View source for Social:Ultranationalism

{{short description|Extreme form of nationalism}}
{{nationalism sidebar|types}}
'''Ultranationalism''' or '''extreme nationalism''' is an [[Social:Extremism|extreme form]] of [[Social:Nationalism|nationalism]] in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental [[Social:Hegemony|hegemony]], [[Philosophy:Supremacism|supremacy]], or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent [[Social:Coercion|coercion]]) to pursue its [[Social:National interest|specific interests]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ultranationalism/ Ultranationalism]. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultranationalism Ultranationalism]. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref name="Griffin"/> Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of [[Social:Political violence|political violence]] even during peacetime.<ref name="Holy"/> The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.<ref name="Khmer">{{cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501134064/ultranationalism-destroyed-good-ties-between-nations/|title=Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations|accessdate=30 December 2022|date=18 August 2022|journal=Khmer Times}}</ref>

In [[Philosophy:Ideology|ideological]] terms, scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing [[Philosophy:Modernity|modern]] [[Social:Nation state|nation-states]] as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay, grow, and die, and additionally, they can experience [[Unsolved:Resurrection|rebirth]].  In stark mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those societies which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those societies which are perceived as having great [[Social:Culture|cultural]] destinies. Ultranationalism is an aspect of [[Social:Fascism|fascism]], with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.<ref name="Griffin"/>

Ultranationalist [[Social:Character (arts)|characters]] have served as [[Social:Villain|villain]]s in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim as well. Examples include the dramatic productions ''{{wipe|Air Force One (film)}}'' and ''Incitement'', both being action films.<ref name="Barber"/><ref name="Minow"/>

==Background concepts and broader context==
[[File:Chernosotenzy v odessa.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marched in Odesa, then inside of Russia, after the ''October Manifesto'' came out in 1905.]]

[[File:Oswald_Mosley_and_Benito_Mussolini_1936.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Italian far-right figure Benito Mussolini (left) greatly influenced Oswald Mosley (right) and contributed to the evolution of his ultranationalist faction called the British Union of Fascists, with them appearing together on this occasion in Italy itself.]]

British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially founded on [[Social:Xenophobia|xenophobia]] in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of [[Natural science|the natural sciences]] such as [[Social:Anthropology|anthropology]] and [[Biology:Genetics|genetics]], [[Biology:Eugenics|eugenics]] specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and [[Social:Dehumanization|subhumanness]]" in Griffin's opinion. Ultranationalists view the [[Philosophy:Modernity|modern]] [[Social:Nation state|nation-state]] as, according to Griffin, a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally experience [[Unsolved:Resurrection|rebirth]]. He has highlighted [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite book|title=World Fascism: A-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C|year=2006|publisher=[[Company:ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO]]|pages=451–453|isbn=9781576079409|last=Blamires|first=Cyprian}}</ref>

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards [[Philosophy:Tradition|historical traditions]] within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists inside the {{wipe|United Kingdom}} adopted a [[Philosophy:Secularism|secularist-minded]] platform centered on perceived [[Engineering:Technological change|technological progress]]. In contrast, the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of [[Philosophy:Mysticism|mysticism-driven religion]] to encourage [[Philosophy:Determination|determination]] among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on [[Social:Ethnicity|ethnicity]] and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the [[Social:Psychology|psychological]] framework behind these movements.<ref name="Griffin"/>

According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski, summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles [[Social:Fascism|fascism]], marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for [[Social:Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] political arrangements verging on [[Philosophy:Totalitarianism|totalitarianism]], and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation". Bugajski believes that [[Philosophy:Civic nationalism|civic nationalism]] and the related concept of [[Social:Patriotism|patriotism]] both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the [[Philosophy:Common good|common social good]] at times such as during national calamities. These doctrines stand in contrast, in his opinion, to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more [[Philosophy:Rationality|irrational actions]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization|isbn=9780765605283|first=Jonathan P.|last=Stein|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFNV40_EUAC|pages=65–66|publisher=M.E. Sharpe}}</ref>

==Historical movements and analysis==
[[File:Propaganda_posters_of_Manchukuo.JPG|thumb|right|275px|In [[Social:Statism in Shōwa Japan|1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan]], the state routinely distributed political propaganda preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in Manchukuo.]]

American historian Walter Skya has written in ''Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism'' that ultranationalism in {{wipe|Japan}} drew upon traditional [[Philosophy:Shinto|Shinto]] spiritual beliefs and [[Social:Militarism|militaristic]] attitudes regarding the nation's [[Social:Race (human categorization)|racial identity]]. By the early twentieth century, [[Philosophy:Fanaticism|fanaticism]] arising from this combination of [[Social:Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalism]] and religious nationalism caused opposition to [[Social:Democracy|democratic governance]] and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and [[Social:Political violence|political violence]] by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated. The [[Social:Statism in Shōwa Japan|totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s]] did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military; it also received widespread popular support.<ref name="Holy">{{cite book|title=Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2009|isbn=9780822392460|first=Walter|last=Skya}}</ref>

The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of [[Philosophy:Supremacism|supremacism]] in terms of international relations whereby [[Social:Xenophobia|xenophobia]] or hatred of foreigners to the point of [[Social:Extremism|extremism]] leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He has argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of [[Social:Class conflict|class struggle]] in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", he has remarked, with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."<ref name="Khmer"/>

The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of [[Social:Communism|communism]] taking an ultranationalist approach by ''[[Social:Haaretz|Haaretz]]''. The [[Place:Israel|Israel]]i publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his [[Unsolved:Historical negationism|historical denialism]] of [[Social:The Holocaust|the Holocaust]]. Ceausescu also made efforts to [[Social:Purge|purge]] Romanians who had [[Religion:Jews|Jewish]] backgrounds from positions of political authority.<ref name=Zoltan>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2022-08-16/ty-article-opinion/.premium/orbans-unsettling-similarity-to-romanias-deposed-executed-dictator/00000182-a64f-d803-a7f6-fe7f94320000|title=Viktor Orbán's Unsettling Similarity to Romania's Deposed, Executed Dictator|journal=[[Social:Haaretz|Haaretz]]|first=Zoltán|last=Tibori-Szabó|accessdate=18 August 2022|date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

