Social:Ultranationalism

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Short description: Extreme form of nationalism
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Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.[1][2][3] Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime.[4] The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.[5]

In ideological terms, scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation-states as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay, grow, and die, and additionally, they can experience rebirth. In stark mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those societies which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those societies which are perceived as having great cultural destinies. Ultranationalism is an aspect of fascism, with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.[3]

Ultranationalist characters have served as villains in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim as well. Examples include the dramatic productions Air Force One (film) and Incitement, both being action films.[6][7]

Background concepts and broader context

Monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marched in Odesa, then inside of Russia, after the October Manifesto came out in 1905.
Italian far-right figure Benito Mussolini (left) greatly influenced Oswald Mosley (right) and contributed to the evolution of his ultranationalist faction called the British Union of Fascists, with them appearing together on this occasion in Italy itself.

British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, eugenics specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness" in Griffin's opinion. Ultranationalists view the modern nation-state as, according to Griffin, a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally experience rebirth. He has highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism.[3]

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists inside the United Kingdom adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.[3]

According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski, summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation". Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. These doctrines stand in contrast, in his opinion, to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.[8]

Historical movements and analysis

In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, the state routinely distributed political propaganda preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in Manchukuo.

American historian Walter Skya has written in Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. By the early twentieth century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military; it also received widespread popular support.[4]

The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He has argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", he has remarked, with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."[5]

The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz. The Israeli publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of the Holocaust. Ceausescu also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.[9]

Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist, due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly, Orban's public condemnation of "race-mixing".[9] He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR, an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.[10]

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades so that:

"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal– the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution– they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."[11]
The Iron Guard, a Romanian ultranationalist movement, centered its mass appeal on communal religious mysticism, with its militant leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu being photographed amidst his followers in Bucharest during a 1937 event.

Russian irredentism, in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the U.S. publication the Los Angeles Times , with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev, Aleksandr Dugin (the author of 1997's The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia), Lev Gumilyov, and Ivan Ilyin. The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies" which was created by the U.S. in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.[12]

In a 2021 story, the business-centered publication Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China , particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with General Secretary Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases. Chinese political activists have asserted, according to the publication, a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.[13]

Ultranationalist political parties

Currently represented in national governments or legislatures

The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist.

The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.

Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions

The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies or factions.

Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures

  •  Belgium: Vlaams Blok[111]
  •  Bulgaria: Attack,[112] VMRO,[113][114] National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria[113]
  •  Cambodia: Communist Party of Kampuchea[115]
  •  Croatia: Ustaše,[116] Croatian Party of Rights,[117] Croatian Pure Party of Rights[117]
  •  Czech Republic: Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia,[118] National Fascist Community[119]
  •  Finland: Patriotic People's Movement[120]
  •  Germany: National Socialist German Workers' Party,[121] German National People's Party,[122] German Right Party[123]
  •  Greece: Freethinkers' Party,[124] Golden Dawn,[125][126][127] Popular Orthodox Rally[128]
  •  Hungary: Arrow Cross Party,[129] Unity Party,[130] Hungarian Justice and Life Party[131]
  •  India: Hindu Mahasabha[132]
  •  Iran: Pan-Iranist Party[133]
  •  Iraq: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region[134]
  •  Israel: Kach,[135] Tehiya,[136] Moledet,[137] Hatikva,[138] Jewish National Front,[139] Herut – The National Movement[139]
  •  Italy: National Fascist Party,[140] Italian Social Movement[141]
  •  Japan: Imperial Rule Assistance Association[142]
  •  Portugal: National Union[143]
  •  Philippines: Kilusang Bagong Lipunan[144]
  •  Romania: Iron Guard,[145] National Christian Party,[146] National-Christian Defense League,[147] Romanian National Unity Party,[148] Greater Romania Party[149]
  •  Rwanda: Coalition for the Defence of the Republic[150]
  •  Serbia: Serbian Radical Party,[151] Party of Serbian Unity,[152][153][154] Dveri,[155][156][157][158] Serbian Party Oathkeepers[159][160]
  •  Slovakia: Slovak People's Party,[161] People's Party Our Slovakia,[162] Republic[163]
  •  South Africa: National Party[164]
  •  South Korea: National Youth[165]
  •  Spain: FET y de las JONS[166]
  •  Turkey: Republican Villagers Nation Party,[167] Victory Party,[168][169] Great Union Party[170]
  •  Ukraine: Right Sector[171][172][173]

Ultranationalist organizations

Ultranationalist terrorism

A group of bicycle infantry militants that fought in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) travel just north of Kilinochchi inside of Sri Lanka in June 2004.

Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14, 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers.[219][220][221]

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the academic publication Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family." Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self." In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation".[221]

Golden Dawn activists rally in Athens during a March 2015 event.

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection, Nikos Dendias, remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".[222][223][224]

The organization held, at the time, 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece. However, the Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, the British publication The Guardian reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left[-]wing trade unionists[,] and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."[222][223][224]

Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction

The action film Air Force One (film) features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman, who kidnaps a set of hostages including the U.S. President by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow, and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the U.S. armed forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.[6] As well, writer Todd McCarthy of Variety lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after The Fifth Element, [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."[225]

The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality.[7] Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film, with much left to audience interpretations.[226]

The video game Call of Duty 4 has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war in Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction, with the entertainment production being released in 2007. Its sequels, Call of Duty (2009) and Call of Duty (2011), were set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."[227][228]

See also


References

  1. ↑ Ultranationalism. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  2. ↑ Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A-K. ABC-CLIO. pp. 451–453. ISBN 9781576079409. https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Skya, Walter (2009). Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822392460. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations". Khmer Times. 18 August 2022. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501134064/ultranationalism-destroyed-good-ties-between-nations/. Retrieved 30 December 2022. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Barber, James (28 February 2022). "8 Great Russian Movie Villains". Military.com. https://www.military.com/off-duty/movies/2022/02/28/8-great-russian-movie-villains.html. Retrieved 21 June 2023. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Minow, Nell (31 January 2020). "Incitement". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/incitement-movie-review-2020. Retrieved 21 June 2023. 
  8. ↑ Stein, Jonathan P. (2000). The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780765605283. https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFNV40_EUAC. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tibori-Szabó, Zoltán (16 August 2022). "Viktor Orbán's Unsettling Similarity to Romania's Deposed, Executed Dictator". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2022-08-16/ty-article-opinion/.premium/orbans-unsettling-similarity-to-romanias-deposed-executed-dictator/00000182-a64f-d803-a7f6-fe7f94320000. Retrieved 18 August 2022. 
  10. ↑ Kakissis, Joanna (4 December 2021). "A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/12/04/1058834216/a-discomfort-with-western-liberalism-is-growing-in-eastern-europe. Retrieved 24 August 2022. 
  11. ↑ Levy, Gideon (25 December 2015). "Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210. Retrieved 18 May 2022. 
  12. ↑ Kaleem, Jaweed (28 March 2022). "A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism". The Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine. Retrieved 16 June 2022. 
  13. ↑ "China's Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi's Climate Ambitions". Bloomberg News. 29 November 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-29/china-s-rising-ultra-nationalism-complicates-xi-s-climate-ambitions. Retrieved 24 August 2022. 
  14. ↑ Foley, Conor (2020). The Thin Blue Line. Verso. "A key part of the Taliban's ideology was based on Pashtun ultra-nationalism" 
  15. ↑ Stewart, James (2 November 2019). "Anti‐Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia". Australian Journal of Social Issues 54 (4): 418–435. doi:10.1002/ajs4.83. 
  16. ↑ "South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London" (in en). 2018-01-14. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-distorting-mirror-for-vienna-rome-and-liberal-lond/. 
  17. ↑ "Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace" (in en-US). 2016-09-13. https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/weird-news/2016/09/13/even-austria-s-far-right/24189754007/. 
  18. ↑ Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (2015). Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 742. ISBN 978-1-4008-8347-9. OCLC 954000237. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/954000237. 
  19. ↑ Elman, R. Amy (2015). The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 120. ISBN 978-0-8032-6693-3. OCLC 897814752. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897814752. 
  20. ↑ Fotheringham, Alasdair (2021-02-03). "In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right?" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/far-right-europe-pandemic. 
  21. ↑ "Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave'" (in en). 2022-01-22. https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-covid-omicron-record/31650413.html. 
  22. ↑ "Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making". UniCredit Research: 1. November 2021. https://www.unicreditbulbank.bg/media/filer_public/af/1d/af1d10e0-03e0-4dc6-9d3b-ce7777a8b3dc/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_181696.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation" (in en). https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690. 
  24. ↑ "Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional". Euronews. 8 May 2023. https://pt.euronews.com/2023/05/08/partido-oposto-a-reforma-conduzira-processo-de-revisao-constitucional. "Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile" 
