Social:Sindhi language
| Sindhi | |
|---|---|
| |
Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari | |
| Pronunciation | sd |
| Native to |
|
| Region | Sindh and parts of Balochistan, Kutch and Barmer |
| Ethnicity | Sindhis |
Native speakers | 37 million (2011–2023)[lower-alpha 1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Perso-Arabic and Devanagari;[1] Khojki, Khudabadi and Gurmukhi (historically) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | |
| Regulated by |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | sd |
| ISO 639-1 | snd |
| ISO 639-3 | snd |
| Glottolog | sind1272[3] |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-f |
 The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census | |
Sindhi (/ˈsɪndi/ SIN-dee;[4] Sindhi: Template:Naskh (Perso-Arabic) or [[[:Template:Script/Devanagari]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help) (Devanagari), sd)[lower-alpha 2] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by more than 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status, as well as by 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language without state-level official status. Sindhi is primarily written in the Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan, while in India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used.
Sindhi is a Northwestern Indo-Aryan language, and thus related to, but not mutually intelligible with, Saraiki and Punjabi. Sindhi has several regional dialects.
The earliest written evidence of modern Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 AD.[5] Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 AD. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.
Sindhi is an inflected language, with five cases for noun, three for personal pronoun, four for third-person pronoun; eleven case markers; two genders (masculine, feminine); and two numbers (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its high-register speech is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from English; and to a lesser extent from Portuguese and French. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Saraiki, Punjabi, Balochi, Brahui, Gujarati, and Marwari.[6]
Sindhi has a number of dialects and an established standard form, referred to as Standard Sindhi, which is based on the dialect of Hyderabad and surrounding areas of central Sindh. The primary regulatory agency for the development and promotion of the language is the Sindhi Language Authority, an autonomous institution of the government of Sindh.[7]
History
Origins
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.[8] In the Bronze Age (c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE), the primary language of this region was likely the Harappan language, but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the Indo-Aryan languages.[9]
Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh)[10][11] but later work has shown this to be unclear.[12]
The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are:
- Development of implosives from geminate and initial stops (e.g. g-, -gg > ɠ); this is a highly distinctive sound change in NIA[13]
- Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA akkhi > Sindhi akhi "eye")[14]
- Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA danta > Sindhi ɗ̣andu "tooth")[14][15]
- Debuccalization of intervocalic -s- > -h- (shared with Saraiki and some Punjabi varieties)[16]
- Intervocalic -l- > -r- (likely via intermediate retroflex -ḷ-), -ll- > -l-,[17] -ḍ- > -ṛ-
- Fronting of r from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA dīrgha > Sindhi ḍrigho "long")[13]
Additionally, the following retentions distinguish Sindhi from other New Indo-Aryan languages:
- Retention of MIA -ṇ-[17]
- Retention of final short vowels -a, -i, -u,[18] but also insertion of these into loanwords[19]
- Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. Prakrit)[14]
- Retention of stop + r clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. tr- > ṭr-[20][21]
- Retention of v-[22]
Early Sindhi (–16th century)
Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.[5] Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati; at this point in time, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn).[23][24]
Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot.[25]
The language of Sind is different than that of India. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them.
— al-Masudi (c. 896–956 CE), The Meadows of Gold
The language of Mansúra, Multán, and those parts is Arabic and Sindian. In Makrán they use Persian and Makranic.
— Ibn Hawqal, Surat Al-Ard (977 CE)
Additionally, the Korean Buddhist monk Hyech'o mentions the unique language of Sindh in his travelogue:
From Takka I walked towards the West for another month and arrived at the country of Sindhukula. The dress, customs, climate, and temperature are similar to north India, although the language is slightly different.
— Hyech'o, Wang och'ŏnch'ukkuk chŏn (c. 723–728 CE)[26]
Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)
Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The format of this poetry is the bayt, indicating significant influence from Arabic and Persian. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.[23]
Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.[27]
The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.[23]
The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.[28]
British India (1843–1947)
In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.[29] In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.
