View source for Social:Sindhi language

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh}}
{{Not to be confused with|Hindi}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Sindhi
| altname          = ''Sindhī''
| nativename       = {{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}
• सिन्धी 
| states           = {{wipe|Pakistan}}, {{wipe|India}}
| region           = Sindh and near the border in neighbouring regions (e.g. Kutch and Balochistan)
| ethnicity        = Sindhis
| speakers         = {{c.|32 million}}
| date             = 2011–2017
| ref              = <ref>30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = Northwestern
| fam5             = Sindhic
| script           = {{hlist|Naskh {{small|(official, {{wipe|Pakistan}})}}|Devanagari {{small|(co-official, Sindhis in India<ref name="in">{{cite journal|url =https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_3.xml?language=en |title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |access-date = 12 November 2021 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free }}</ref>)}}|Others}}
| script1          = LOL
| nation           = {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Sindh}}{{Efn|It is the provincial language of Sindh, adopted by the Sindh Assembly.}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia= Sindhi Language |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>
{{flag|India}}{{Efn|It is one of 22 Eighth Schedule languages for which the Constitution mandates development.}}{{Efn| In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra ({{sigfig|558054|3}}), Rajasthan ({{sigfig|353806|3}}), Gujarat ({{sigfig|321031|3}}), and Madhya Pradesh ({{sigfig|243783|3}}).}}
| agency           = {{plainlist|
*[[Organization:Sindhi Language Authority|Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan)
*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)}}
| iso1             = sd
| iso2             = snd
| iso3             = snd
| lingua           = 59-AAF-f
| image            = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo2a        = Sindhi language.svg
| photo1a        = Sindhi.svg
 | spacing      = 2
 | color        = 
 | border       = 0
 | foot_montage = }}
| imagecaption     = Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script (above) and Devanagari (below)
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = sind1272
| glottoname       = Sindhi
| map              = Sindhi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
| mapcaption       = The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
| map2             = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Sindhi is not in the category of endangered according to the classification system of the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
{{Infobox Scheduled Language of India
| SLI         = Sindhi language <!-- name as inscribed on the Eighth Schedule List: use with the STAND-ALONE version of this template -->
| Official_name = Sindhi language <!-- name as inscribed on the Eighth Schedule List: use ONLY with the embedded version of this template, if it doesn't matches the name of the template it is in-->
| image       = Constitution of India (calligraphic) Cover.png <!-- optional -->
| image_size  = <!-- optional -->
| caption     =  <!-- optional -->
| Part_of     = Official languages of India <!-- optional: when the article subject is part of a SLI listing, not a full one, e.g. Meitei language -->
| Includes    = Official language of the Government of India <!-- optional: when a group of subjects together form this SLI; avoid long listings, in which case it is better to summarize or to omit the parameter altogether-->
| Location    = Gujarat <!-- optional -->
| ID          = constitution-india-twenty-first-amendment-act-1967
| Coordinates = <!-- optional; use {{coord}} -->
| Year        = 1967
| Extension   = <!-- optional -->
| Website     = <!-- optional -->
| locmapin    = <!-- optional -->
| map_caption = <!-- optional -->
| map_width   = <!-- optional -->
| relief      = <!-- "1" for relief map - if available -->
| child       = <!-- optional; set to "yes" to embed this infobox within another infobox -->
| embedded    = <!-- optional; use to embed another infobox template within this one, e.g. {{Location map many}} -->
}}
}}

'''Sindhi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{Lang-sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}|link=no}} {{small|(Perso-Arabic)}}, {{Lang|sd|सिन्ध|link=no}} {{small|(Devanagari)}} {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}<!--less commonly used scripts:{{lang|sd-Zyyy|ਸਿੰਧੀ}},{{script|Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}}, {{script|Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}}-->) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used.

Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] and [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]] following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

==History==
[[File:Dodo Chanesar Khudabadi script.png|thumb|right|Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in ''Hatvanki Sindhi'' or Khudabadi script.]]{{Sindhis}}

===Origins===
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref>

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Social:Pali|Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

===Early Sindhi (10th–16th centuries)===
Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Historically, [[Religion:Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and [[Social:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Much of this work is in the form of [[Religion:Ginans|ginans]] (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]] and [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. According to Sindhi tradition, the first translation of the [[Religion:Quran|Quran]] into Sindhi was initiated in 883 CE in Mansura, Sindh. This is corroborated by the accounts of Al-Ramhormuzi but it is unclear whether the language of translation was actually a predecessor to Sindhi, nor is the text preserved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Translations and Commentaries of the Qur'ān in Sindhi Language |journal=Oriens |date=1963 |volume=16 |pages=224–243 |doi=10.2307/1580264 |jstor=1580264 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580264 |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

===Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)===
Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and [[Philosophy:Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedanta]] poetry, the latter in the devotional [[Philosophy:Bhakti|bhakti]] tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi ({{circa}} 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<ref name="shackle"/>

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.<ref name="mahfil">{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Sindhi Literature |journal=Mahfil |date=1971 |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=71–80 |jstor=40874414 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414}}</ref>

The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.<ref name="shackle"/>

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|title=The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|website=Imamreza.net|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Modern Sindhi (1843–present)===

In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of [[Social:Persian language|Persian]]. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= The News on Sunday |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the ''Khudabadi script''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.

The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.<ref name="mahfil"/>

The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of {{wipe|Pakistan}}, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]] and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?language=en |access-date=2 August 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Sindhi language {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or {{sigfig|14.57|3}}% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for {{sigfig|61.6|2}}% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan,<ref>{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|date = 28 May 2018| website = Dawn| access-date = 29 October 2022}} The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref> especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Hub, Kachhi, Sibi, Sohbatpur, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad.

In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states: 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+2011 Census Statistics
(India Total: 2,772,264)<ref>{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 29 October 2022}}</ref>{{efn|This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.}}
!State
!Population
|-
|Gujarat
|1,184,024
|-
|Maharashtra
|723,748
|-
|Rajashtan
|386,569
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|245,161
|-
|Chattisgarh
|93,424
|-
|[[Place:Delhi|Delhi (NCT)]]
|31,177
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|28,952
|-
|Assam
|19,646
|-
|Karnataka
|16,954
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|11,299
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|8,448
|-
|West Bengal
|7,828
|-
|Uttarakhand
|2,863
|-
|Odisha
|2,338
|-
|Bihar
|2,227
|-
|Jharkhand
|1,701
|-
|Haryana
|1,658
|-
|Kerala
|1,251
|-
|Punjab
|754
|-
|Goa
|656
|-
|Dadra and Nagar 
and
Daman and Diu
|894
|-
|Meghalaya
|236
|-
|[[Place:Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|134
|-
|Puducherry
|94
|-
|Nagaland
|82
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|62
|-
|Tripura
|30
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|19
|-
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|14
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|12
|-
|Lakshadweep
|7
|-
|Sikkim
|2
|}

==Official status==
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref>

Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082914/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc|website=Apnaorg.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005418/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref> 
The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samar |first=Azeem |date=13 March 2019 |title=PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The News International |language=en}}</ref> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PakistanToday |date=25 September 2018 |title=Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-25 |title=Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-24 |title=Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/1556672 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Samaa TV |language=en}}</ref>

At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah, passed a unanimous [[Philosophy:Resolution (logic)|resolution]] to extend the use of [[Social:Language|language]] to [[Social:Primary school|primary]] level<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Call for using local languages at primary level |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402116/call-for-using-local-languages-at-primary-level |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and increase the [[Social:Social status|status]] of Sindhi as a [[Social:National language|national language]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Tahir |date=2023-02-22 |title=Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> of {{wipe|Pakistan}}.

The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in {{wipe|India}}, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.

==Dialects==
[[File:Sindhi dialect borders.png|right|thumb|Regional dialects of Sindhi language and in neighboring regions.{{Legend|24DB00|Within Sindh province}}]]
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and [[Social:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
* '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with small differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref>
* '''Lari''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like [[Place:Karachi|Karachi]], Thatta, Sujawal and Badin.
* '''Siroli'''/'''Siraiki''' or '''Ubheji''': The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in Jacobabad and Kashmore districts, it has little similarity with the Saraiki language of South Punjab<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |series=Cambridge language surveys |page=443}}</ref> and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref>
* '''Lasi''': The dialect of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
* '''Firaqi Sindhi:''' The dialect of the Kachhi plains the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref>
* '''Thareli:''' also called Tharechi dialect, spoken in north eastern [[Earth:Thar Desert|Thar]] Desert of Sindh, called Nara desert (Achhro thar), but mainly spoken in the western part of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India by many Sindhi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=Berkeley : University of California Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9}}</ref>
* '''Sindhi Bhili:''' It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi Meghwars and Bheels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil language |url=https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3 |website=LotsOfEssays.com}}</ref> Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734 |website=Global Recordings Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/ |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>

The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and [[Social:Jadgali language|Jadgali]] are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.

