View source for Social:Ugaritic

{{short description|Extinct Northwest Semitic language}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the Ugric languages.}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ugaritic
| states = Ugarit
| extinct = 12th century BC
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = Semitic
| fam3 = [[Social:West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
| fam4 = Central Semitic
| fam5 = Northwest Semitic
| fam6 = [[Social:Amorite language|Amorite]]?
| script = [[Social:Ugaritic alphabet|Ugaritic alphabet]]
| iso2 = uga
| iso3 = uga
| glotto = ugar1238
| glottorefname = Ugaritic
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Ugaritic'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendsburg |first=Gary A. |date=1987 |title=Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies |url=https://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society}}</ref><ref>Rendsburg, Gary A. “Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies”. In: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 107, no. 4 (1987): 623–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/603304.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|j|uː|g|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|t|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|uː|-}}<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Ugaritic}}</ref>) is an extinct Northwest Semitic language, classified by some as a [[Social:Dialect|dialect]] of the [[Social:Amorite language|Amorite language]]. It is known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French [[Earth:Archaeology|archaeologists]] in 1929 at Ugarit,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Wilfred G. E.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Nicolas|title=Handbook of Ugaritic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA91|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10988-9|page=91}}</ref><ref>Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group {{cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC&pg=PA50|year=2001|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0815-4|page=50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|date=2008-04-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139469340|page=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goetze|first=Albrecht|date=1941|title=Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?|journal=Language|volume=17|issue=2|pages=127–138|doi=10.2307/409619|jstor=409619}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaktTQ8vq28C|title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|date=2007-06-30|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=9781575061092|page=49|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schniedewind|first1=William|author-link1=William Schniedewind|last2=Hunt|first2=Joel H. |author-link2=Joel H. Hunt|title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC&pg=PA20|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46698-1|page=20}}</ref><ref name=solve>{{cite journal|last1=Greenstein|first1=Edward L.|title=Texts from Ugarit Solve Biblical Puzzles|journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|date=November 2010|volume=36|issue=6|pages=48–53, 70|url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/36/6/5|access-date=16 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> including several major literary texts, notably the Baal cycle. It has been used by scholars of the [[Religion:Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Bible]] to clarify [[Social:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]] texts and has revealed ways in which the cultures of ancient Israel and Judah found parallels in the neighboring cultures.<ref name=solve /><ref name="EHLL 2013">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ford |author-first=J. N. |year=2013 |title=Ugaritic and Biblical Hebrew |editor1-last=Khan |editor1-first=Geoffrey |editor1-link=Geoffrey Khan |editor2-last=Bolozky |editor2-first=Shmuel |editor3-last=Fassberg |editor3-first=Steven |editor4-last=Rendsburg |editor4-first=Gary A. |editor4-link=Gary A. Rendsburg |editor5-last=Rubin |editor5-first=Aaron D. |editor5-link=Aaron D. Rubin |editor6-last=Schwarzwald |editor6-first=Ora R. |editor7-last=Zewi |editor7-first=Tamar |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=[[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000287 |isbn=978-90-04-17642-3}}</ref>

Ugaritic has been called "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the [[Social:Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyphs]] and Mesopotamian cuneiform".<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Cyrus H.|title=The Ancient Near East|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord|url-access=registration|year=1965|publisher=Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast00gord/page/99 99]}}</ref>

==Corpus==
The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. The city of Ugarit was destroyed roughly 1190 BC.<ref name="Huehnergard2012">{{cite book|last1=Huehnergard|first1=John|title=An Introduction to Ugaritic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfHQx5FUZW8C|year=2012|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1-59856-820-2|page=1}}</ref>

Literary texts discovered at Ugarit include the ''Legend of Keret'', the legends of Danel, the ''Myth of Baal-Aliyan'', and the ''Death of Baal''. The latter two are also known collectively as the ''Baal Cycle''. All reveal aspects of ancient Northwest Semitic religion.