The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.[27]
Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)
The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.[30]
The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.[31]
Geographical distribution
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh[32][2] and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.[33] Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.[34][35][36][37]
Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the Sindhi diaspora, particularly in Malaysia, Oman, Singapore, UAE, USA and UK.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 34.40 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2023 census. 33.46 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 60% of the total population of the province.[38] There are 0.55 million speakers in the province of Balochistan, especially in the Kacchi Plain.
| State | Population |
|---|---|
 Pakistan
|
34,401,564 |
| Template:Country data Sindh [[Template:Country data Sindh|Template:Country data Sindh]] | 33,462,299 |
| Template:Country data Balochistan [[Template:Country data Balochistan|Template:Country data Balochistan]] | 555,198 |
| Template:Country data Punjab [[Template:Country data Punjab|Template:Country data Punjab]] | 352,686 |
| Template:Country data Islamabad [[Template:Country data Islamabad|Template:Country data Islamabad]] | 21,362 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". [[Template:Country data Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Template:Country data Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | 10,019 |
The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.[39] According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.[40] Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.[41] Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.[42]
At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah, passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level[43] and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language[44][45][46] of Pakistan.
There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.
India
The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.[47] In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states:
| State | Population |
|---|---|
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". India | 2,772,264 |
| Gujarat | 1,184,024 |
| Maharashtra | 723,748 |
| Rajasthan | 386,569 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 245,161 |
| Chhattisgarh | 93,424 |
| Delhi (NCT) | 31,177 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 28,952 |
| Assam | 19,646 |
| Karnataka | 16,954 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 11,299 |
| Tamil Nadu | 8,448 |
| West Bengal | 7,828 |
| Uttarakhand | 2,863 |
| Odisha | 2,338 |
| Bihar | 2,227 |
| Jharkhand | 1,701 |
| Haryana | 1,658 |
| Kerala | 1,251 |
| Punjab | 754 |
| Goa | 656 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 894 |
| Meghalaya | 236 |
| Chandigarh | 134 |
| Puducherry | 94 |
| Nagaland | 82 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 62 |
| Tripura | 30 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 19 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 14 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 12 |
| Lakshadweep | 7 |
| Sikkim | 2 |
Sindhi diaspora
In Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to English as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with Malay and Indonesian.[49][50][51][52] Similar shift to English is found in the smaller Hong Kong Sindhi community.[53]
Sindhi speakers by country
| Country | Population |
|---|---|
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Pakistan[38] | 34,401,564 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". India[48] | 2,772,264 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". United Arab Emirates[54] | 102,000 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". United States[55] | 6,299 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Canada[56] | 5,315 |
| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Singapore[57] | 3,971 |
Dialects
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Punjabi to the north and Gujarati to the south, but not with Marwari to the east.[6] Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:[58][59][60][6][61]
- Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicholo region), on which the literary standard is based.
- Uttaradi: The dialect of northern Sindh (Uttaru, meaning "north"), with minor differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.[62]
- Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi, Thatta, Sujawal, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin districts.
- Siroli (also Siraiki, Ubheji): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (Siro, meaning "head").Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in Jacobabad and Kashmore districts, it may be transitional with the Saraiki language of South PunjabLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.[63]
- Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
- Firaqi: The dialect of the Kachhi plains the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.[64][65]
- Thareli (also Tharechi): Spoken in the northeastern Thar desert of Sindh, but mainly spoken in the western part of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India by many Sindhi Muslims.[66][67]
- Sindhi Bhili: Spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi Meghwars and Bhils.[68][69][70]
Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.