== Grammar ==

=== Phonology ===
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/ | title=Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo }}</ref>  Sindhi has 46 consonant [[Social:Phoneme|phoneme]]s and 10 vowels.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Sarfraz |last2=Zahid |first2=Agha Furrukh |last3=Raza |first3=Usman |title=Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives |url=https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=uogenglish.files.wordpress.com}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2023}} The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.<ref>Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Sindhi consonants<ref>{{cite journal |title= Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi |issue= 2 |pages= 95–98 |first= Paroo |last= Nihalani |date=December 1, 1995 |journal= Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume= 25 |doi= 10.1017/S0025100300005235 |s2cid= 249410954 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
!colspan=2| Labial
!colspan=2| Dental/<br />alveolar
!colspan=2| Retroflex
!colspan=2| (Alveolo-)<br />Palatal
!colspan=2| Velar
!colspan=2| Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small> Nasal</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|m}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|n}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|مھ}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|نھ}}}}}}
|  style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻھ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>Stop/<br />Affricate</small>
!<small>plain</small>
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|p}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|b}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|t̪|t̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|d̪|d̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|k}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|t̪ʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|d̪ʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جھ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گھ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>Implosive</small>
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>Fricative</small>
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|f}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|s}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|z}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|x}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|h}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ھ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>Approximant</small>
!<small>plain</small>
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|j}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|لھ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |  <small>Rhotic</small>
!<small>plain</small>
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|r}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙھ}}}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,{{sfnp|Nihalani|1974|p=207}} so they could be transcribed {{IPA|[t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ]}} in phonetic transcription. The affricates {{IPA|/tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/}} are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is similar, or truly palatal.<ref>The IPA ''Handbook'' uses the symbols {{IPA|c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ}}, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of {{IPA|[t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ]}} and further remarks that "{{IPA|/ʄ/}} is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</ref> {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realized as labiovelar {{IPA|[w]}} or labiodental {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.[[File:Sindhi vowel chart.svg|thumb|The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a vowel chart]]

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
!Near-close
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|-
!Close-mid
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
!Mid
|
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
|-
!Open-mid
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|æ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
!Open
|
|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}The vowels are modal length {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/}} and short {{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}}. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: {{IPA|/pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː]}} 'leaf' vs. {{IPA|/pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː]}} 'worn'.

===Nouns===
Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to Punjabi. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, ''-o'' stems are masculine and ''-a'' stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.

The different paradigms are listed below with examples.<ref name="jetley">{{cite thesis |last1=Jetley |first1=Murlidhar Kishinchand |title=Morphology of Sindhi: A descriptive analysis of Vicholi, the standard Sindhi dialect |date=1964 |publisher=Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute Pune |hdl=10603/145755 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/145755}}</ref> The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes ''-ā̃'' / ''-aū̃'' / ''-ū̃'' ({{sc|abl}}) and ''-i'' ({{sc|loc}}).