  25. ↑ "A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra-nationalism". The Economist. 19 May 2022. https://www.economist.com/china/2022/05/19/a-new-twitter-account-shows-how-the-chinese-communist-party-stirs-up-ultra-nationalism/. 
  26. ↑ Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections. Arlington, Virginia: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. July 2020. pp. 3. 
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  28. ↑ Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2018. pp. 87. ISBN 978-1-78643-049-6. OCLC 1043865663. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043865663. 
  29. ↑ "Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution". 3 June 2020. http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-mp-who-compared-muslim-immigrants-to-invasive-species-will-not-be-stripped-of-immunity-from-prosecution. 
  30. ↑ Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team (2001). Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Pub. pp. 171. ISBN 0-7658-0101-9. OCLC 48233321. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48233321. 
  31. ↑ Lee, Martin A. (2013). The beast reawakens. New York: Routledge. pp. 46. ISBN 978-1-135-28124-3. OCLC 858861623. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861623. 
  32. ↑ Samuel L. Myers; Bruce P. Corrie (2006). Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective. New York: Lang. pp. 205. ISBN 0-8204-5656-X. OCLC 52312447. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52312447. 
  33. ↑ "In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/article/liberal-estonia-right-wing-populists-are-making-their-mark. 
  34. ↑ ""The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" | Baltic Rim Economies". https://sites.utu.fi/bre/the-east-europeanization-of-estonian-politics/. 
  35. ↑ "Europe's far right has stalled" (in en). 2019-12-31. https://www.afr.com/world/europe/europes-far-right-has-stalled-20200101-p53nzr. 
  36. ↑ Erlanger, Steven; de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (17 December 2016). "E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  37. ↑ Morden, Tony (2013). Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4094-3279-1. OCLC 847526846. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847526846. 
  38. ↑ "The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history". The Washington Post. 20 August 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/. "A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ..." 
  39. ↑ Berlin, Oliver Moody (23 July 2019). "Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition". The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/frankenstein-pact-puts-afd-in-coalition-rcs0bp2lw. "A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor." 
  40. ↑ "The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece". Vice News. 27 June 2023. https://www.vice.com/en/article/dy3y7v/greece-spartans-golden-dawn. "a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans" 
  41. ↑ "Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party". The Guardian. 7 July 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/greeks-choose-between-beach-and-ballot-in-first-post-debt-bailout-poll. "Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks." 
  42. ↑ "Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right". Deutsche Welle. 26 June 2023. https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-afd-reflects-europes-shift-to-the-right/a-66039658. "the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory)" 
  43. ↑ "Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship". 18 November 2019. https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/. 
  44. ↑ Magnier, Mark (8 March 2012). "In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/08/world/la-fg-india-temple-20120309. 
  45. ↑ Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together, Arutz7
  46. ↑ "U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial". Axios. 11 November 2022. https://www.axios.com/2022/11/11/ultranationalist-ben-gvir-meir-kahane-israel-price. 
  47. ↑ "Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins". Christian Science Monitor. 2019-08-21. ISSN 0882-7729. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2019/0821/Political-turmoil-in-Italy-as-far-right-reaches-for-the-reins. 
  48. ↑ "In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put" (in en). 2022-02-02. https://euobserver.com/democracy/154256. 
  49. ↑ Political Handbook of the World 2012. SAGE. 2012. p. 815. 
  50. ↑ Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai (20 November 2020). "Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election". Myanmar Now. https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/far-right-buddhist-nationalist-candidates-among-biggest-losers-in-2020-election. 
  51. ↑ Internal Crisis Group (5 September 2017). Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar (Report). https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar. 
  52. ↑ Kaspar de Ploeg, Chris (2017). Ukraine in the Crossfire. SCB Distributors. "ultranationalist PVV party" 
  53. ↑ "Promoting internship at Forum for Democracy causes a stir at Leiden University: 'Too weird for words'". Leidsch Dagblad. 1 November 2022. https://www.leidschdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20221101_68608230?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic. "De ideologie is ultraconservatief, ultranationalistisch" 
  54. ↑ "Poland election race too close to call as voters prepare to go to polls". The Guardian. 14 October 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/poland-election-race-too-close-to-call-as-voters-prepare-to-go-to-poll. "Ultranationalist Confederation party candidate Sławomir Mentzen" 
  55. ↑ "Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw". The Algemeiner. 31 January 2018. https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/01/31/polish-interior-minister-issues-last-minute-ban-on-neo-fascist-show-of-force-outside-israeli-embassy-in-warsaw/. 
  56. ↑ "Maioria no parlamento português reprova protesto de partido ultranacionalista durante discurso de Lula". SBS. 26 April 2023. https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/maioria-no-parlamento-portugues-reprova-protesto-de-partido-ultranacionalista-durante-discurso-de-lula/fjdn85idp. "the ultranationalist Chega party" 
  57. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (14 December 2020). "Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd. 
  58. ↑ "Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament". Transylvania Now. 7 December 2020. https://transylvanianow.com/record-low-turnout-brings-extremist-party-into-romanias-parliament/. 