''Haaretz'' has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist, due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly, Orban's public condemnation of "[[Social:Miscegenation|race-mixing]]".<ref name=Zoltan /> He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR, an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/04/1058834216/a-discomfort-with-western-liberalism-is-growing-in-eastern-europe|title=A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe|publisher=NPR|first=Joanna|last=Kakissis|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref>

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the [[Religion:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has led to the decay of the [[Social:Civil society|civil society]] within [[Place:Israel|Israel]], with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades so that:
{{blockquote|"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal– the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution– they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210|title=Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel|date=25 December 2015|first=Gideon|last=Levy|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=[[Social:Haaretz|Haaretz]]|}}</ref>}}

[[File:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu archive Legionary Movement Romanian Christian Nationalists.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The Iron Guard, a Romanian ultranationalist movement, centered its mass appeal on communal religious mysticism, with its militant leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu being photographed amidst his followers in Bucharest during a 1937 event.]]

Russian irredentism, in which a militant [[Social:Empire|imperial state]] that stretches across both [[Earth:Asia|Asia]] and [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the U.S. publication the ''{{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}'', with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include [[Biography:Nikolai Berdyaev|Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Biography:Aleksandr Dugin|Aleksandr Dugin]] (the author of 1997's ''The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia''), [[Biography:Lev Gumilyov|Lev Gumilyov]], and [[Biography:Ivan Ilyin|Ivan Ilyin]]. The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies" which was created by the U.S. in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jaweed|last=Kaleem|date=28 March 2022|accessdate=16 June 2022|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine|title=A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism|journal=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

In a 2021 story, the business-centered publication {{wipe|Bloomberg News}} stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in {{wipe|China}}, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on [[Social:Social media|social media]], presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with General Secretary [[Biography:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] facing opposition to his attempts to set forth [[Earth:Climate change|climate change]] based economic reforms in relation to [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas]]es. Chinese political activists have asserted, according to the publication, a [[Unsolved:Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theory]] that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. [[Biology:Environmentalism|Environmentalist policies]] have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-29/china-s-rising-ultra-nationalism-complicates-xi-s-climate-ambitions|journal={{wipe|Bloomberg News}}|accessdate=24 August 2022|title=China's Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi's Climate Ambitions|date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