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan=3 | {{sc|pl}}
! rowspan=2 | Gloss
|-
! {{sc|nom}}
! {{sc|voc}}
! {{sc|obl}}
! {{sc|nom}}
! {{sc|voc}}
! {{sc|obl}}
|-
! rowspan=6 | M
! ''I''
| ڇوڪِرو<br>''chokiro''
| ڇوڪِرا<br>''chokirā''
| ڇوڪِري<br>''chokire''
| ڇوڪِرا<br>''chokirā''
| ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ<br>''chokirā'' / ''chokira''
| ڇوڪِرَنِ<br>''chokirani''
| boy
|-
! ''II''
| ٻارُ<br>''ɓāru''
| colspan=3 | ٻارَ<br>''ɓāra''
| ٻارو / ٻارَ<br>''ɓāra'' / ''ɓāro''
| ٻارَنِ<br>''ɓārani''
| child
|-
! rowspan=2 | ''III''
| colspan=2 | ساٿِي<br>''sāthī''
| ساٿِيءَ<br>''sāthīa''
| ساٿِي<br>''sāthī''
| ساٿيو<br>''sāthyo''
| ساٿيُنِ<br>''sāthyuni''
| companion
|-
| colspan=2 | رَھاکُو<br>''rahākū''
| رَھاکُوءَ<br>''rahākūa''
| رَھاکُو<br>''rahākū''
| رَھاکُئو<br>''rahākuo''
| رَھاکُنِ<br>''rahākuni''
| inhabitant
|-
! rowspan=2 | ''IV''
| colspan=3 | راجا<br>''rājā''
| colspan=2 | راجا / راجائُون <br>''rājā'' / ''rājāū̃''
| راجائُنِ <br>''rājāuni''
| king
|-
| colspan=3 | سيٺِ<br>''seṭhi''
| colspan=2 | سيٺِ / سيٺيُون <br>''seṭhi'' / ''seṭhyū̃''
| سيٺيُنِ <br>''seṭhyuni''
| merchant
|-
! rowspan=7 | F
! rowspan=2 | ''I''
| colspan=3 | زالَ<br>''zāla''
| colspan=2 | زالُون<br>''zālū̃''
| زالُنِ<br>''zāluni''
| woman, wife
|-
| colspan=3 | سَسُ<br>''sasu''
| colspan=2 | سَسُون<br>''sasū̃''
| سَسُنِ<br>''sasuni''
| mother-in-law
|-
! rowspan=3 | ''II''
| colspan=3 | دَوا<br>''davā''
| colspan=2 | دَوائُون<br>''davāū̃''
| دَوائُنِ<br>''davāuni''
| medicine
|-
| colspan=3 | راتِ<br>''rāti''
| colspan=2 | راتيُون<br>''rātyū̃''
| راتيُنِ<br>''rātyuni''
| night
|-
| colspan=3 | هوٽَل<br>''hoṭal''
| colspan=2 | هوٽَلُون<br>''hoṭalū̃''
| هوٽَلُنِ<br>''hoṭaluni''
| hotel
|-
! ''III''
| colspan=2 | ڳَئُون<br>''ɠaū̃''
| ڳَئُونَ<br>''ɠaū̃a''
| colspan=2 | ڳَئُون<br>''ɠaū̃''
| ڳَئُونِ<br>''ɠaūni''
| cow
|-
! ''IV''
| colspan=2 | نَدِي<br>''nadī''
| نَدِيءَ<br>''nadīa''
| colspan=2 | نَديُون<br>''nadyū̃''
| نَديُنِ<br>''nadyuni''
| river
|}

A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in ''-r-'' in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ ''bhāu'' "brother", پِيءُ ''pīu'' "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ ''dhīa'' "daughter", نُونھَن ''nū̃hã'' "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ ''bheṇa'' "sister", ماءُ ''māu'' "mother", and جوءِ ''joi'' "wife".<ref name="jetley"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan=3 | {{sc|pl}}
! rowspan=2 | Gloss
|-
! {{sc|nom}}
! {{sc|voc}}
! {{sc|obl}}
! {{sc|nom}}
! {{sc|voc}}
! {{sc|obl}}
|-
! M
| colspan=3 | ڀاءُ<br>''bhāu''
| ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ<br>''bhāuru'' / ''bhāura''
| ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو<br>''bhāura'' / ''bhāuro''
| ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ<br>''bhāurani'' / ''bhāuni''
| brother
|-
! F
| colspan=3 | ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ<br>''dhīa'' / ''dhīu''
| colspan=2 | ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون<br>''dhīaru'' / ''dhīarū̃'' / ''dhīū̃''
| ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ<br>''dhīaruni'' / ''dhīuni''
| daughter
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو ''jo'' for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Personal pronouns
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan=2 | {{sc|pl}}
|-
! 1
! 2
! 1
! 2
|-
! {{sc|nom}}
| مَان / آئُون<br>''mā̃'' / ''āū̃''
| تُون<br>''tū̃''
| اَسِين<br>''asī̃''
| تَوِهِين<br>''tavhī̃''
|-
! {{sc|obl}}
| مُون<br>''mū̃''
| تو<br>''to''
| اَسَان<br>''asā̃''
| تَوِهَان<br>''tavhā̃''
|-
! {{sc|gen}}
| مُنهِنجو<br>''mũhinjo''
| تُنهِنجو<br>''tũhinjo''
| colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|}