  59. ↑ "Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words". 21 February 2013. http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130221/179612948/Ultranationalists-Move-to-Slap-Fines-on-Use-of-Foreign-Words.html. 
  60. ↑ Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2015). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34. 
  61. ↑ The Turn of the Fascist , Jane Duncan, SACSIS (2011).
  62. ↑ Imraan Baccus,"Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?" , City Press (2013).
  63. ↑ "Pro-Russische oud-premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije". October 2023. https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/artikel/5410660/verkiezingen-slowakije-robert-fico-rusland-lhbti. 
  64. ↑ Jeffries, Ian (2002). Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century. Routledge. p. 352. ISBN 9780415236713. https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff. "Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist" 
  65. ↑ P. Ramet, Sabrina (1997). Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128. ISBN 9780847683246. "...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina..." 
  66. ↑ "International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Slovakia.php. 
  67. ↑ Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). "No, no es un partido (neo)fascista". Agenda Pública. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/. Retrieved 1 May 2019. 
  68. ↑ Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). "Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal". Agenda Pública. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/. 
  69. ↑ Hällhag, Roger (April 2007). New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model?. Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. pp. 6. 
  70. ↑ Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 2018. pp. 169. ISBN 978-3-319-96559-8. OCLC 1052796925. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1052796925. 
  71. ↑ Gardell, Mattias (2014). "Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe" (in en). Terrorism and Political Violence 26 (1): 130. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. ISSN 0954-6553. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. 
  72. ↑ Estrin, Barbara L. (2012). Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots. Lexington Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-1611493702. 
  73. ↑ "Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise". Focus on the Global South. 19 September 2023. https://focusweb.org/establishment-wins-people-lose-in-thai-political-compromise/. "The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party" 
  74. ↑ Arman, Murat Necip (2007). "The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism". CEU Political Science Journal (2): 133–151. 
  75. ↑ Eissenstat, Howard. (November 2002). "Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism". Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C.. 
  76. ↑ "Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists". BBC. 25 December 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20824693. 
  77. ↑ Black, J. L.; Johns, Michael; Theriault, Alanda (2019). The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14. ISBN 9781498576376. https://books.google.com/books?id=lBKSDwAAQBAJ. 
  78. ↑ Hahn, Gordon M. (2018). Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War". Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 191. ISBN 9781476628752. https://books.google.com/books?id=VCpADwAAQBAJ. 
  79. ↑ Cupples, Julie (2022). Development and Decolonization in Latin America. Taylor & Francis. "election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro" 
  80. ↑ Minkenberg, Michael (2015). Transforming the Transformation?. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. "the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives" 
  81. ↑ Rosenfeld, Alvin (2021). Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate. Indiana University Press. p. 255. "With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party" 
  82. ↑ deSouza, Peter Ronald (2006). India's Political Parties. SAGE. p. 19. "The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three" 
  83. ↑ "Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections". Center for Security Studies. 9 September 2014. https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386. "Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra" 
  84. ↑ Krieg, Andreas (2023). Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives. Georgetown University Press. "it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord" 
  85. ↑ "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/. "The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism." 
  86. ↑ Lunning, Frenchy, ed (2013). Mechademia 4: War/Time. U of Minnesota Press. p. 291. ISBN 9781452942650. https://books.google.com/books?id=uy90DwAAQBAJ&dq=ultranationalist+Liberal+Democratic+Party+Japan&pg=PA291. "The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ..." 
  87. ↑ "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 June 2018. https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/. "In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment." 
  88. ↑ Maki Kimura, ed (2016). Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices. Springer. ISBN 9781137392510. https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29. "... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)." 
  89. ↑ Masanori Nakamura, ed (2016). The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1992. ISBN 9781563241093. "On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ..." 
  90. ↑ Minkenberg, Michael (2023). Depleting Democracies. Manchester University Press. "PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory" 
  91. ↑ Baybars Hawks, Banu (2018). Non-state actors in conflicts. p. 43. "In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share" 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Sabri Kiçmari, ed (2022). History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History. Springer Nature. p. 59. ISBN 9789811984020. https://books.google.com/books?id=fpegEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59. "Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8)." 
  93. ↑ Chuck Stewart, ed (2010). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide. Greenwood Press. p. 360. ISBN 9780313342356. "In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!)." 
  94. ↑ "Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party" (in en-US). The New York Times. Reuters. 1997-07-21. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/21/world/bosnia-serbs-oust-leader-from-her-party.html. 