| English | Vicholi | Lari | Uttaradi | Lasi | Kutchi[72] | Dhatki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Aao(n) | Aao(n) | Mā(n) | Ã | Aau(n) | Hu(n) |
| My | Muhnjo | Mujo | Mānjo/Māhjo | Mojo/Mājo | Mujo | Mānjo/Māhyo |
| You "Sin, plu" (formal) | Awha(n)/Awhee(n)
Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) |
Aa(n)/Aei(n) | Taha(n)/Taa(n)/
Tahee(n)/Taee(n) |
Awa(n)/Ai(n) | Aa(n)/Ai(n) | Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween |
| To me | Mukhe | Muke | Mānkhe | Mukh | Muke | Mina |
| We | Asee(n) | Asee(n), Pān | Asā(n) | Asee(n) | Asee(n), Pān | Asee(n), Asā(n) |
| What | Chha/Kahirō | Kujjāro/Kujja | Chha/Shha | Chho | Kuro | Kee |
| Why | Chho | Ko | Chho/Shho | Chhela | Kolāi/Kurelāe | Kayla |
| How | Kiya(n) | Kei(n) | Kiya(n) | Kee(n) | Kiya(n) | |
| No | Na, Kōna, Kōn | Nā(n), Kīna | Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān | Nā(n), Ma | Nā | Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma |
| Legs (plural, fem) | Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n) | Tangu(n), Jjangu(n) | Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n) | |||
| Foot | Pair | Pair/Pagg/Pagulo | Pair | Pair | Pag | Pagg, Pair |
| Far | Pare | Ddoor | Pare/Parte | Ddor | Chhete | Ddor |
| Near | Vejhō | Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore | Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte | Ōddō | Wat, bājūme | Nerro |
| Good/Excellent | Sutho, Chaṅō | Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko | Sutho, Bhalo, Chango | Khāsho | Khāso, Laat | Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko |
| High | Utāho | Ucho | Mathe | Ucho | Ucho | Uncho |
| Silver | Rupo | Chādi/Rupo | Chāndi | Rupo | Rupo | |
| Father | Piu | Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada | Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n) | Pe | Pe, Bapa, Ada | |
| Wife | Joe/Gharwāri | Joe/Wani/Kuwār | Zaal/Gharwāri | Zaal | Vahu/Vau | Ddosi, Luggai |
| Man | Mardu | Māņu/Mārū/Mard
/Murs/Musālu |
Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi
/Kāko/Hamra |
Mānhu | Māḍū/Mārū | Mārū |
| Woman | Aurat | Zāla/ōrat/ōlath | Māi/Ran | Zāla | Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī | |
| Child/Baby | Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak | Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/
Bacho/Kako |
Bbār/Bacho/Adro/
Phar (animal) |
Gabhar | Bār/Gabhar/Chokro | |
| Daughter | Dhiu/Niyāni | Dia/Niyāni/Kañā | Dhee/Adri | Dhia | Dhi/Dhikri | Dikri |
| Sun | Siju | Sij, Sūrij | Sijhu | Siju | Sūraj | Sūraj |
| Sunlight | Kārro | Oosa | Tarko | |||
| Cat | Billi | Bili/Pusani | Billi | Phushini | Minni | |
| Rain | Barsāt/Mee(n)h
/Bārish |
Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n) | Barsāt/Mee(n)hu | Varsāt | Meh, Maiwla | |
| And | Aēi(n) | Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē | Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen | Ãē/Or | Nē/Anē | A'e(n)/Ān |
| Also | Pin/Bhi | Pin, Bee | Bu/Pun | Pin/Pan | ||
| Is | Āhe | Āye | Aa/Āhe/Hai | Āhe/Āye | Āye | Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai |
| Fire | Bāhe | Bāē/āgg/jjērō | Bāhe/Bāh | Jjērō | Jirō/lagāņō/āg | |
| Water | Pāņī | Pāņī/Jal | Pāņī | Pāņī | Pāņī/Jal | Pāņī |
| Where | Kithē | Kithē | Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē | Kith | Kidhē/Kidhā | Kith |
| Sleep | Nindr(a) | Nind(a) | Nindr(a) | Nind | Ninder | Oongh |
| Slap | Thaparr/Chammāt | Tārr | Chamātu/Chapātu/
Lapātu/Thapu |
Thapaat | ||
| To Wash | Dhoain(u) | Dhun(u) | Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/
Dhowan(u) |
Dhowan | Dhuwan(u)/
Dhoon(u) | |
| Will write (Masc) | Likhandum, Likhandus | Likhados | Likhdum, Likhdus | Likhdosī | likhdos (m) / likhdis (f) | Likhsā(n) |
| I Went | Aao(n) Vius | Aao(n) Vēs | Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f) | Ã viosī | Aau vyos (m) / veyis (f) | Hu Gios |
Phonology
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.[73] Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels.[74] The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.[75] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ alveolar |
Retroflex | (Alveolo-) Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | plain | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | |||||||
| breathy | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
plain | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | ||
| breathy | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | |||
| Implosive | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | |||||||||
| Fricative | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||
| Approximant | plain | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | |||||||||
| breathy | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||||||||
| Rhotic | plain | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||||||
| breathy | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||||||||
The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal.[77] /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | |
| Near-close | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | |
| Close-mid | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | |
| Mid | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | ||
| Open-mid | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | |
| Open | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'.