The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو ''ko'' "someone" are هَرڪو ''har-ko'' "everyone", سَڀڪو ''sabh-ko'' "all of them", جيڪو ''je-ko'' "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو ''te-ko'' "that one" (correlative).{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Third-person pronouns
! colspan=3 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=7 | Demonstrative
! rowspan=3 | Interrogative
! rowspan=3 | Relative
! rowspan=3 | Correlative
|-
! colspan=2 | Unmarked
! colspan=2 | Specific
! colspan=2 | Present
! rowspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! {{sc|prox}}
! {{sc|dist}}
! {{sc|prox}}
! {{sc|dist}}
! {{sc|prox}}
! {{sc|dist}}
|-
! rowspan=3 | {{sc|sg}}
! rowspan=2 | {{sc|nom}}
! {{sc|m}}
| هِي<br>''hī''
| هُو<br>''hū''
| اِهو<br>''iho''
| اُهو<br>''uho''
| اِجهو<br>''ijho''
| اوجهو<br>''ojho''
| ڪو<br>''ko''
| ڪيرُ<br>''keru''
| جو<br>''jo''
| سو<br>''so''
|-
! {{sc|f}}
| هِيءَ<br>''hīa''
| هُوءَ<br>''hūa''
| اِهَا<br>''ihā''
| اُهَا<br>''uhā''
| اِجهَا<br>''ijhā''
| اوجهَا<br>''ojhā''
| ڪَا<br>''kā''
| ڪيرَ<br>''kera''
| جَا<br>''jā''
| سَا<br>''sā''
|-
! colspan=2 | {{sc|obl}}
| هِنَ<br>''hina''
| هُنَ<br>''huna''
| اِنهين<br>''inhẽ''
| اُنهين<br>''unhẽ''
| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan=2 | ڪَنهِن<br>''kãhĩ''
| جَنهِن<br>''jãhĩ''
| تَنهِن<br>''tãhĩ''
|-
! rowspan=2 | {{sc|pl}}
! colspan=2 | {{sc|nom}}
| هِي<br>''hī''
| هُو<br>''hū''
| اِهي<br>''ihe''
| اُهي<br>''uhe''
| اِجهي<br>''ijhe''
| اوجهي<br>''ojhe''
| ڪي<br>''ke''
| ڪيرَ<br>''kera''
| جي<br>''je''
| سي<br>''se''
|-
! colspan=2 | {{sc|obl}}
| هِنَنِ<br>''hinani''
| هُنَنِ<br>''hunani''
| اِنهَنِ<br>''inhani''
| اُنهَنِ<br>''unhani''
| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan=2 | ڪِنِ<br>''kini''
| جِنِ<br>''jini''
| تنِ<br>''tini''
|}

===Numerals===
{|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Num.
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
|-
! 0
| صِفَرُ / ٻُڙِي || ''ɓuṛi'' / ''sifaru''
|-
! 1
| هِڪُ || ''hiku''
|-
! 2 
| ٻَه || ''ɓa''
|-
! 3 
| ٽِي || ''ṭī''
|-
! 4 
| چَارِ || ''cāri''
|-
! 5 
| پَنج || ''pañja''
|-
! 6 
| ڇَهَه || ''chaha''
|-
! 7 
| سَتَ || ''sata''
|-
! 8 
| اَٺَ || ''aṭha''
|-
! 9 
| نَوَ || ''nava''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Num.
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
|-
! 10 
| ڏَهَه || ''ɗaha''
|-
! 11
| يَارَنهَن || ''yārãhã''
|-
! 12 
| ٻَارَهَن || ''ɓārahã''
|-
! 13 
| تيرَهَن || ''terahã''
|-
! 14 
| چوڏَهَن || ''coɗahã''
|-
! 15 
| پَندرَهَن || ''pandrahã''
|-
! 16 
| سورَهَن || ''sorahã''
|-
! 17 
| سَترَهَن || ''satrahã''
|-
! 18 
| اَرِڙَهَن / اَٺَارَهَن || ''ariṛahã'' / ''aṭhārahã''
|-
! 19 
| اُڻوِيهَه || ''uṇvīha''
|}
|}

===Postpositions===
Most nominal relations (e.g. the semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي ''khe''.<ref name="trumpp">{{cite book |last1=Trumpp |first1=Ernest |title=Grammar of the Sindhi language |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum}}</ref>

The postpositions are divided into '''case markers''', which directly follow the noun, and '''complex postpositions''', which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو ''jo'').

====Case markers====
The case markers are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=399}}

The postpositions with the suffix ''-o'' decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ ''chokiro j-o pīu'' "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ ''chokiro j-ī māu'' "the boy's mother".