Edward Greenstein has proposed that Ugaritic texts might help solve [[Religion:Bible|biblical]] puzzles such as the [[Anachronism|anachronism]] of Ezekiel mentioning Daniel in {{bibleverse|Ezekiel|14:13–16|KJV}}.<ref name=solve />

==Writing system==
{{Main|Social:Ugaritic alphabet}}
[[Image:22 alphabet.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Clay tablet of Ugaritic alphabet]]
[[Image:Ugaritic Chart of Letters.svg|right|thumb|250px|Table of Ugaritic alphabet]]
The [[Social:Ugaritic alphabet|Ugaritic alphabet]] is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel.

Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic scripts such as the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]], [[Social:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]], and [[Social:Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic alphabet]]s (including the [[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew alphabet]]). The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet" has 22. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the [[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], Greek, and Latin alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the Ge'ez script. The script was written from left to right.

==Phonology==
Ugaritic had 28 consonantal [[Social:Phoneme|phoneme]]s (including two semivowels) and eight vowel phonemes (three short vowels and five long vowels): ''a ā i ī u ū ē ō''. The phonemes ''ē'' and ''ō'' occur only as long vowels and are the result of monophthongization of the diphthongs ''аy'' and ''aw'', respectively.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Ugaritic consonantal phonemes{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
|-
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2| Labial
!rowspan=2| Interdental
!colspan=2| Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan=2| Palatal
!rowspan=2| Velar
!rowspan=2| Uvular
!rowspan=2| Pharyngeal
!rowspan=2| Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>emphatic</small>
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| || || || || ||
|-
!rowspan=2| Stop
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPA|tˤ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|q}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| ||
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| || ||
|-
!rowspan=2| Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|θ}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPA|sˤ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|colspan=2| {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|ħ}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ð}}
| {{IPAlink|z}}
| {{IPA|ðˤ}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʒ}}){{r|footnote1|group=decimal}}
|colspan=2| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}{{r|footnote2|group=decimal}}
| {{IPAlink|ʕ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| ||
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Trill
| ||
| {{IPAlink|r}}
| || || || || ||
|}
{{reflist |group=decimal |refs=
<ref name=footnote1>The voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] occurs as a late variant of the voiced interdental fricative /ð/.</ref>
<ref name=footnote2>The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, while an independent phoneme at all periods, also occurs as a late variant of the emphatic voiced interdental /ðˤ/.</ref>
}}