Grammar
Nouns
Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to Punjabi. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.
The different paradigms are listed below with examples.[78] The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ (Template:Gcl) and -i (Template:Gcl).
A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāu "brother", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari pīu "father", and the feminine nouns Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīa "daughter", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bheṇa "sister", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari māu "mother", and Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari' joi "wife".[78]
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Gloss | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | ||
| Template:Gcl | Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāu |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāuru / bhāura |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāura / bhāuro |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāurani / bhāuni |
brother | ||
| Template:Gcl | Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīa / dhīu |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīaru / dhīarū̃ / dhīū̃ |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīaruni / dhīuni |
daughter | |||
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | |||
| Template:Gcl | مَان / آئُون Template:Script/Devanagari / Template:Script/Devanagari mā̃ / āū̃ |
تُون Template:Script/Devanagari tū̃ |
اَسِين Template:Script/Devanagari asī̃ |
تَوِھِين Template:Script/Devanagari tavhī̃ | ||
| Template:Gcl | مُون Template:Script/Devanagari mū̃ |
تو Template:Script/Devanagari to |
اَسَان Template:Script/Devanagari asā̃ |
تَوِھَان Template:Script/Devanagari tavhā̃ | ||
| Template:Gcl | مُنھِنجو Template:Script/Devanagari mũhinjo |
تُنھِنجو Template:Script/Devanagari tũhinjo |
N/A | |||
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو Template:Script/Devanagari jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[79]
The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو Template:Script/Devanagari ko "someone" are ھَرڪو Template:Script/Devanagari har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو Template:Script/Devanagari sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو Template:Script/Devanagari je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو Template:Script/Devanagari te-ko "that one" (correlative).Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Numerals
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postpositions
Most nominal relations (e.g. the semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". khe.[80]
The postpositions are divided into case markers, which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions, which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". jo).
Case markers
The case markers are listed below.[80]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [399]
The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother".
| Case | Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | — | ڇوڪِرو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokiro |
the boy |
| Accusative Dative |
کي Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". khe |
ڇوڪِري کي Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire khe |
the boy to the boy |
| Genitive | جو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". j-o |
ڇوڪِري جو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire jo |
of the boy |
| سَندو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". sand-o |
ڇوڪِري سَندو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire sando | ||
| Sociative | سُڌو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". sudh-o |
ڇوڪِري سُڌو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire sudho |
along with the boy |
| Comitative Instrumental |
سَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". sā̃ |
ڇوڪِري سَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire sā̃ |
with the boy |
| سَاڻُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". sāṇu |
ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire sāṇu | ||
| Locative | ۾ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". mẽ |
ڇوڪِري ۾ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire mẽ |
in the boy |
| مَنجِهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". manjhi |
ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire manjhi | ||
| Adessive | تي Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". te |
ڇوڪِري تي Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire te |
on the boy |
| وَٽِ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". vaṭi |
ڇوڪِري وَٽِ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire vaṭi |
near the boy the boy has... | |
| Orientative | ڏَانھَن Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ḍā̃hã |
ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire ḍā̃hã |
towards the boy |
| Terminative | تَائيِن Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". tāī̃ |
ڇوڪِري تَائيِن Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire tāī̃ |
up to the boy |
| Benefactive | لاءِ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". lāi |
ڇوڪِري لاءِ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire lāi |
for the boy |
| Semblative | وَانگُرُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". vānguru |
ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire vānguru |
like the boy |
| جَھْڙو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". jahṛ-o |
ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire jahṛo |
There are several ablative case markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending -ā̃. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".[80]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [400]
| Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| کَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". khā̃ |
ڇوڪِري کَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire khā̃ |
from the boy |
| مَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". mā̃ |
ڇوڪِري مَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire mā̃ |
from inside the boy |
| تَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". tā̃ |
ڇوڪِري تَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire tā̃ |
from upon the boy |
| ڏَانھَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ḍā̃hā̃ |
ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire ḍā̃hā̃ |
from the direction of the boy |
Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.