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Case markers
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| Nominative || — || ڇوڪِرو<br>''chokiro'' || the boy
|-
| Accusative<br>Dative
| کي<br>''khe''
| ڇوڪِري کي<br>''chokire khe''
| the boy<br>to the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | Genitive
| جو<br>''j-o'' || ڇوڪِري جو<br>''chokire jo''
| rowspan=2 | of the boy
|-
| سَندو<br>''sand-o'' || ڇوڪِري سَندو<br>''chokire sando''
|-
| Sociative || سُڌو<br>''sudh-o'' || ڇوڪِري سُڌو<br>''chokire sudho'' || along with the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | Comitative<br>Instrumental
| سَان<br>''sā̃'' || ڇوڪِري سَان<br>''chokire sā̃''
| rowspan=2 | with the boy
|-
| سَاڻُ<br>''sāṇu'' || ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ<br>''chokire sāṇu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Locative
| ۾<br>''mẽ'' || ڇوڪِري ۾<br>''chokire mẽ''
| rowspan=2 | in the boy
|-
| مَنجهِ<br>''manjhi'' || ڇوڪِري مَنجهِ<br>''chokire manjhi''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Adessive
| تي<br>''te'' || ڇوڪِري تي<br>''chokire te'' || on the boy
|-
| وَٽِ<br>''vaṭi'' || ڇوڪِري وَٽِ<br>''chokire vaṭi'' || near the boy<br>the boy has...
|-
| Orientative || ڏَانهَن<br>''ḍā̃hã'' || ڇوڪِري ڏَانهَن<br>''chokire ḍā̃hã'' || towards the boy
|-
| Terminative || تَائيِن<br>''tāī̃'' || ڇوڪِري تَائيِن<br>''chokire tāī̃'' || up to the boy
|-
| Benefactive || لاءِ<br>''lāi'' || ڇوڪِري لاءِ<br>''chokire lāi'' || for the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | Semblative
| وَانگُرُ<br>''vānguru'' || ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ<br>''chokire vānguru''
| rowspan=2 | like the boy
|-
| جَهڙو<br>''jahṛ-o'' || ڇوڪِري جَهڙو<br>''chokire jahṛo'' 
|}

There are several ablative case markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending ''-ā̃''. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".{{r|trumpp|p=400}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Ablative case markers
! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| کَان<br>''khā̃'' || ڇوڪِري کَان<br>''chokire khā̃'' || from the boy
|-
| مَان<br>''mā̃'' || ڇوڪِري مَان<br>''chokire mā̃'' || from inside the boy
|-
| تَان<br>''tā̃'' || ڇوڪِري تَان<br>''chokire tā̃'' || from upon the boy
|-
| ڏَانهَان<br>''ḍā̃hā̃'' || ڇوڪِري ڏَانهَان<br>''chokire ḍā̃hā̃'' || from the direction of the boy
|}

Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ Obsolete/rare case markers
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| Accusative<br>Adessive || ڪَني<br>''kane'' || ڇوڪِري ڪَني<br>''chokire kane'' || to/near the boy
|}

====Complex postpositions====
The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=405}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Sindhi !! Transliteration !! Explanation
|-
| جي اَڳيَان || ''je aɠyā̃'' || "ahead of, before"; apudessive
|-
| جي اَندَرِ || ''je andari'' || "inside of"; inessive
|-
| جي بَدِرَان || ''je badirā̃'' || "instead of, in place of"
|-
| جي بَرَابَر || ''je barābar'' || "equal to"
|-
| جي ٻَاهَرَان || ''je ɓāharā̃''
| rowspan=2 | "outside of"
|-
| کَان ٻَاهَرِ || ''khā̃ ɓāhari''
|-
| جي باري ۾ || ''je bāre mẽ'' || "about, concerning"
|-
| جي چَوڌَارِي || ''je caudhārī'' || "around"
|-
| جي هيٺَان || ''je heṭhā̃'' || "below, under"
|-
| جي ڪَري || ''je kare'' || "for, on account of"
|-
| جي لَاءِ ||  ''je lāi'' || "for"
|-
| جي مَٿَان || ''je mathā̃'' || "above, on top of, upon"
|-
| کَان پَري || ''khā̃ pare'' || "far from"
|-
| جي پَارِ || ''je pāri'' || "across, on the other side of"
|-
| جي پَاسي || ''je pāse'' || "on the side of, near"
|-
| کَان پوءِ || ''khā̃ poi'' || "after"
|-
| جي پُٺيَان || ''je puṭhyā̃'' || "behind"
|-
| جي سَامهون || ''je sāmhõ'' || "in front of, facing"
|-
| کَان سِوَاءِ || ''khā̃ sivāi'' || "besides, apart from"
|-
| جي وَاسطي || ''je vāste'' || "for the sake of, on account of"
|-
| جي ويجهو || ''je vejho'' || "near"; adessive
|-
| جي وِچِ ۾ || ''je vici mẽ'' || "between, among"
|-
| جي خَاطِرِ || ''je xātiri'' || "for the sake of"
|-
| جي خِلَافِ || ''je xilāfi'' || "against"
|-
| جي ذَرِيعي || ''je zarī'e'' || "via, through"; perlative
|}

=== Vocabulary ===
According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and [[Social:Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed [[Social:Tatsama|tatsam]] Sanskrit elements.{{sfnmp|Cole|2001|1pp=652–653|Khubchandani|2003|2pp=624–625}}

==Writing systems==
Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, [[Social:Khojki script|Khojki]], and Gurmukhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref>

The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}}

===Laṇḍā scripts===
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.