==Ultranationalist political parties==
=== Currently represented in national governments or legislatures ===
The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}''': [[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Verso|year=2020|first=Conor|last=Foley|title=The Thin Blue Line|quote=A key part of the Taliban's ideology was based on Pashtun ultra-nationalism}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': Pauline Hanson's One Nation<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti‐Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia|last=Stewart|first=James|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|date=2 November 2019|volume=54|issue=4|pages=418–435|doi=10.1002/ajs4.83|s2cid=211418443}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Austria}}''': Freedom Party of Austria<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-distorting-mirror-for-vienna-rome-and-liberal-lond/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/weird-news/2016/09/13/even-austria-s-far-right/24189754007/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarausch |first=Konrad Hugo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/954000237 |title=Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-8347-9 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=742 |oclc=954000237}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': Vlaams Belang<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elman |first=R. Amy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897814752 |title=The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8032-6693-3 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=120 |oclc=897814752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fotheringham |first=Alasdair |date=2021-02-03 |title=In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/far-right-europe-pandemic |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': Revival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-covid-omicron-record/31650413.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2021 |title=Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making |url=https://www.unicreditbulbank.bg/media/filer_public/af/1d/af1d10e0-03e0-4dc6-9d3b-ce7777a8b3dc/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_181696.pdf |journal=UniCredit Research |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''': Republican Party<ref>{{cite web|work=Euronews|title=Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional|quote=Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile|date=8 May 2023|url=https://pt.euronews.com/2023/05/08/partido-oposto-a-reforma-conduzira-processo-de-revisao-constitucional}}</ref>  
*'''{{flag|China}}''': Chinese Communist Party<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|title= A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra-nationalism |date=19 May 2022|url= https://www.economist.com/china/2022/05/19/a-new-twitter-account-shows-how-the-chinese-communist-party-stirs-up-ultra-nationalism/}}</ref> 
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': Homeland Movement<ref>{{Cite book |title=Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |date=July 2020 |location=Arlington, Virginia |pages=3}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': [[Social:ELAM (Cyprus)|ELAM]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1096219393 |title=Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice |date=2019 |publisher=IGI Global |editor=Information Resources Management Association |isbn=978-1-5225-8360-8 |location=Hershey, Pennsylvania |pages=585 |oclc=1096219393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043865663 |title=Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict |date=2018 |editor1=Michális S. Michael |editor2=Yücel Vural |isbn=978-1-78643-049-6 |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=87 |oclc=1043865663}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': Freedom and Direct Democracy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-mp-who-compared-muslim-immigrants-to-invasive-species-will-not-be-stripped-of-immunity-from-prosecution |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=romea.cz|date=3 June 2020 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': Danish People's Party<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48233321 |title=Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Transaction Pub |author=Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team |isbn=0-7658-0101-9 |location=Piscataway, N.J. |pages=171 |oclc=48233321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861623 |title=The beast reawakens |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-28124-3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=46 |oclc=858861623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52312447 |title=Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |author1=Samuel L. Myers |author2=Bruce P. Corrie |isbn=0-8204-5656-X |location=New York |pages=205 |oclc=52312447}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': Conservative People's Party of Estonia<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/liberal-estonia-right-wing-populists-are-making-their-mark|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" {{!}} Baltic Rim Economies|url=https://sites.utu.fi/bre/the-east-europeanization-of-estonian-politics/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=sites.utu.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Europe's far right has stalled|url=https://www.afr.com/world/europe/europes-far-right-has-stalled-20200101-p53nzr|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': National Rally<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=de Freytas-Tamura|first2=Kimiko|title=E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 December 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': Finns Party<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morden |first=Tony |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847526846 |title=Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4094-3279-1 |location=Farnham, Surrey |oclc=847526846}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Earth:Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/|title=The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history|quote=A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...|newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/frankenstein-pact-puts-afd-in-coalition-rcs0bp2lw|title=Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition|quote=A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.|work=The Times|date=23 July 2019|last1=Berlin|first1=Oliver Moody}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Greece}}''': Spartans,<ref>{{cite news|quote=a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans|work=Vice News|title=The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece|date=27 June 2023|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dy3y7v/greece-spartans-golden-dawn}}</ref> Greek Solution,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/greeks-choose-between-beach-and-ballot-in-first-post-debt-bailout-poll|title=Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party|quote=Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.|work=The Guardian|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Victory<ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right|date=26 June 2023|quote=the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory)|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-afd-reflects-europes-shift-to-the-right/a-66039658}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': Our Homeland Movement<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | title=Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship | date=18 November 2019 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Religion:Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2012 |first=Mark |last=Magnier |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/08/world/la-fg-india-temple-20120309 |title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': Religious Zionist Party,<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/296180 Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together], ''Arutz7''</ref> Otzma Yehudit<ref>{{cite news|work=Axios|title=U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial|date=11 November 2022|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/11/11/ultranationalist-ben-gvir-meir-kahane-israel-price}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': Brothers of Italy<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-21 |title=Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2019/0821/Political-turmoil-in-Italy-as-far-right-reaches-for-the-reins |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put |url=https://euobserver.com/democracy/154256 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': National Alliance<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|publisher=SAGE|year=2012|page=815}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[Social:Union Solidarity and Development Party|Union Solidarity and Development Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/far-right-buddhist-nationalist-candidates-among-biggest-losers-in-2020-election|title=Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election |author=Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai|date=20 November 2020|agency=Myanmar Now|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last=Internal Crisis Group|date=5 September 2017|title=Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': Party for Freedom,<ref>{{cite book|first=Chris|last=Kaspar de Ploeg|publisher=SCB Distributors|year=2017|title=Ukraine in the Crossfire|quote=ultranationalist PVV party}}</ref> Forum for Democracy<ref>{{cite news|work=Leidsch Dagblad|title=Promoting internship at Forum for Democracy causes a stir at Leiden University: 'Too weird for words'|date=1 November 2022|url=https://www.leidschdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20221101_68608230?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic|quote=De ideologie is ultraconservatief, ultranationalistisch}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Social:Confederation Liberty and Independence|Confederation Liberty and Independence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Poland election race too close to call as voters prepare to go to polls|date=14 October 2023|work=The Guardian|quote=Ultranationalist Confederation party candidate Sławomir Mentzen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/poland-election-race-too-close-to-call-as-voters-prepare-to-go-to-poll}}</ref> (National Movement<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Algemeiner|title=Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw|date=31 January 2018|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/01/31/polish-interior-minister-issues-last-minute-ban-on-neo-fascist-show-of-force-outside-israeli-embassy-in-warsaw/}}</ref>)
*'''{{flag|Portugal}}''': Chega<ref>{{cite news|work=SBS|title=Maioria no parlamento português reprova protesto de partido ultranacionalista durante discurso de Lula|date=26 April 2023|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/maioria-no-parlamento-portugues-reprova-protesto-de-partido-ultranacionalista-durante-discurso-de-lula/fjdn85idp|quote=the ultranationalist Chega party}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Social:Alliance for the Union of Romanians|Alliance for the Union of Romanians]]<ref name="ftd14">{{cite news |title=Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania |url=https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[Social:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |date=14 December 2020|last1=Hopkins |first1=Valerie }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://transylvanianow.com/record-low-turnout-brings-extremist-party-into-romanias-parliament/|title=Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament|date=7 December 2020|publisher=Transylvania Now|website=transylvanianow.com}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': Liberal Democratic Party of Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130221/179612948/Ultranationalists-Move-to-Slap-Fines-on-Use-of-Foreign-Words.html|title=Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> Rodina<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Herpen|first=Marcel H.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|title=Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy|page=34|year=2015}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''': [[Social:Economic Freedom Fighters|Economic Freedom Fighters]]<ref>[http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 The Turn of the Fascist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412152256/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 |date=12 April 2015 }}, Jane Duncan, ''SACSIS'' (2011).</ref><ref>Imraan Baccus,[http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa "Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170505/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa/ |date=6 October 2013 }}, ''City Press'' (2013).</ref>
*'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Social:Slovak National Party|Slovak National Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/artikel/5410660/verkiezingen-slowakije-robert-fico-rusland-lhbti | title=Pro-Russische oud-premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije | date=October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century|last=Jeffries |first= Ian|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415236713 |page= [https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff/page/n366 352]|url=https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff|url-access= limited|quote=Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist}}</ref><ref name=Ramet>{{Cite book|title= Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe|last=P. Ramet|first=Sabrina |year=1997 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= 9780847683246|page= 128|quote=...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...}}</ref><ref name=IHT>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Slovakia.php |title=International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=10 January 2011}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Spain}}''': Vox<ref name=acha20190106>{{Cite journal|first=Beatriz|last=Acha|title=No, no es un partido (neo)fascista|date=6 January 2019|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711235730/http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mellon>{{Cite journal|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/|title=Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal|first=Joan|last=Antón-Mellón|date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sweden}}''': [[Religion:Sweden Democrats|Sweden Democrats]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hällhag |first=Roger |title=New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model? |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation |date=April 2007 |location=Bonn |pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1052796925 |title=Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges |date=2018 |editor1=Mikael Stenmark |editor2=Steve Fuller |editor3=Ulf Zackariasson |isbn=978-3-319-96559-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=169 |oclc=1052796925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |date=2014 |title=Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |s2cid=144489939 |issn=0954-6553}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': Swiss People's Party<ref>{{cite book|title=Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots|last=Estrin|first=Barbara L.|page=17|isbn=978-1611493702|date=2012|publisher=Lexington Books }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Thailand}}''': Palang Pracharath Party<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2023|title=Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise|work=Focus on the Global South|quote=The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party|url= https://focusweb.org/establishment-wins-people-lose-in-thai-political-compromise/}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': Nationalist Movement Party<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arman, Murat Necip|title=The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism|journal= CEU Political Science Journal| issue=2|date= 2007 |pages= 133–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Eissenstat, Howard. |title=Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism|conference=Middle East Studies Association Conference|location=Washington, D.C.|date= November 2002}}</ref> 
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': Svoboda<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20824693 |title=Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists |work=BBC |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=J. L. |last2=Johns |first2=Michael |last3=Theriault |first3=Alanda |title=The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781498576376 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBKSDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hahn |first1=Gordon M. |title=Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War" |date=2018 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476628752 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCpADwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''': Liberal Party<ref>{{cite book|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Julie|last=Cupples|title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America|quote=election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': Fidesz<ref>{{cite book|quote=the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives|title=Transforming the Transformation?|year=2015|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2021|title=Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate|quote=With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party|page=255|first=Alvin|last=Rosenfeld}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Social:Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Political Parties|page=19|quote=The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three|first=Peter Ronald|last=deSouza|year=2006|publisher=SAGE}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': Gerindra<ref>{{cite web|title=Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections|date=9 September 2014|quote= Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|work=Center for Security Studies}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': Lega<ref>{{cite book|quote=it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord|title=Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives|year=2023|first=Andreas|last=Krieg|publisher=Georgetown University Press}}</ref> 
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': Liberal Democratic Party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frenchy |editor-last=Lunning |title=Mechademia 4: War/Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy90DwAAQBAJ&dq=ultranationalist+Liberal+Democratic+Party+Japan&pg=PA291 |quote= The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... |date=2013 |page=291 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9781452942650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/|title=Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan|quote=In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.|work=The Diplomat|date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Maki Kimura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |title=Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices |quote=... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137392510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Masanori Nakamura |title=The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991 |quote=On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... |date=2016 |page=1992 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563241093 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': Law and Justice<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|year=2023|publisher=Manchester University Press|title=Depleting Democracies|quote=PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Banu|last=Baybars Hawks|page=43|year=2018|quote=In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share|title=Non-state actors in conflicts}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': United Russia<ref name="Putinism">{{cite book |editor=Sabri Kiçmari |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fpegEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History |quote=Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). |date=2022 |page=59 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811984020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Chuck Stewart |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide |quote=In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!). |date=2010 |page=360 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313342356 }}</ref>

=== Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions ===
The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies or factions.

* '''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': Serb Democratic Party<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=1997-07-21|title=Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/21/world/bosnia-serbs-oust-leader-from-her-party.html|access-date=2021-06-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/holbooke-to-seek-removal-of-bosnian-serb-leader-1.67958|access-date=2021-06-19|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': Jobbik<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299651334|title=Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn|date=April 2016|last=Kyriazi|first=Anna|publisher=University of Milan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/7cf399b561394a3193927603d0668b14|title=Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight|date=9 September 2015|publisher=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary|title=Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary|newspaper=NPR.org|date=24 May 2014|publisher=National Public Radio}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Lebanon}}''': Kataeb Party<ref>{{cite book|page=19|title=Hezbollah and Hamas|quote=It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2012|first=Joshua|last=Gleis}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': Golkar<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition |jstor=27751535 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751535|last1=Mietzner |first1=Marcus |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2008 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=431–453 |doi=10.1017/S0022463408000337 |s2cid=143374343 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': Yisrael Beiteinu<ref>{{cite news|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|title=Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy|date=11 February 2009|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/In_Moldova_Liebermans_Known_As_A_Nice_Guy/1491561.html}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Republic of China}}''': Kuomintang<ref>{{cite book|year=1950|title=Roof of the World, Tibet|first=Amauary|last=De Riencourt|page=176|publisher=Rinehart|quote=Chiang Kai - Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''': [[Religion:United Malays National Organisation|United Malays National Organisation]]<ref>{{cite book|year=1966|page=102|title=Studies on Asia|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|quote=the ultranationalist faction within UMNO|first=Robert|last=Sakai}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|North Macedonia}}''': VMRO-DPMNE<ref>Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; {{ISBN|1910781878}}, p. 87.</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=New Europe|title=North Macedonia takes a small step forward and one backwards this week|url=https://www.neweurope.eu/article/north-macedonia-takes-a-small-step-forward-and-one-backwards-this-week/|date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|title=The Radical Right in Macedonia|quote=VMRO-DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09568.pdf|date=December 2012}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Finance:Serbian Renewal Movement|Serbian Renewal Movement]]<ref name="bochsler2">{{cite web|last1=Stojarová|first1=Věra|last2=Emerson|first2=Peter|title=Political parties in Serbia|url=https://www.bochsler.eu/publi/bochsler_serbiacountry.pdf|website=bochsler.eu|publisher=Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Syria}}''': Syrian Social Nationalist Party<ref>{{cite web|title=Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa|work=Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right|date=6 April 2018|url=https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/04/06/escaping-ethnocentrism-the-radical-right-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/|quote=Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': Good Party<ref>{{cite news|work=Middle East Eye|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists|title='Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists|date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan|date=25 October 2017|url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkish-nationalists-form-new-party-challenging-erdogan/a-41101708}}</ref>

=== Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures ===
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': Vlaams Blok<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Low Countries|page=229|quote=The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok|year=2018|first=Paul|last=Arblaster}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': Attack,<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stefanos |last=Katsikas |title=Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011 |page=64}}</ref> VMRO,<ref name="VMRO">{{cite news |date= 20 May 2021 |title= Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections |url= https://sofiaglobe.com/2021/05/20/ultra-nationalists-populists-form-bulgarian-patriots-alliance-for-july-elections/ |work= The Sofia Globe |access-date= 17 June 2021 |quote= Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria's July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress |url= https://www.ft.com/content/2b259a24-9a05-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld_europe%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct |work= Financial Times (FT) |access-date= 17 June 2021}}</ref> National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria<ref name="VMRO"/>
* '''{{flag|Cambodia|1975}}''': Communist Party of Kampuchea<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2173574/khmer-rouge-leaders-convicted-genocide-landmark-court |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Croatia}}''': Ustaše,<ref>{{cite book|page=194|publisher=Lit|first=Karlo|last=Ruzicic-Kessler|title=From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe|year=2011|quote=the ultra-nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic}}</ref> Croatian Party of Rights,<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13460-952-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&pg=PT345}}</ref> Croatian Pure Party of Rights<ref name="Routledge"/>
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia,<ref>{{cite book|page=105|quote=the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic-Republican Party of Czechoslovakia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|title=Turkey and the European Union|first=Firat|last=Cengiz}}</ref> National Fascist Community<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway|year=1983|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=149}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Finland}}''': Patriotic People's Movement<ref>{{cite book|title=Scandinavia during the Second World War|page=25|quote=The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)|publisher=Universitetsforlaget|first=Henrik|last=Nissen|year=1983}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': National Socialist German Workers' Party,<ref>{{cite book|title= Fascism Through History: Culture, Ideology, and Daily Life|first=Patrick|last=Zander|year=2020|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=314|quote=In Germany, the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933}}</ref> German National People's Party,<ref>{{cite book|page=163|quote=The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|year=1996|first=Stanley|last=Payne|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press}}</ref> German Right Party<ref>{{cite book|quote=The German Reich Party (conservative ultra-nationalist), which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949|year=1952|page=17|title=Germany's New Nazis|publisher=Philosophical Library}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Greece}}''': Freethinkers' Party,<ref>{{cite book|title=Sites of the Dictators|first=Xose|last=Nunez|year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Golden Dawn,<ref>{{Citation |first=Emmanouil |last=Tsatsanis |title=Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=11–31 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2011.540939 |s2cid=143633586 |quote=...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group ''Chrysi Avgi'').}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Elisabeth |last=Ivarsflaten |title=Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 |publisher=Nuffield College, University of Oxford |year=2006 |page=15 |url=http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/2006/ivarsflatenapsa2006.pdf}}</ref><ref>[http://world.time.com/2012/10/31/on-the-road-with-golden-dawn-greeces-ultra-nationalist-party/ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece's Ultra-Nationalist Party]. ''Time''. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</ref> Popular Orthodox Rally<ref>{{cite news|work=Ekathimerini|title=LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country|date=9 April 2012|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/140718/laos-chief-accuses-pasok-nd-of-betraying-the-country/}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': Arrow Cross Party,<ref>{{cite book|first=Sabrina|last=Ramet|title=Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia|page=113|year=1992|publisher=Duke University Press|quote=the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party}}</ref> Unity Party,<ref>{{cite book|title=Journey through the Ages|year=2019|first=MB|last=Nair|publisher=Notion Press}}</ref> Hungarian Justice and Life Party<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Benchmark Books|title=Hungary|year=2005|first=Richard|last=Esbenshade|page=37|quote=A new ultranationalist, extremist party, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|India}}''': Hindu Mahasabha<ref>{{cite book|title=The Problems of Genocide|page=367|year=2021|first= A. Dirk|last=Moses|quote=the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iran}}''': Pan-Iranist Party<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boroujerdi |first1=Mehrzad |last2=Rahimkhani |first2=Kourosh |title=Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook |date=2018 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=344}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iraq}}''': Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region<ref>{{cite book|title=Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World|quote=Considering the ultra-nationalist, anti-American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party|page=156|first=Sigrid|last=Faath|publisher=Hurst|year=2006}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': Kach,<ref name="Weinblum2015">{{cite book|first=Sharon|last=Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}</ref> Tehiya,<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist Tehiya Party|page=447|first=Bernard|last=Reich|year=2008|title=Historical Dictionary of Israel|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref> Moledet,<ref>{{cite book|first=Myron|last=Aronoff|publisher=Taylor & Francis|title=Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party|year=2015|quote=Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party}}</ref> Hatikva,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Power of Populism|quote=the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party|year=2016|first=Koen|last=Vossen|page=81|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Jewish National Front,<ref name="orangecamp">{{cite book|page=50|title=Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel|first=David|last=Khalfa|year=2009|quote=The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> Herut – The National Movement<ref name="orangecamp"/>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': National Fascist Party,<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|first=Allan|last=Todd|quote=Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party|title=European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939)|page=19|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Italian Social Movement<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI|year=2004|title=Monetary Union in Crisis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|first=Bernhard|last=Moss}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': Imperial Rule Assistance Association<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James R. |editor-last=Brandon |title=Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cqu7HjqVtoC&dq=ultranationalist+Imperial+Rule+Assistance+Association&pg=PA113 |quote= .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. |date=2009 |page=113 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824832001 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': National Union<ref>{{cite journal|title=The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party|journal=Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies |url=https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|quote=The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism|first=Abel|last=Djassi Amado|page=132}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Social:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan|Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=1958-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687 |quote="Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos."}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': Iron Guard,<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=42|quote=The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania|first=Elisabeta|last=Zelinska|year=2013|title=Racism Postcolonialism Europe}}</ref> National Christian Party,<ref>{{cite book|quote=King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga|title=Fascism and Criminal Law|year=2015|page=112|publisher=Bloomsbury|first=Cosmin|last=Cercel}}</ref> National-Christian Defense League,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roland|last=Clark|title=From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania|year=2019|journal=Studies on National Movements|volume=4 |issue=4|doi=10.21825/snm.85386 |s2cid=197814926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Romanian National Unity Party,<ref>{{cite book|year=2001|page=169|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe|quote=Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party}}</ref> Greater Romania Party<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia|first=Edmond|last=Coleman|page=63|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Rwanda}}''': Coalition for the Defence of the Republic<ref>{{cite journal|issue=51–54|title=Rwanda|journal=CovertAction Quarterly|quote=The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party|year=1994|page=12}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': Serbian Radical Party,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1230/p07s01-woeu.html|title=Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform|website=Christian Science Monitor|first=Peter|last=Ford|year=2018|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Party of Serbian Unity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/12/24/serbia.arkan/index.html|title=Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats|date=24 December 2020|publisher=CNN|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeljko-Raznatovic|title=Željko Ražnatović|publisher=Britannica|website=britannica.com}}</ref><ref name="BW">{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/1363|title=The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia|date=December 2008|last=Wiesinger|first=Barbara|journal=Balkanologie|volume=11|issue=1–2|doi=10.4000/balkanologie.1363|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dveri,<ref>{{cite news|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|title=The Far-Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine
|date=5 June 2022|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-far-right-russia-sanctions/31884417.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-31|title=Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110531-judges-decide-mladic-war-crimes-extradition-appeal-srebrenica|access-date=2021-06-19|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show|url=https://apnews.com/article/9f04e6378a1c4dccb6982fccd87dc5cd|access-date=2021-06-19|website=AP NEWS|date=24 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Armakolas|first1=Ioannis|last2=Maksimović|first2=Maja|date=May 2013|title=The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165156/BN1.pdf|access-date=19 June 2021|website=ETH Zürich}}</ref> Serbian Party Oathkeepers<ref name="ultranationalism">{{cite web |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-zavetnici-oath-keepers-ultranationalism-russia-lavrov/29094995.html |publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': Slovak People's Party,<ref>{{Cite book|page=244|title=Genocide and Fascism|quote=The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> People's Party Our Slovakia,<ref>{{cite news|work={{wipe|New York Times}}|date=17 December 2016|title=Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html}}</ref> Republic<ref>{{cite news|work=Atlantic Council|title=Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/slovakia-risks-becoming-another-hungary-style-eu-spoiler-how-should-the-west-respond/|date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|South Africa|1928}}''': National Party<ref>{{Cite book|title=Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab|url-access=limited|first=Ron|last=Krabill|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab/page/n65 51]|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Organization:Korean National Youth Association|National Youth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46626&docId=541989&categoryId=46626|title=이범석 |website=Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia|language=ko|trans-title=Lee Bum Suk|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Spain|1945}}''': FET y de las JONS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30831069.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco|publisher=Hedda Samdahl Weltz|date=2014|website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': Republican Villagers Nation Party,<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University|title=Taming the Gray Wolf|quote=Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda|page=10|first=Gregory|last=Burris|year=2007}}</ref> Victory Party,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Balkan Insights |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Duvar English |language=tr-TR}}</ref> Great Union Party<ref>{{cite book |last1=Göçek |first1=Fatma Müge |title=Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933420-9  |language=en|page=402|title-link=Denial of Violence }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': Right Sector<ref>{{cite news|date=28 April 2014|title=Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27173857|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2014|title=Ukraine|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211142/http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yarosh-muilitary-adviser/26941352.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=6 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ultranationalist organizations ==
*'''{{flagicon|Republic of China}} {{wipe|China}}''': Blue Shirts Society<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Hiroaki|last=Kuromiya|year=2022|quote=Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': Suomen Sisu<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding the Populist Shift|page=10|year=2016|first=Giovanna|last=Campani|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': Action Française,<ref>{{cite book|title=Warfare & Society in Europe|quote=Several ultra - nationalist groups such as Action française and the veterans' group Croix de Feu|year=2004|page=96|publisher=Routledge|first=Michael|last=Neiberg}}</ref> Bloc Identitaire<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Brill|first=Per-Erik|last=Nilsson|title=Unveiling the French Republic: National Identity, Secularism, and Islam in Contemporary France|year=2017|page=70|quote=Ultra-nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Organization:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Sankalp Publication|title=Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India|first=M.|last=Kumar|year=2020|page=323|quote=RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization}}</ref> [[Organization:Bajrang Dal|Bajrang Dal]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Irm|last=Haleem|title=The Essence of Islamist Extremism|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=213}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': Pancasila Youth<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Ulla  |editor-last=Fionna  |title=Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014 |date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPugCgAAQBAJ&dq=pemuda+pancasila+ultranationalist&pg=PA106|page=106|quote=Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and '''the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila'''|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|isbn=9789814620833 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Iraq}}''': Golden Square<ref>{{Cite book|title=The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939-1942|page=41|publisher=Stanford University|year=1962|quote=the notorious "Golden Square", four young ultra-nationalist colonels}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Organization:Im Tirtzu|Im Tirtzu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/israeli-human-rights-groups-alarmed-by-zionist-video-attack-20151217-glpzu7.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald|quote=An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu|title=Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack|date=1 January 2016}}</ref> Lehava,<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-35526495|title=Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol|quote=an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs.|date=9 February 2016}}</ref> Lehi,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence|first=Ami|last=Pedahzur|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2013|quote=Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right-wing notions, the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism}}</ref><ref name="israel"/> Brit HaBirionim<ref name="israel">{{cite book|title=The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right|page=23|quote=It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism, and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi|year=1991|first=Ehud|last=Sprinzak|publisher=OUP}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': Army Comrades Association<ref>{{cite book | last1 = O'Connor | first1 = Eimear | title = Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland | date = 2009 | publisher = Carysfort Press | isbn = 978-1904505419 | page = 36}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Social:CasaPound|CasaPound]]<ref>{{cite web|work=CNBC|title=The dark side of Italian politics — Italy's swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda|date=1 March 2018|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/italy-election-darker-side-politics-far-right.html}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Social:Nippon Kaigi|Nippon Kaigi]],<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-02/nippon-kaigi-and-the-rise-of-nationalism-in-japan/6994560 Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire]. ''ABC News Online''. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</ref><ref name="Abe's cabinet reshuffle">{{cite web|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/09/14/abes-cabinet-reshuffle/ |title=Abe's cabinet reshuffle|work=East Asia Forum |quote= Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government's policy leader on national education.|date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3033382/japanese-minister-becomes-first-two-years-visit-tokyos |title=Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine |quote=Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the "national consciousness" surrounding the prosecution of Japan's war criminals and to change the nation's pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes "patriotic education".|date=17 October 2019|access-date=5 June 2020|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Michal |editor-last=Kolmas |title=National Identity and Japanese Revisionism |date=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUNvDwAAQBAJ&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PT245 |quote= ... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ...|publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]|isbn=9781351334396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Ugo |editor-last=Dessì |title=Japanese Religions and Globalization |date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNhgxGsyzwsC&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PA146 |page=146|publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]|isbn=9780415811705 }}</ref> [[Organization:Zaitokukai|Zaitokukai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan combats rise in hate speech|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/11/30/japan-encounters-rise-in-hate-speech.html |access-date=5 June 2020|work=Al Jazeera|date=30 November 2015|quote=... and many don't speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan's very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/12/national/head-of-anti-foreigner-group-zaitokukai-to-step-down/#.XtnM2NUzaUk |work=Japan Times|date=30 November 2015 |access-date=5 June 2020 |quote=The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization's influence.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''': Perkasa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newmandala.org/is-there-a-need-for-more-interfaith-dialogue-in-malaysia-part-1/|title=Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1|website=newmandala.org|first=Dina|last=Zaman|date=23 June 2012|accessdate=26 April 2021|quote="Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,"}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Mexico}}''': Nationalist Front of Mexico, National Synarchist Union<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marxismocritico.com/2018/06/26/la-nueva-ultraderecha-latinoamericana/|title=La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana (1992-2018)|trans-title=The New Latin American Far-right (1992-2018)|work=Marxismo Critico|date=26 June 2018|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flores|first1=González|last2=Gustavo|first2=José|date=June 2015|title=The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1870-11912015000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|journal=Culturales|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=49–76|issn=1870-1191}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': Patriotic Association of Myanmar<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/03/12/buddhist-nationalism-threatens-myanmars-democratic-transition/|title=Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition|last=Nilsen|first=Marte|date=12 March 2015|work=East Asia Forum|accessdate=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=rfa>{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ban-05232017152958.html|title=Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group|date=23 May 2017|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|agency={{wipe|Bloomberg News}}|title=Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-09/brawling-myanmar-monks-show-buddhist-nationalists-backing-coup|access-date=28 May 2021|date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': All-Polish Youth<ref>''Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts''.  Tomas Kavaliauskas.  Lexington Books.  2012. {{ISBN|9780739174111}}. Chapter 4, page 60.</ref><ref>''The Place of Artists' Cinema: Space, Site, and Screen''.  Maeve Connolly. Intellect Books.  2009. Page 122. {{ISBN|9781841503295}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': Club of Angry Patriots,<ref>{{cite news|quote=they created the Club of Angry Patriots, an ultranationalist group that live-streamed their criticism of Russia's political and military leadership|work=ABC|title=Igor Girkin, the Russian military commander found guilty of downing MH17, was arrested in Moscow. Here's what we know|date=21 July 2023|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-22/igor-girkin-mh17-commander-and-putin-critic-arrested/102634622}}</ref> Night Wolves,<ref>{{cite news|work=IBT|title=Russian ultranationalist bikers The Night Wolves to descend on Berlin for WWII rally|date=30 April 2016|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russian-ultranationalist-bikers-night-wolves-descend-berlin-wwii-rally-1557635}}</ref> Russian Imperial Movement,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |title=U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-06/us-designates-russia-based-ultranationalist-group-as-terrorist-organisation-us-official |access-date=9 October 2020 |publisher=US News}}</ref> Wagner Group<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |title=Russia could strike back at the West by calling on its network of white-supremacist groups to commit terror attacks there, analysts warn |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-could-retaliate-west-leverage-white-supremacist-group-attacks-analysts-2022-4 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> 
*'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': Bodu Bala Sena, Sinhala Ravaya<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beech|first=Hannah|title=When Buddhists go Bad|journal=Time (New Zealand Edition)|date=1 July 2013|volume=182|issue=1|page=19}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Organization:Grey Wolves|Grey Wolves]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=SCF|date=2018-10-09|title=Germany seeks to ban ultranationalist Turkish Grey Wolves' symbols|url=https://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Stockholm Center for Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=van Wilgenburg|first=Wladimir|date=2019-02-14|title=Austria bans symbols of PKK, Turkish Grey Wolves, and Muslim Brotherhood|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/18873-Austria-bans-symbols-of-PKK,-Turkish-Grey-Wolves,-and-Muslim-Brotherhood|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.kurdistan24.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selcen|first=Aydın|date=2020-09-05|title=Far-right group attempts to attack Grup Yorum member Gökçeks grave to burn his body|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Duvar English|language=}}</ref> Turkish Revenge Brigade<ref>https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-ultranationalist-militant-organization-threatens-hdp-member-with-death-news-62948</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': Azov Regiment<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amp.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151 | title=The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-azov-idUSKBN0ML0XJ20150325 | title=Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment | title=Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment? }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': English Defence League,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dominic |last1=Alessio |first2=Kristen |last2=Meredith |year=2014 |title=Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League |journal=Social Identities |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=104–118 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2013.843058 |s2cid=143518291 }}</ref> Siol nan Gaidheal<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026|title = The Scottish National Party at 80|work = BBC News|date = 11 April 2014}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United States}}''': [[Organization:Proud Boys|Proud Boys]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Combs|title=Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century|quote=The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Patriot Front<ref>{{cite news|work=Texas Observer|title=THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK|date=2 November 2022|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/patriot-front-lawsuit-vandalism/|quote=As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.}}</ref>