| Case | Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accusative Adessive |
ڪَني Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". kane |
ڇوڪِري ڪَني Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". chokire kane |
to/near the boy |
Complex postpositions
The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.[80]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [405]
| سِنڌِي | Template:Script/Devanagari | Transliteration | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| جي اَڳيَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je aɠyā̃ | "ahead of, before"; apudessive |
| جي اَندَرِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je andari | "inside of"; inessive |
| جي بَدِرَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je badirā̃ | "instead of, in place of" |
| جي بَرَابَر | Template:Script/Devanagari | je barābar | "equal to" |
| جي ٻَاھَرَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je ɓāharā̃ | "outside of" |
| کَان ٻَاھَرِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | khā̃ ɓāhari | |
| جي باري ۾ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je bāre mẽ | "about, concerning" |
| جي چَوڌَارِي | Template:Script/Devanagari | je caudhārī | "around" |
| جي ھيٺَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je heṭhā̃ | "below, under" |
| جي ڪَري | Template:Script/Devanagari | je kare | "for, on account of" |
| جي لَاءِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je lāi | "for" |
| جي مَٿَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je mathā̃ | "above, on top of, upon" |
| کَان پَري | Template:Script/Devanagari | khā̃ pare | "far from" |
| جي پَارِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je pāri | "across, on the other side of" |
| جي پَاسي | Template:Script/Devanagari | je pāse | "on the side of, near" |
| کَان پوءِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | khā̃ poi | "after" |
| جي پُٺيَان | Template:Script/Devanagari | je puṭhyā̃ | "behind" |
| جي سَامهون | Template:Script/Devanagari | je sāmhõ | "in front of, facing" |
| کَان سِوَاءِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | khā̃ sivāi | "besides, apart from" |
| جي وَاسطي | Template:Script/Devanagari | je vāste | "for the sake of, on account of" |
| جي ويجهو | Template:Script/Devanagari | je vejho | "near"; adessive |
| جي وِچِ ۾ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je vici mẽ | "between, among" |
| جي خَاطِرِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je xātiri | "for the sake of" |
| جي خِلَافِ | Template:Script/Devanagari | je xilāfi | "against" |
| جي ذَرِيعي | Template:Script/Devanagari | je zarī'e | "via, through"; perlative |
Vocabulary
According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by Urdu , with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi{{Citation needed|date=June 2023} tsam]] Sanskrit elements.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Writing systems
Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, Khojki, and Gurmukhi.[81] Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.[82]
The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.[31] Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[83] During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Perso-Arabic script
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". During the British Raj, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are ligatures serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the ۽, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and represents and, and the ۾, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and it creates a locative relationship between words.
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
ا Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ب Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ٻ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڀ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ت Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ٿ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
ٽ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ٺ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ث Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
پ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ج Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڄ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
جهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڃ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
چ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڇ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ح Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
خ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
د Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڌ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڏ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڊ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڍ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ذ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
ر Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڙ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڙهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ز Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ژ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
س Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
ش Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ص Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ض Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ط Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ظ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ع Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
غ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ف Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڦ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ق Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڪ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ک Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
گ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڳ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
گهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڱ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ل Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
لهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
مـ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
مهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ن Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
نهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڻ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ڻهہ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
و Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ھ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
هـ ه Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ـہ ہ [ə]/[əʰ]/[∅] |
ء Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
ي Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"./Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] |
۽ [ãĩ̯] |
۾ [mẽ] |
The orthography of the letter hāʾ in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in Arabic and Persian, there exists one single letter for hāʾ, in Urdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cašmi he ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ", and can impart the "h" (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (/ɑː/ or /eː/) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (ھ), in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.