====Khudabadi====
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Khudabadi<br />''or'' Sindhi
| sample      = 
| caption     = 
| imagesize   = 
| type        = 
| languages   = 
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U112B0.pdf U+112B0–U+112FF]
| iso15924    = Sind
| note        = none
}}

The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.<ref name=sindhiscript>{{cite web |url = http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html |title = Sindhi Language: Script |website = Sindhilanguage.com |access-date = 15 May 2012 |archive-date = 19 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419105333/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/script.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! [[File:Vowel 1 a.svg|17px]]
! [[File:Vowel 2 aa.svg|21px]]
! [[File:Vowel 3 i.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Vowel 4 ii.svg|22px]]
! [[File:Vowel 5 u.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Vowel 6 uu.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Vowel 7 e.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 8 ai.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 9 o.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 10 au.svg|16px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 1 ka.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 2 kha.svg|12px]]
! 
! [[File:Consonant 3 ga.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 4 gga.svg|14px]]
! colspan="2"|
![[File:Consonant 5 gha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 6 nga.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
| 
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 7 ca.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 8 cha.svg|15px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 9 ja.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 10 jja.svg|20px]]
!  colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 11 jha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 12 nya.svg|12px]]
|-
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 13 tta.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 14 ttha.svg|13px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 15 dda.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 16 ddda.svg|13px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 18 ddha.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 17 rra.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 19 nna.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| {{IPA|ṛ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 20 ta.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 21 tha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 22 da.svg|14px]]
! colspan="3"|
! [[File:Consonant 23 dha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 24 na.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 25 pa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 26 pha.svg|14px]] 
!
! [[File:Consonant 27 ba.svg|20px]]
! [[File:Consonant 28 bba.svg|17px]] 
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 29 bha.svg|20px]] 
! 
! [[File:Consonant 30 ma.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 31 ya.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Consonant 32 ra.svg|10px]]
! [[File:Consonant 33 la.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 34 va.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! [[File:Consonant 35 sha.svg|17px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 36 sa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 37 ha.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}
{{clear}}

====Khojki====
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646|website=Std.dkuug.dk|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf|title=Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646|website=Std.dkuug.dk|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>

====Gurmukhi====
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.<ref name="sindhiscript"/><ref name="auto3"/>

=== Perso-Arabic script ===
During the British raj, a variant of the [[Social:Persian alphabet|Persian alphabet]] was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (<big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ}}}}</big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جهہ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ث}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ا}}}}</big></span>
|-
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɑː}} {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ذ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ح}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}}</big></span>
|-
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ق}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ع}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ظ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ط}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ض}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ص}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}</big></span>
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| q
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
| {{IPA|ɑː}} {{IPA|oː}} {{IPA|eː}} {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|-
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ء}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ه}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گهہ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}</big></span>
! <span style="font-size:125%"><big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}</big></span>
|-
| {{IPA|j}} {{IPA|iː}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}} {{IPA|∅}}
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}} {{IPA|ʊ}} {{IPA|oː}} {{IPA|ɔː}} {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|}

[[File:Sindhi alphabet.png|thumb|Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.]]

===Devanagari script ===
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref name="auto3"/> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile |access-date=2007-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024834/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.<ref name="in"/> Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called ''nukta'' are used to form other additional consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! {{lang|hi|अ}}
! {{lang|hi|आ}}
! {{lang|hi|इ}}
! {{lang|hi|ई}}
! {{lang|hi|उ}}
! {{lang|hi|ऊ}}
! {{lang|hi|ए}}
! {{lang|hi|ऐ}}
! {{lang|hi|ओ}}
! {{lang|hi|औ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|क}}
! {{lang|hi|ख}}
! {{lang|hi|ख़}}
! {{lang|hi|ग}}
! {{lang|hi|ॻ}}
! {{lang|hi|ग़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|घ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ङ}}
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|च}}
! {{lang|hi|छ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ज}}
! {{lang|hi|ॼ}}
! {{lang|hi|ज़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|झ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ञ}}
|-
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|ट}}
! {{lang|hi|ठ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ड}}
! {{lang|hi|ॾ}}
! {{lang|hi|ड़}}
!
! {{lang|hi|ढ}}
! {{lang|hi|ढ़}}
! {{lang|hi|ण}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|त}}
! {{lang|hi|थ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|द}}
!colspan="3"|
! {{lang|hi|ध}}
!
! {{lang|hi|न}}
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|प}}
! {{lang|hi|फ}}
! {{lang|hi|फ़}}
! {{lang|hi|ब}}
! {{lang|hi|ॿ}}
!colspan="2"|
! {{lang|hi|भ}}
!
! {{lang|hi|म}}
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! {{lang|hi|य}}
! {{lang|hi|र}}
! {{lang|hi|ल}}
! {{lang|hi|व}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! {{lang|hi|श}}
! {{lang|hi|ष}}
! {{lang|hi|स}}
! {{lang|hi|ह}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}