== Ultranationalist terrorism ==

[[File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini may 2004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A group of bicycle infantry militants that fought in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) travel just north of Kilinochchi inside of Sri Lanka in June 2004.]]

Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the [[Earth:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism as well as [[Social:Political revolution|revolutionary ideologies]] aligned against [[Philosophy:Capitalism|capitalist policies]] influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14, 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhist worshippers]]. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an [[Biology:Old age|elderly]] [[Biology:Floristry|florist]] serving religious travelers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tempest|first=Rone|date=21 June 1985|title=Massacre That 'Woke Everybody Up' Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-21-mn-11531-story.html|accessdate=27 December 2023|journal=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/19/world/sri-lanka-raid-leaves-grief-and-new-fear.html|journal=The New York Times|title=SRI LANKA RAID LEAVES GRIEF AND NEW FEAR|date=19 May 1985|first=Barbara|last=Crossette|accessdate=27 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Davison"/>

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the academic publication ''Journal of Hate Studies'' found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family." Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self." In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation".<ref name="Davison">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464_The_Politics_of_Hate_Ultranationalist_and_Fundamentalist_Tactics_and_Goals|title=The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals|journal=Journal of Hate Studies|accessdate=27 December 2023|first=Joan|last=Davison|date=January 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Golden Dawn activists rally in Athens during a March 2015 event.]]

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an [[Place:Athens|Athens]] suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection, Nikos Dendias, remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".<ref name="Helena"/><ref name="Rapper"/><ref name="TheConversation"/>

The organization held, at the time, 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece. However, the Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, the British publication ''The Guardian'' reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left[-]wing trade unionists[,] and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."<ref name="Helena">{{citenews|journal=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/its-incredible-why-do-two-convicted-greek-neo-nazis-golden-dawn-remain-at-large|title='It’s incredible': why do two convicted Greek neo-Nazis remain at large?|date=11 January 2021|accessdate=2 January 2024|first=Helena|last=Smith}}</ref><ref name="Rapper">{{cite news|first=Joseph|last=Charlton|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greek-anti-fascist-rapper-murdered-by-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-supporter-8824664.html|title=Greek anti-fascist rapper murdered by 'neo-Nazi' Golden Dawn|date=18 September 2013|journal=The Independent|accessdate=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="TheConversation">{{cite news|last=Samaras|first=Georgios|title=The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?|url=http://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239|accessdate=2 January 2024|journal=The Conversation|date=26 November 2020}}</ref>

== Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction ==
The action film ''{{wipe|Air Force One (film)}}'' features a [[Social:Terrorism|terrorist mastermind]] named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman, who [[Social:Kidnapping|kidnaps a set of hostages]] including the U.S. President by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks [[Social:Revenge|revenge]] due to the arrest of Kazakh [[Social:Dictator|dictator]] Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow, and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the U.S. armed forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.<ref name="Barber">{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/off-duty/movies/2022/02/28/8-great-russian-movie-villains.html|title=8 Great Russian Movie Villains|journal=Military.com|date=28 February 2022|first=James|last=Barber|accessdate=21 June 2023}}</ref> As well, writer Todd McCarthy of ''Variety'' lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after ''The Fifth Element'', [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."<ref>{{cite news|date=July 27, 1997|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|title=Air Force One|url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117329619|journal=Variety|accessdate=June 22, 2023|archivedate=September 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901234944/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117329619/}}</ref>

The Israeli movie ''Incitement'' portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister [[Biography:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]]. Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a [[Philosophy:Superficial charm|superficial charm]] and skill at [[Philosophy:Persuasion|persuasion]] while at the same time failing to generate audience [[Philosophy:Sympathy|sympathy]] due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality.<ref name="Minow">{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/incitement-movie-review-2020|title=Incitement|first=Nell|last=Minow|website=RogerEbert.com|date=31 January 2020|accessdate=21 June 2023}}</ref> Writer Carla Hay of [http://CultureMixOnline.com CultureMixOnline.com] also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film, with much left to audience interpretations.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|first=Carla|last=Hay|url=https://culturemixonline.com/review-incitement-starring-yehuda-nahari-halevi/|title=Review: 'Incitement'|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=CultureMixOnline.com}}</ref>

The [[Engineering:Video game|video game]] ''[[Software:Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare|Call of Duty 4]]'' has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war in Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction, with the entertainment production being released in 2007. Its sequels, ''[[Software:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2|Call of Duty]]'' (2009) and ''[[Software:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3|Call of Duty]]'' (2011), were set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=21 August 2023|work=The Guardian|title=Modern Warfare 3 hits the $1bn mark in record time|date=13 December 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/dec/12/modern-warfare-3-breaks-1bn-barrier}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Outlook|title=Russia's Ultra-Nationalism, False Flag Op: 'Call Of Duty' Predicted It 10 Years Ago|date=5 March 2022|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/russia-ultra-nationalism-false-flag-op-call-of-duty-news-185308|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Philosophy:Autarky|Autarky]]
*[[Social:Chauvinism|Chauvinism]]
*[[Social:Ethnic nationalism|Ethnic nationalism]]
*[[Social:Ethnocentrism|Ethnocentrism]]
*[[Social:Far-right politics|Far-right politics]]
*[[Social:Far-right subcultures|Far-right subcultures]]
*[[Social:Fascism|Fascism]]
*''Global Times'' – ultra-nationalistic Chinese media<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=China's Pursuit of a New World Media Order |url=https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/en_rapport_chine_web_final_3.pdf |accessdate=2022-06-24 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |quote=Global Times is an ultra-nationalist tabloid established by People's Daily in 1993 to comment on international news.}}</ref>
*[[Social:Ilminism|Ilminism]]
*[[Social:Irredentism|Irredentism]]
*Jingoism
*[[Social:Nazism|Nazism]]
*[[Social:Neo-Confederates|Neo-Confederates]]
*[[Social:Neo-fascism|Neo-fascism]]
*[[Social:Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazism]]
*[[Philosophy:Palingenesis|Palingenesis]] / [[Social:Palingenetic ultranationalism|palingenetic ultranationalism]]
*[[Social:Putinism|Putinism]]<ref name="Putinism"/>
*Racial nationalism
*Racism
*[[Religion:Radical right (Europe)|Radical right (Europe)]]
*Radical right (United States) 
*Religious nationalism
*[[Social:Revanchism|Revanchism]]
*[[Philosophy:Supremacism|Supremacism]]
*[[Philosophy:Totalitarianism|Totalitarianism]]
*''Uyoku dantai''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Nationalism}}

[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Sectarianism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ultranationalism}}