma³ 'to rise (river)'
• *ʔnja¹ 'river'
• *pra¹ 'rock, cliff'
• *kjaːŋ¹ 'root'
• *ʔlaːk⁷ 'rope'
• *laːn⁶ 'to rot'
• *naːu⁶ 'rotten'
• **krin⁵ 'scales'
• *khjaːn⁵ 'to scare'
• *tak⁷ 'to scoop'
• *ʔlun¹ 'to see'
• *ɗai³ 'to see'
• *pwan¹ 'seed'
• *kla³ 'rice seedling'
• *kwe¹ 'to sell'
• *ʔŋra¹ 'sesame'
• *tau¹ 'shadow'
• *ŋaːu² 'to shake'
• *m-hliːn⁵? 'shallow'
• *hraːi⁵ 'be sharp'
• *gwan² 'to sharpen'
• *khjam¹ 'sharpened, pointed'
• *ɗau⁵ 'spiral shell'
• *thrin³ 'short'
• *pjau⁵ 'shuttle'
• *nu⁴ 'younger sibling'
• *ʔram¹ 'to sink'
• *dzuːi⁶ 'to sit'
• *ljuk⁸ 'six'
• *hŋra¹ 'skin'
• *ʔrwum¹? 'skinny, lean'
• *ɓun¹ 'sky'
• *nuːn² 'to sleep'
• *nun⁴ 'to smell'
• *dzuːi² 'snake'
• *ʔnuːi¹ 'snow'
• *hma⁵ 'soak, pickle'
• *maːt⁸ 'socks'
• *ʔma³ 'soft'
• *khjum³ 'sour'
• *tljaːi³? 'sparrow'
• *m-hljaːn⁵ 'spicy (hot)'
• *pha⁵ 'to split'
• *hmaːk⁷ 'to split'
• *ŋa² 'sprout, a'
• *khlak⁷ 'stake, post'
• *ʔdraːu¹ 'star'
• *hmlut⁷ 'star'
• *ŋjaːu⁶ 'to stay, live'
• *hljak⁷ 'to steal'
• *luŋ² 'stomach'
• *mpwaːŋ¹ 'straw'
• *kruːi³ 'stream'
• *kjak⁷ 'to stuff'
• *hwit⁷' 'to stuff'
• *ʔuːi³ 'sugar cane'
• *ʔiːn⁵ 'a swallow'
• *phjit⁷? 'to sweep'
• *khwaːn¹ 'sweet'
• *khjut⁷ 'tail'
• *ʔaːu¹ 'to take'
• *ɓraːk⁷ 'taro'
• *ʔna¹ 'thick'
• *ʔnak⁷ 'thick, viscous'
• *ɓwaːŋ¹ 'thin'
• *naːi⁶ 'this'
• *tiːn³ 'thunder'
• *lai⁶ 'thunder'
• *pra³ 'thunder, lightning'
• *mum⁴ 'tiger'
• *khwe³ 'tired'
• *ʔni⁵ 'tired'
• *ma² 'tongue'
• *pjwan¹ 'tooth'
• *hȵa⁵ 'trace, dregs'
• *mai⁴ 'tree, wood'
• *kjaːt⁷ 'to twist'
• *hra¹ 'two'
• *ta¹ 'uncle'
• *kam³ 'upside down'
• *juŋ⁶ 'to use'
• *ʔma¹ 'vegetable'
• *hruːi¹ 'vestige'
• *ɓaːn³ 'village'
• *trwak⁷ 'to vomit'
• *kra³ 'to wait'
• *chaːm³ 'to walk, crawl'
• *aːu¹ 'to want'
• *ʔlak⁷ 'to wash clothes'
• *zuːk 'to wash hands'
• *ȵam³ 'water'
• *traːu¹ 'we (incl.)'
• *tan³ 'to wear'
• *tam³ 'to weave'
• *kjaːn¹ 'to weave, plait'
• *ne¹'' 'to weed'
• *ʔȵe³ 'to weep, cry'
• *ɓun⁵ 'well, spring'
• *ɓu⁵ 'well, spring'
• *thlam¹ 'well, pond, pool'
• *ʔrak⁷ 'wet'
• *hlwum¹ 'wind'
• *khlaːu³ 'rice wine'
• *pwa⁵ 'wing'
• *ɓjaːk⁷ 'woman, girl'
• *trit⁷ '(fire)wood'
• *dzan⁴ 'worm'
• *tuːk⁷ 'to wrap, bundle'
• *ɓjuːt⁷? 'to wring towel'
• *kjaːt⁷ 'to write'
• *man² 'yam'
• *mpe¹ 'year'
• *ɓjaːk⁷ 'woman, girl'
• *trit⁷ '(fire)wood'
• *dzan⁴ 'worm'
• *tuːk⁷ 'to wrap, bundle'
• *ɓjuːt⁷? 'to wring towel'
• *kjaːt⁷ 'to write'
• *man² 'yam'
• *mpe¹ 'year'

References

• Ostapirat, Weera. (2006). Alternation of tonal series and the reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui. In D.-A. Ho et al. (Eds.), Linguistics Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages (pp. 1077-1121). Taipei: Academia Sinica.