=== Roman Sindhi ===
The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romanizedsindhi.org/|title=Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc|website=Romanizedsindhi.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE|url=http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html|website=Chandiramani.com|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

== Advocacy ==
{{See also|1972 Sindhi Language Bill}}In 1972, an bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first provincial language in {{wipe|Pakistan}} to have its own official status.
* Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
* All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.

=== Software ===
By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri{{failed verification|date=December 2022}} had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismaili |first=Imdad Ali |title=Design & Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257947564 |quotation=The idea is to provide a software platform to the people of Sindh as well as Sindhi diasporas living across the globe to make use of computing for basic tasks such as editing, composition, formatting, and printing of documents in Sindhi by using GUISL. The implementation of the GUISL has been done in the Java technology to make the system platform independent. |journal=Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology |year=2011 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate now speaks Sindhi, Pashto |url=https://india.googleblog.com/2016/02/google-translate-now-speaks-sindhi.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Official Google India Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2016-02-18 |title=Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/google-adds-sindhi-to-its-translate-language-options-116021800706_1.html |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by [[Software:Google Translate|Google translate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Google Translate brings offline support for Oriya, Sindhi and 31 other languages |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-translate-brings-offline-support-for-oriya-sindhi-and-31-other-languages/articleshow/97031560.cms |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghazi |first=Zain |date=2023-01-18 |title=Google Translate Sindhi Offline |url=https://pakistanijournal.com/google-translate-rolls-out-support-for-33-new-offline-languages-including-sindhi/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Pakistani Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Which was followed by [[Software:Microsoft Translator|Microsoft Translator]] strengthening support in May of same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Microsoft |date=2023-05-19 |title=Microsoft Translator adds four new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-translator-adds-four-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Microsoft Stories India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=C. R. N. |date=2023-05-18 |title=Microsoft Translator adds 4 new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://www.crn.in/news/microsoft-translator-adds-4-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=CRN - India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to [[Unicode]], However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

==See also==
* 1972 Sindhi Language Bill
* Institute of Sindhology
* Sindhi Transliteration
* Languages of India
* Languages of Pakistan
* Languages with official status in India
* List of Sindhi-language films
* Provincial languages of Pakistan
* Sindhi literature
* Sindhi poetry

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nihalani |first=Paroo |title=Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi |journal=Phonetica |date=1974 |doi=10.1159/000259489 |pmid=4424983 |issn=1423-0321 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=197–212 |s2cid=3325314 }}
* {{cite book |last=Addleton and Brown |year=2010 |title=Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers |url=http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |location=South Hadley |publisher=Doorlight Publications |access-date=2010-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112103/http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |archive-date=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bughio |first=M. Qasim |date=January–June 2006 |title=The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh |journal=Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony |url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it |editor1-last=Maniscalco |editor1-first=Fabio Maniscalco |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jennifer S |year=2001 |chapter=Sindhi |editor1-last=Garry |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Rubino |editor2-first=Carl |title=Facts About the World's Languages |publisher=H W Wilson |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |pages=647–653 }}
* {{cite book |year=1999 |title=International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=Lachman M |year=2003 |chapter=Sindhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |pages=622–658 }}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=Language and national identity in Asia |chapter=Pakistan |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew |series=Oxford linguistics Y |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1 |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |year=1872 |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum |location=London |publisher=Trübner and Co |isbn=81-206-0100-9 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=R. M |title=The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature |year=2013 |publisher=Iran Culture House |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |oclc=909254259 |chapter=Persian in Sindh |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=sd}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sindhi phrasebook}}
{{EB1911 poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}}
* [http://www.sindhila.org/ Sindhi Language Authority]
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/ Sindhi Dictionary]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }}
* [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/ Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary]

{{Navboxes|list=
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[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Sindhi language}}