  95. ↑ "Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader" (in en). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/holbooke-to-seek-removal-of-bosnian-serb-leader-1.67958. 
  96. ↑ Kyriazi, Anna (April 2016). "Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn". University of Milan. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299651334. 
  97. ↑ "Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight". AP News. 9 September 2015. https://apnews.com/article/7cf399b561394a3193927603d0668b14. 
  98. ↑ "Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary". NPR.org (National Public Radio). 24 May 2014. https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary. 
  99. ↑ Gleis, Joshua (2012). Hezbollah and Hamas. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. "It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals" 
  100. ↑ Mietzner, Marcus (2008). "Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 39 (3): 431–453. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000337. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751535. 
  101. ↑ "Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 February 2009. https://www.rferl.org/a/In_Moldova_Liebermans_Known_As_A_Nice_Guy/1491561.html. 
  102. ↑ De Riencourt, Amauary (1950). Roof of the World, Tibet. Rinehart. p. 176. "Chiang Kai - Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement" 
  103. ↑ Sakai, Robert (1966). Studies on Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 102. "the ultranationalist faction within UMNO" 
  104. ↑ Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; ISBN:1910781878, p. 87.
  105. ↑ "North Macedonia takes a small step forward and one backwards this week". New Europe. 13 February 2020. https://www.neweurope.eu/article/north-macedonia-takes-a-small-step-forward-and-one-backwards-this-week/. 
  106. ↑ "The Radical Right in Macedonia". Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. December 2012. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09568.pdf. "VMRO-DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream" 
  107. ↑ Stojarová, Věra; Emerson, Peter. "Political parties in Serbia". Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich. https://www.bochsler.eu/publi/bochsler_serbiacountry.pdf. 
  108. ↑ "Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa". Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right. 6 April 2018. https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/04/06/escaping-ethnocentrism-the-radical-right-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/. "Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny." 
  109. ↑ "'Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists". Middle East Eye. 21 July 2018. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists. 
  110. ↑ "Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan". Deutsche Welle. 25 October 2017. https://www.dw.com/en/turkish-nationalists-form-new-party-challenging-erdogan/a-41101708. 
  111. ↑ Arblaster, Paul (2018). A History of the Low Countries. p. 229. "The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok" 
  112. ↑ Katsikas, Stefanos (2011). Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris. p. 64. 
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 "Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections". The Sofia Globe. 20 May 2021. https://sofiaglobe.com/2021/05/20/ultra-nationalists-populists-form-bulgarian-patriots-alliance-for-july-elections/. "Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria's July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20." 
  114. ↑ "Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress". Financial Times (FT). https://www.ft.com/content/2b259a24-9a05-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld_europe%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct. 
  115. ↑ "Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling" (in en). 2018-11-16. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2173574/khmer-rouge-leaders-convicted-genocide-landmark-court. 
  116. ↑ Ruzicic-Kessler, Karlo (2011). From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe. Lit. p. 194. "the ultra-nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic" 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13460-952-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&pg=PT345. 
  118. ↑ Cengiz, Firat (2013). Turkey and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 105. "the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic-Republican Party of Czechoslovakia" 
  119. ↑ Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway. Greenwood Press. 1983. p. 149. 
  120. ↑ Nissen, Henrik (1983). Scandinavia during the Second World War. Universitetsforlaget. p. 25. "The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)" 
  121. ↑ Zander, Patrick (2020). Fascism Through History: Culture, Ideology, and Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 314. "In Germany, the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933" 
  122. ↑ Payne, Stanley (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 163. "The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP" 
  123. ↑ Germany's New Nazis. Philosophical Library. 1952. p. 17. "The German Reich Party (conservative ultra-nationalist), which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949" 
  124. ↑ Nunez, Xose (2021). Sites of the Dictators. Taylor & Francis. 
  125. ↑ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), "Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece", Journal of Political Ideologies 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, "...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi)." 
  126. ↑ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15, http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/2006/ivarsflatenapsa2006.pdf 
  127. ↑ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece's Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  128. ↑ "LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country". Ekathimerini. 9 April 2012. https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/140718/laos-chief-accuses-pasok-nd-of-betraying-the-country/. 
  129. ↑ Ramet, Sabrina (1992). Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia. Duke University Press. p. 113. "the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party" 
  130. ↑ Nair, MB (2019). Journey through the Ages. Notion Press. 
  131. ↑ Esbenshade, Richard (2005). Hungary. Benchmark Books. p. 37. "A new ultranationalist, extremist party, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party" 