The following table shows Proto-Semitic phonemes and their correspondences among Ugaritic, [[Social:Classical Arabic|Classical Arabic]] and [[Social:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian Hebrew]]:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! ! style="width:18%;"| Proto-Semitic
! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| Ugaritic
! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Classical Arabic|Classical Arabic]]
! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian Hebrew]]
! ! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Old Aramaic language#Imperial Aramaic|Imperial Aramaic]]
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|b}} {{IPA|[b]}}
| 𐎁 || {{Transliteration|sem|b}}
| ب || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|b}} {{IPA|[b]}}
| ב || {{Transliteration|sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}}
| ב || {{Transliteration|sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|p}} {{IPA|[p]}}
| 𐎔 || {{Transliteration|sem|p}}
| ف || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|f}} {{IPA|[f]}}
| פ || {{Transliteration|sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}}
| פ || {{Transliteration|sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}
| 𐎏 || {{Transliteration|sem|d}};<br />sometimes {{Transliteration|sem|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}
| ذ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}
| ז || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}
| ד (older ז) || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}
| 𐎘 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}
| ث || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}}
| שׁ || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| ת || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ṱ}} {{IPA|[θʼ]}}
| 𐎑 || {{Transliteration|sem|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}};<br />sporadically {{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
| ظ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}
| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| ט || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|d}} {{IPA|[d]}}
| 𐎄 || {{Transliteration|sem|d}}
| د || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|d}} {{IPA|[d]}}
| ד || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}
| ד || {{Transliteration|sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|t}} {{IPA|[t]}}
| 𐎚 || {{Transliteration|sem|t}}
| ت || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|t}} {{IPA|[t]}}
| ת || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}
| ת || {{Transliteration|sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tʼ]}}
| 𐎉 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
| ط || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
| ט || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
| ט || {{Transliteration|sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[s]}}
| 𐎌 || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| س || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}
| שׁ || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| שׁ || {{Transliteration|sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[dz]}}
| 𐎇 || {{Transliteration|sem|z}}
| ز || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}
| ז || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}
| ז || {{Transliteration|sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[ts]}}
| 𐎒 || {{Transliteration|sem|s}}
| س || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}
| ס || {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}
| ס || {{Transliteration|sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[tsʼ]}}
| 𐎕 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| ص || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
| 𐎍 || {{Transliteration|sem|l}}
| ل || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
| ל || {{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
| ל || {{Transliteration|sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ś}} {{IPA|[ɬ]}}
| 𐎌 || {{Transliteration|sem|š}}
| ش || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| שׂ || {{Transliteration|sem|ś}} {{IPA|[ɬ]→[s]}}
| שׂ/ס || {{Transliteration|sem|s/ś}} {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ́}} {{IPA|[(t)ɬʼ]}}
| 𐎕 || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| ض || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḍ}} {{IPA|[ɮˤ]→[dˤ]}}
| צ || {{Transliteration|sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| ע (older ק) || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|g}} {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| 𐎂 || {{Transliteration|sem|g}}
| ج || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ǧ}} {{IPA|[ɡʲ]→[dʒ]}}
| ג || {{Transliteration|sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}}
| ג || {{Transliteration|sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|k}} {{IPA|[k]}}
| 𐎋 || {{Transliteration|sem|k}}
| ك || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|k}} {{IPA|[k]}}
| כ || {{Transliteration|sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}}
| כ || {{Transliteration|sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[kʼ]}}
| 𐎖 || {{Transliteration|sem|q}}
| ق || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}
| ק || {{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}
| ק || {{Transliteration|sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
| 𐎙 || {{Transliteration|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
| غ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}
| 𐎃 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}
| خ || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}}
| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| 𐎓 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| ع || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| ע || {{Transliteration|sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| 𐎈 || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| ح || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| ח || {{Transliteration|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| 𐎛 || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| ء || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| א || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| א/∅ || {{Transliteration|sem|ʾ/∅}} {{IPA|[ʔ/∅]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}
| 𐎅 || {{Transliteration|sem|h}}
| ه || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}
| ה || {{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}
| ה || {{Transliteration|sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}
| 𐎎 || {{Transliteration|sem|m}}
| م || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}
| מ || {{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}
| מ || {{Transliteration|sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}
| 𐎐 || {{Transliteration|sem|n}}
| ن || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}
| נ || {{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}};<br />total assimilation<br />before a consonant
| נ || {{Transliteration|sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}
| 𐎗 || {{Transliteration|sem|r}}
| ر || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}
| ר || {{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}
| ר || {{Transliteration|sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}
| 𐎆 || {{Transliteration|sem|w}}
| و || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}
| ו || {{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}};<br />{{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}} initially
| ו || {{Transliteration|sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}
|-
! {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
| 𐎊 || {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
| ي || {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
| י || {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
| י || {{Transliteration|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Proto-Semitic
! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| Ugaritic
! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Classical Arabic|Classical Arabic]]
! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian Hebrew]]
! style="width:18%;" colspan="2"| [[Social:Imperial Aramaic|Imperial Aramaic]]
|}

==Grammar==
Ugaritic is an [[Social:Inflection|inflected language]], and its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Akkadian, [[Social:Classical Arabic|Classical Arabic]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Social:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), three grammatical cases for nouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, and genitive), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and verb aspects similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order for Ugaritic is [[Social:Verb–subject–object|verb–subject–object]] (VSO) and [[Social:Subject–object–verb|subject–object–verb]] (SOV),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Gerald H.|title=Ugaritic Word Order and Sentence Structure in KRT|journal=Journal of Semitic Studies|date=1982|volume=27|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1093/jss/27.1.17}}</ref> possessed–possessor (NG), and noun–adjective (NA). Ugaritic is considered a conservative Semitic language, since it retains most of the [[Social:Proto-Semitic language#Phonology|phonemes]], the case system, and the word order of the ancestral [[Social:Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic language]].<ref name="urlA Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert - Hardcover - University of California Press">{{cite book |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520039995/a-basic-grammar-of-ugaritic-language |title=A Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert – Hardcover – University of California Press |date=March 1985 |isbn=9780520039995 |last1=Segert |first1=Stanislav }}</ref>