For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter hāʾ is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (/ə/ or /əʰ/) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of hāʾ across these languages for which Unicode characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.[84][85]
| Unicode | Letter or Digraphs | IPA | Note | Examples | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | ||||
| U+06BE | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | ھ | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | دوھَ⹁ ھُو⹁ مھينن⹁ ويھُ | |
| U+0647 | ـه | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Used for borrowed words | وحدهُ لا⹁ والله | |||
| U+062C + U+0647 |
ـجهہ | ـجهـ | جهـ | جهہ | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ (U+06C1) is added | ٻاجَهہ⹁ اُجِهي⹁ منجهان⹁ ڪُجهہ |
| U+06AF + U+0647 |
ـگهہ | ـگهـ | گهـ | گهہ | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | گهہ⹁ گهوٽُ⹁ گهڻگُهرون⹁ سگهہ | |
| U+0647 | ـهہ | ـهـ | - | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ (U+06C1) is added | ٻنهي⹁ ٿالهہ | |
| U+06C1 | ـہ | - | ہ | [ə] / [əʰ] / [∅] | نہ | ||
The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Namely, instead of using the typical inverted comma (، [U+060C]) common in these mentioned alphabet, a reversed comma (⹁ [U+2E41]) is used, although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.[86]
| Full Stop | Comma | Semicolon | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sindhi | . | ⹁ | ⁏ |
| Urdu | ۔ | ، | ؛ |
| Persian/Arabic | . |
Devanagari script
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[87] A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.[88] Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.[1] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.
Laṇḍā scripts
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.
Khudabadi
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.
The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.[89]
| 17px | 21px | 15px | 22px | 14px | 13px | 16px | 16px | 16px | 16px |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ə | a | ɪ | i | ʊ | uː | e | ɛ | o | ɔ |
| 15px | 12px | 15px | 14px | 14px | 14px | ||||
| k | kʰ | ɡ | ɠ | ɡʱ | ŋ | ||||
| 14px | 15px | 13px | 20px | 14px | 12px | ||||
| c | cʰ | ɟ | ʄ | ɟʱ | ɲ | ||||
| 13px | 13px | 13px | 13px | 13px | 13px | 13px | |||
| ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɗ | ɽ | ṛ | ɳ | |||
| 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||
| t | tʰ | d | dʱ | n | |||||
| 14px | 14px | 20px | 17px | 20px | 13px | ||||
| p | pʰ | f | b | ɓ | bʱ | m | |||
| 16px | 10px | 15px | 14px | ||||||
| j | r | l | ʋ | ||||||
| 17px | 14px | 14px | |||||||
| ʂ | s | h | |||||||
Khojki
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.[87][90]
Gurmukhi
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.[89][87]
Roman Sindhi
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.[91][92]
Advocacy
In 1972, a bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first provincial language in Pakistan to have its own official status.
- Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
- All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.
Software
By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.[93] In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.[94][95] Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by Google Translate.[96][97] Which was followed by Microsoft Translator strengthening support in May of same year.[98][99]
In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.
See also
- 1972 Sindhi Language Bill
- Institute of Sindhology
- Sindhi Transliteration
- Languages of India
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages with official status in India
- List of Sindhi-language films
- Provincial languages of Pakistan
- Sindhi literature
- Sindhi poetry
Notes
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Iyengar, Arvind; Parchani, Sundri (2021). "Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India". Journal of Sindhi Studies 1: 1–32. doi:10.1163/26670925-bja10002. ISSN 2667-0925.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Sindhi Language". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Sindhi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sind1272.
- ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cole, J. (2006). "Sindhi". in Brown, Keith. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 384–387. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Template:Linguistic Survey of India
- ↑ Official site, Official Site (26 December 2018). "Present Chairman of Sindhi Language Authority". http://sl.sindhila.org/en/lets-learn-sindhi/21-sindhila/about-sindhi/175-present-chairman.
- ↑ "Sindhi". The Languages Gulper. http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html.