  132. ↑ Moses, A. Dirk (2021). The Problems of Genocide. Cambridge University Press. p. 367. "the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement" 
  133. ↑ Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 344. 
  134. ↑ Faath, Sigrid (2006). Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World. Hurst. p. 156. "Considering the ultra-nationalist, anti-American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party" 
  135. ↑ Weinblum, Sharon (2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10. 
  136. ↑ Reich, Bernard (2008). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. p. 447. "the ultranationalist Tehiya Party" 
  137. ↑ Aronoff, Myron (2015). Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party. Taylor & Francis. "Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party" 
  138. ↑ Vossen, Koen (2016). The Power of Populism. Taylor & Francis. p. 81. "the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party" 
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 Khalfa, David (2009). Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50. "The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party." 
  140. ↑ Todd, Allan (2015). European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939). Cambridge University Press. p. 19. "Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party" 
  141. ↑ Moss, Bernhard (2004). Monetary Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan UK. "the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI" 
  142. ↑ Brandon, James R., ed (2009). Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945. University of Hawaii Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780824832001. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cqu7HjqVtoC&dq=ultranationalist+Imperial+Rule+Assistance+Association&pg=PA113. ".2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association." 
  143. ↑ Djassi Amado, Abel. "The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party". Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies: 132. https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217. "The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism". 
  144. ↑ Villegas, Bernardo M. (1958-02-01). "The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era" (in en). Asian Survey 27 (2): 194–205. doi:10.2307/2644614. ISSN 0004-4687. https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction. ""Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos."". 
  145. ↑ Zelinska, Elisabeta (2013). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Liverpool University Press. p. 42. "The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania" 
  146. ↑ Cercel, Cosmin (2015). Fascism and Criminal Law. Bloomsbury. p. 112. "King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga" 
  147. ↑ Clark, Roland (2019). "From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania". Studies on National Movements 4 (4). doi:10.21825/snm.85386. 
  148. ↑ Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe. 2001. p. 169. "Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party" 
  149. ↑ Coleman, Edmond (2014). Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. "the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party" 
  150. ↑ "Rwanda". CovertAction Quarterly (51–54): 12. 1994. "The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party". 
  151. ↑ Ford, Peter (2018). "Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform". https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1230/p07s01-woeu.html. 
  152. ↑ "Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats". CNN. 24 December 2020. http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/12/24/serbia.arkan/index.html. 
  153. ↑ "Željko Ražnatović". Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeljko-Raznatovic. 
  154. ↑ Wiesinger, Barbara (December 2008). "The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia". Balkanologie 11 (1–2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.1363. https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/1363. 
  155. ↑ "The Far-Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 June 2022. https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-far-right-russia-sanctions/31884417.html. 
  156. ↑ "Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal" (in en). 2011-05-31. https://www.france24.com/en/20110531-judges-decide-mladic-war-crimes-extradition-appeal-srebrenica. 
  157. ↑ "Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show". 24 April 2016. https://apnews.com/article/9f04e6378a1c4dccb6982fccd87dc5cd. 
  158. ↑ Armakolas, Ioannis; Maksimović, Maja (May 2013). "The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath". https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165156/BN1.pdf. 
  159. ↑ "Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box". RFE/RL. March 12, 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-zavetnici-oath-keepers-ultranationalism-russia-lavrov/29094995.html. 
  160. ↑ "Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota" (in Serbian). VOICE. 15 March 2020. https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/. 
  161. ↑ Genocide and Fascism. Taylor & Francis. 2008. p. 244. "The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement" 
  162. ↑ "Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.". New York Times. 17 December 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html. 
  163. ↑ "Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?". Atlantic Council. 23 December 2022. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/slovakia-risks-becoming-another-hungary-style-eu-spoiler-how-should-the-west-respond/. 
  164. ↑ Krabill, Ron (2010). Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid. University of Chicago Press. p. 51. https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab. 
  165. ↑ "이범석" (in ko). https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46626&docId=541989&categoryId=46626. 
  166. ↑ "The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco". Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30831069.pdf. 
  167. ↑ Burris, Gregory (2007). Taming the Gray Wolf. Indiana University. p. 10. "Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda" 
  168. ↑ "Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections" (in tr-TR). 2023-03-28. https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103. 
  169. ↑ "Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections" (in tr-TR). 2023-03-28. https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103. 