==See also==


*Northwest Semitic languages
*Central Semitic languages
*Semitic languages
*[[Social:Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic language]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|author1=Bordreuil, Pierre  |author2=Pardee, Dennis |name-list-style=amp |title=A Manual of Ugaritic: Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 3 |location=Winona Lake, IN 46590 | publisher=Eisenbraun's, Inc|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57506-153-5}}
*{{cite book|author1=Cunchillos, J.-L.  |author2=Vita, Juan-Pablo |name-list-style=amp |title=A Concordance of Ugaritic Words|publisher=Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-59333-258-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=del Olmo Lete, Gregorio |author2=Sanmartín, Joaquín |name-list-style=amp |title=A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13694-6}} (2 vols; originally in Spanish, translated by W. G. E. Watson).
*{{cite book|author=Gibson, John C. L.|title=Canaanite Myths and Legends|publisher=T. & T. Clark|year=1977|isbn=978-0-567-02351-3}} (Contains Latin-alphabet transliterations of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.)
*{{cite book|author=Gordon, Cyrus Herzl|title=The Ancient Near East|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company Press|year=1965|isbn=978-0-393-00275-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareast0000gord|}}
*{{cite book|author=Greenstein, Edward L.|editor1=Shlomo Izre'el |editor2=Itamar Singer |editor3=Ran Zadok |title="On a New Grammar of Ugaritic" in Past links: studies in the languages and cultures of the ancient near east: Volume 18 of Israel oriental studies |publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57506-035-4}} Found at [https://books.google.com/books?id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&dq=Edward+L.+Greenstein+Ugaritic&pg=PA397 Google Scholar].
*{{cite book|author=Huehnergard, John|title=A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd ed.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2011|isbn=978-1-5750-6941-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Moscati, Sabatino|title=An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1980|isbn=978-3-447-00689-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Parker, Simon B. (ed.) |title=Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta | publisher=Scholars Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Pardee, Dennis |title=Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient |location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)|year=2003}} [http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf P. 1-404].
*{{cite book|author1=Schniedewind, William M.  |author2=Hunt, Joel H. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Segert, Stanislav|title=A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-03999-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Sivan, Daniel|title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-90-04-10614-7}} A more concise grammar.
*{{cite book|author=Tropper, J.|title=Ugaritische Grammatik, AOAT 273|publisher=Münster, Ugarit Verlag|year=2000}}
*{{cite book|author=Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) |title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia |location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9 }}

==Further reading==
* Pardee, Dennis. “UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS”. In: ''Archiv Für Orientforschung'' 36/37 (1989): 390–513. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41661762 UGARITIC PROPER NOUNS].
*{{cite book|author=Josef Tropper, Juan-Pablo Vita|title=Lehrbuch der ugaritischen Sprache|location=Münster| publisher=Zaphon|year=2020|isbn=978-3-96327-070-3}}
* Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/125642/edition/109632/content From Hair to Heel: Ugaritic Terms for Parts of the Body]". In: {{ill|''Folia Orientalia''|pl|Folia Orientalia}} Vol. LII (2015), pp.&nbsp;323–364.
* Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/124688/edition/108812/content Terms for Occupations, Professions and Social Classes in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study]". In: ''Folia Orientalia'' Vol. LV (2018), pp.&nbsp;307–378. DOI: 10.24425/for.2018.124688
* Watson, Wilfred G.E. "[https://www.ub.edu/ipoa/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20182AuOrWatson.pdf Terms for Textiles, Clothing, Hides, Wool and Accessories in Ugaritic: An Etymological Study]". In: ''Aula Orientalis'' 36/2 (2018): 359–396. {{ISSN|0212-5730}}.
* Watson, Wilfred G. E.. "Ugaritic Military Terms in the Light of Comparative Linguistics". In: ''At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate''. Edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021. pp.&nbsp;699–720. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575064741-047 coaccess]

==External links==
*[http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible]. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1113436 "El in the Ugaritic tablets"] on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm Abstract of Mark Smith, ''The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text''].
*[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10380.pdf Unicode Chart].
*[http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/RSTI/ RSTI]. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.


[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ugaritic}}