- ↑ Cole, Jennifer. "The Sindhi language". http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf.
- ↑ Grierson, G. A. (1913). "Apabhramsa According to Markandeya and "Dhakki" Prakrit". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 875–883. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189069. Retrieved 3 June 2025.
- ↑ Grierson, G. A. (1902). "Vrācaḍa and Sindhī". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 47–48. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208372. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
- ↑ Wadhwani, Y. K. (1981). "The Origin of the Sindhi Language". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 40: 192–201. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Masica (1999), p. 209.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Masica (1999), p. 198.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 203.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 194.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Masica (1999), p. 193.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 196.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 197.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 201.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 210.
- ↑ Masica (1999), p. 202.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Christopher Shackle, Sindhi literature at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ "Sacred Literature-Ginans". Heritage Society. http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view.
- ↑ Elliot, Henry Miers (1867–1877). Dawson, John. ed. The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians. London. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955.
- ↑ Ch'o, Hye; Ch'ao, Hui; Yang, Han-sŭng (1984) (in en). The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 45. ISBN 978-0-89581-024-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C&pg=PA50. Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Schimmel, Annemarie (1971). "Sindhi Literature". Mahfil 7 (1/2): 71–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414.
- ↑ "The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network". http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391.
- ↑ Memon, Naseer (April 13, 2014). "The language link". The News on Sunday. http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ.
- ↑ Levesque, Julien (2021). "Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh"". Journal of Sindhi Studies 1 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1163/26670925-bja10001.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Sindhi language | Britannica". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language.
- ↑ Majeed, Gulshan. "Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan". Journal of Political Studies. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf.
- ↑ "Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution". Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs. http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution.
- ↑ Language and Politics in Pakistan. The Sindhi Language Movement. https://www.academia.edu/7588035. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ↑ "The Imposition Of Urdu". NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS. September 10, 2015. http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu.
- ↑ "Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc". http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf.
- ↑ "The Sindhi Language Movement". http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban, Census–2023". Pakistan Bureau Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf.
- ↑ Samar, Azeem (13 March 2019). "PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools" (in en). https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools.
- ↑ PakistanToday (25 September 2018). "Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province | Pakistan Today" (in en-GB). https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/.
- ↑ "Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject" (in en). 2018-09-25. https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751.
- ↑ "Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject" (in en). 2018-09-24. http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/1556672.
- ↑ "Call for using local languages at primary level" (in en). 2023-02-20. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402116/call-for-using-local-languages-at-primary-level.
- ↑ "Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language" (in en). 2023-02-21. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language.
- ↑ Siddiqui, Tahir (2023-02-22). "Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443.
- ↑ "Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi" (in en). https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/.
- ↑ "National Committee for Linguistic Minorities". http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011". https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191.
- ↑ Khemlani-David, Maya (1998). "Language shift, cultural maintenance, and ethnic identity; a study of a minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (130). doi:10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67/html. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
- ↑ Khemlani-David, Maya (1999). "Language shift amongst the Sindhis of Malaysia". South Pacific Journal of Psychology 10 (1).
- ↑ Khemlani-David, Maya (2000). "The Sindhis of Singapore–Language Maintenance or Language Shift?". Migracijske i etničke teme 16 (3). https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/159556. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
- ↑ Cook, Matthew A.; Khemlani-David, Maya (2020). "Language Shift and Identity Reproduction among Diaspora Sindhis in India and Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies 55 (3): 734–763. doi:10.1017/S0026749X20000013. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/language-shift-and-identity-reproduction-among-diaspora-sindhis-in-india-and-southeast-asia/678711394095029BE7AC10943ADA6946. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
- ↑ Lock, Graham; Detaramani, Champa (2006). "Being Indian in post-colonial Hong Kong: Models of ethnicity, culture and language among Sindhis and Sikhs in Hong Kong". Asian Ethnicity 7 (3): 267–284. doi:10.1080/14631360600926972. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14631360600926972#page=12.27. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
- ↑ Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2022. https://www.ethnologue.com.
- ↑ "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2017-2021". Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/language-use/2017-2021-lang-tables.html.