  170. ↑ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015) (in en). Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9. 
  171. ↑ "Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector". BBC. 28 April 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27173857. 
  172. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). "Ukraine". http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html. 
  173. ↑ "Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army" (in en). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 April 2015. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yarosh-muilitary-adviser/26941352.html. 
  174. ↑ Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2022). Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945. Taylor & Francis. "Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society" 
  175. ↑ Campani, Giovanna (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift. Taylor & Francis. p. 10. 
  176. ↑ Neiberg, Michael (2004). Warfare & Society in Europe. Routledge. p. 96. "Several ultra - nationalist groups such as Action française and the veterans' group Croix de Feu" 
  177. ↑ Nilsson, Per-Erik (2017). Unveiling the French Republic: National Identity, Secularism, and Islam in Contemporary France. Brill. p. 70. "Ultra-nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire" 
  178. ↑ Kumar, M. (2020). Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India. Sankalp Publication. p. 323. "RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization" 
  179. ↑ Haleem, Irm (2011). The Essence of Islamist Extremism. Taylor & Francis. p. 213. 
  180. ↑ Fionna, Ulla, ed (2015). Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014. ISEAS Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 9789814620833. https://books.google.com/books?id=HPugCgAAQBAJ&dq=pemuda+pancasila+ultranationalist&pg=PA106. "Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila" 
  181. ↑ The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939-1942. Stanford University. 1962. p. 41. "the notorious "Golden Square", four young ultra-nationalist colonels" 
  182. ↑ "Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 January 2016. https://www.smh.com.au/world/israeli-human-rights-groups-alarmed-by-zionist-video-attack-20151217-glpzu7.html. "An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu" 
  183. ↑ "Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol". BBC. 9 February 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-35526495. "an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs." 
  184. ↑ Pedahzur, Ami (2013). The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence. Manchester University Press. "Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right-wing notions, the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism" 
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Sprinzak, Ehud (1991). The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. OUP. p. 23. "It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism, and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi" 
  186. ↑ O'Connor, Eimear (2009). Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland. Carysfort Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1904505419. 
  187. ↑ "The dark side of Italian politics — Italy's swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda". CNBC. 1 March 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/italy-election-darker-side-politics-far-right.html. 
  188. ↑ Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  189. ↑ "Abe's cabinet reshuffle". East Asia Forum. 14 September 2019. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/09/14/abes-cabinet-reshuffle/. "Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government's policy leader on national education." 
  190. ↑ "Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine". South China Morning Post. 17 October 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3033382/japanese-minister-becomes-first-two-years-visit-tokyos. "Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the "national consciousness" surrounding the prosecution of Japan's war criminals and to change the nation's pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes "patriotic education"." 
  191. ↑ Kolmas, Michal, ed (2019). National Identity and Japanese Revisionism. Routledge. ISBN 9781351334396. https://books.google.com/books?id=XUNvDwAAQBAJ&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PT245. "... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ..." 
  192. ↑ Dessì, Ugo, ed (2013). Japanese Religions and Globalization. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9780415811705. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNhgxGsyzwsC&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PA146. 
  193. ↑ "Japan combats rise in hate speech". Al Jazeera. 30 November 2015. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/11/30/japan-encounters-rise-in-hate-speech.html. "... and many don't speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan's very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously." 
  194. ↑ "Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down". Japan Times. 30 November 2015. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/12/national/head-of-anti-foreigner-group-zaitokukai-to-step-down/#.XtnM2NUzaUk. "The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization's influence." 
  195. ↑ Zaman, Dina (23 June 2012). "Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1". https://www.newmandala.org/is-there-a-need-for-more-interfaith-dialogue-in-malaysia-part-1/. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ""Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,"" 
  196. ↑ "La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana (1992-2018)" (in Spanish). Marxismo Critico. 26 June 2018. https://marxismocritico.com/2018/06/26/la-nueva-ultraderecha-latinoamericana/. 
  197. ↑ Flores, González; Gustavo, José (June 2015). "The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists" (in en). Culturales 3 (1): 49–76. ISSN 1870-1191. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1870-11912015000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es. 
  198. ↑ Nilsen, Marte (12 March 2015). "Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition". East Asia Forum. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/03/12/buddhist-nationalism-threatens-myanmars-democratic-transition/. Retrieved 28 May 2021. 
  199. ↑ "Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group". Radio Free Asia. 23 May 2017. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ban-05232017152958.html. Retrieved 28 May 2021. 