- ↑ Heritage, Canadian (2024-02-07). "Statistics on official languages in Canada". https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-languages-bilingualism/publications/statistics.html.
- ↑ Singapore Department of Statistics (2011). Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion. Singapore Department of Statistics. ISBN 978-981-08-7808-5. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
- ↑ Sindhi language at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ↑ Austin, Peter; Austin, Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K. (2008) (in en). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520255609. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC.
- ↑ Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997) (in en). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126003655. https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC.
- ↑ (in en) Gazetteer of the Province of Sind. Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press. 1907. pp. 188–519. https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe.
- ↑ "Uttaradi". 1919. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up.
- ↑ Rahman, Tariq (1995). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems & Language Planning 19 (1): 3. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah.
- ↑ "Fraki Sindhi". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034. "Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki."
- ↑ "Firaqi Sindhi". 2016-11-30. https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/.
- ↑ "Linguistic Survey of India". https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up.
- ↑ One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9. http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse.
- ↑ "Sindhi bhil language". https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3.
- ↑ "Sindhi Bhil". https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734.
- ↑ "Sindhi bhil". https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/.
- ↑ "Linguistic Survey of India". p. 214. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/229/mode/1up.
- ↑ "The Sweet Language of Kutch" (in en). 2022-11-13. https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/news/the-language-of-kutch.
- ↑ "Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo". https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/.
- ↑ Raza, Sarfraz; Zahid, Agha Furrukh; Raza, Usman. "Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives". https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf.
- ↑ Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Nihalani, Paroo (December 1, 1995). "Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005235.
- ↑ The IPA Handbook uses the symbols c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of [t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ] and further remarks that "/ʄ/ is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ "Structure of Sindhi Language". India Mysore. April 21, 2024. http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Trumpp, Ernest (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi language. London: Trübner and Co.. https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum.
- ↑ Nair, Manoj R. (2018-07-30). "The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis" (in en). https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html.
- ↑ "Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization.". Dec 7, 2020. https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation.
- ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html.
- ↑ Kamal Mansour (2023), Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text, L2-23/17 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
- ↑ Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
- ↑ https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/sd.html
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 "Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646". ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2010-09-10. https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3871.pdf.
- ↑ "UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile". http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201.
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Sindhi Language: Script". http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html.
- ↑ "Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646". ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2011-01-28. https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf.
- ↑ "Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc". http://www.romanizedsindhi.org/.
- ↑ "CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE". http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html.
- ↑ Ismaili, Imdad Ali (2011). "Design & Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language" (in en). Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257947564.
- ↑ "Google Translate now speaks Sindhi, Pashto" (in en). https://india.googleblog.com/2016/02/google-translate-now-speaks-sindhi.html.
- ↑ ANI (2016-02-18). "Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/google-adds-sindhi-to-its-translate-language-options-116021800706_1.html.
- ↑ "Google Translate brings offline support for Oriya, Sindhi and 31 other languages". The Times of India. 2023-01-16. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-translate-brings-offline-support-for-oriya-sindhi-and-31-other-languages/articleshow/97031560.cms.
- ↑ Ghazi, Zain (2023-01-18). "Google Translate Sindhi Offline" (in en-US). https://pakistanijournal.com/google-translate-rolls-out-support-for-33-new-offline-languages-including-sindhi/.
- ↑ Stories, Microsoft (2023-05-19). "Microsoft Translator adds four new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala" (in en-IN). https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-translator-adds-four-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/.
- ↑ Team, C. R. N. (2023-05-18). "Microsoft Translator adds 4 new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala" (in en-US). https://www.crn.in/news/microsoft-translator-adds-4-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/.
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Sources
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- Bughio, M. Qasim (January–June 2006). Maniscalco, Fabio Maniscalco. ed. "The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh". Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony 1. http://www.webjournal.unior.it.
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- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
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- Trumpp, Ernest (1872) (in en). Grammar of the Sindhi Language. London: Trübner and Co. ISBN 81-206-0100-9. https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum.
- Chopra, R. M (2013). "Persian in Sindh" (in en). The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House. OCLC 909254259.
External links
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