  200. ↑ "Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup". Bloomberg News. 10 March 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-09/brawling-myanmar-monks-show-buddhist-nationalists-backing-coup. 
  201. ↑ Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts. Tomas Kavaliauskas. Lexington Books. 2012. ISBN:9780739174111. Chapter 4, page 60.
  202. ↑ The Place of Artists' Cinema: Space, Site, and Screen. Maeve Connolly. Intellect Books. 2009. Page 122. ISBN:9781841503295
  203. ↑ "Igor Girkin, the Russian military commander found guilty of downing MH17, was arrested in Moscow. Here's what we know". ABC. 21 July 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-22/igor-girkin-mh17-commander-and-putin-critic-arrested/102634622. "they created the Club of Angry Patriots, an ultranationalist group that live-streamed their criticism of Russia's political and military leadership" 
  204. ↑ "Russian ultranationalist bikers The Night Wolves to descend on Berlin for WWII rally". IBT. 30 April 2016. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russian-ultranationalist-bikers-night-wolves-descend-berlin-wwii-rally-1557635. 
  205. ↑ Pamuk, Humeyra. "U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization". US News. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-06/us-designates-russia-based-ultranationalist-group-as-terrorist-organisation-us-official. 
  206. ↑ Porter, Tom. "Russia could strike back at the West by calling on its network of white-supremacist groups to commit terror attacks there, analysts warn" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-could-retaliate-west-leverage-white-supremacist-group-attacks-analysts-2022-4. 
  207. ↑ Beech, Hannah (1 July 2013). "When Buddhists go Bad". Time (New Zealand Edition) 182 (1): 19. 
  208. ↑ SCF (2018-10-09). "Germany seeks to ban ultranationalist Turkish Grey Wolves' symbols" (in en-US). https://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/. 
  209. ↑ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019-02-14). "Austria bans symbols of PKK, Turkish Grey Wolves, and Muslim Brotherhood" (in en). https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/18873-Austria-bans-symbols-of-PKK,-Turkish-Grey-Wolves,-and-Muslim-Brotherhood. 
  210. ↑ Selcen, Aydın (2020-09-05). "Far-right group attempts to attack Grup Yorum member Gökçeks grave to burn his body". https://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body. 
  211. ↑ https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-ultranationalist-militant-organization-threatens-hdp-member-with-death-news-62948
  212. ↑ "The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022". https://amp.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151. 
  213. ↑ "Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting". Reuters. 25 March 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-azov-idUSKBN0ML0XJ20150325. 
  214. ↑ "Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment?". https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment. 
  215. ↑ Alessio, Dominic; Meredith, Kristen (2014). "Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League". Social Identities 20 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1080/13504630.2013.843058. 
  216. ↑ "The Scottish National Party at 80". BBC News. 11 April 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026. 
  217. ↑ Combs, Cynthia (2022). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis. "The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States" 
  218. ↑ "THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK". Texas Observer. 2 November 2022. https://www.texasobserver.org/patriot-front-lawsuit-vandalism/. "As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases." 
  219. ↑ Tempest, Rone (21 June 1985). "Massacre That 'Woke Everybody Up' Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-21-mn-11531-story.html. Retrieved 27 December 2023. 
  220. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (19 May 1985). "SRI LANKA RAID LEAVES GRIEF AND NEW FEAR". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/19/world/sri-lanka-raid-leaves-grief-and-new-fear.html. Retrieved 27 December 2023. 
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 Davison, Joan (January 2006). "The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals". Journal of Hate Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464_The_Politics_of_Hate_Ultranationalist_and_Fundamentalist_Tactics_and_Goals. Retrieved 27 December 2023. 
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 Smith, Helena (11 January 2021). "'It’s incredible': why do two convicted Greek neo-Nazis remain at large?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/its-incredible-why-do-two-convicted-greek-neo-nazis-golden-dawn-remain-at-large. Retrieved 2 January 2024. 
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 Charlton, Joseph (18 September 2013). "Greek anti-fascist rapper murdered by 'neo-Nazi' Golden Dawn". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greek-anti-fascist-rapper-murdered-by-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-supporter-8824664.html. Retrieved 2 January 2024. 
  224. ↑ 224.0 224.1 Samaras, Georgios (26 November 2020). "The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?". The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239. Retrieved 2 January 2024. 
  225. ↑ McCarthy, Todd (July 27, 1997). "Air Force One". Variety. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120901234944/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117329619/. Retrieved June 22, 2023. 
  226. ↑ Hay, Carla (30 January 2020). "Review: 'Incitement'". https://culturemixonline.com/review-incitement-starring-yehuda-nahari-halevi/. Retrieved 23 June 2023. 
  227. ↑ "Modern Warfare 3 hits the $1bn mark in record time". The Guardian. 13 December 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/dec/12/modern-warfare-3-breaks-1bn-barrier. Retrieved 21 August 2023. 
  228. ↑ "Russia's Ultra-Nationalism, False Flag Op: 'Call Of Duty' Predicted It 10 Years Ago". Outlook. 5 March 2022. https://www.outlookindia.com/international/russia-ultra-nationalism-false-flag-op-call-of-duty-news-185308. Retrieved 21 August 2023. 
  229. ↑ "China's Pursuit of a New World Media Order". Reporters Without Borders. 2018-11-29. https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/en_rapport_chine_web_final_3.pdf. Retrieved 2022-06-24. "Global Times is an ultra-nationalist tabloid established by People's Daily in 1993 to comment on international news." 

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