View source for Software:SpaceX Dragon 2

{{Short description|Class of reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name                 = Dragon 2
| image                = Crew Dragon at the ISS for Demo Mission 1 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption        = {{ComV|Crew Dragon|full=nolink}} approaching the ISS in March 2019, during [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]]

| manufacturer         = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| country              = United States
| operator             = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| applications         = [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]] crew and cargo transport

<!--Specifications-->
| design_life          = {{plainlist|
* 1 week (free flight)<ref name="sx20090918">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf|title=DragonLab datasheet|date=8 September 2009|publisher=SpaceX|location=Hawthorne, California|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104010401/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf|archivedate=4 January 2011}}</ref>
* 210 days docked to ISS<ref>{{cite web|title="Commercial Crew Program American Rockets American Spacecraft American Soil" (page 15) |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/commercialcrew_press_kit.pdf|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 February 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
}}
| launch_mass          = 
| dry_mass             = {{cvt|9525|kg}}<ref name=AS-2015>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2015/05/01/spacex-nasa-discuss-forthcoming-dragon-pad-abort-test/|title=SpaceX, NASA Discuss Forthcoming Dragon Pad Abort Test|date=1 May 2015|website=AmericaSpace}}</ref>

| payload_capacity     = {{plainlist|
* {{cvt|6000|kg}} to orbit<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/dragon|title=Dragon|last=SpaceX|date=1 March 2019|publisher=SpaceX}}</ref>
* {{cvt|3000|kg}} return cargo<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'/>
* {{cvt|800|kg}} disposed cargo<ref name='Audit CRS 2018'/>
}}
| crew_capacity        = 7 (NASA missions will only have 4 crew members)<ref>{{cite news|title=After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship|date=7 December 2019|first=Stephen |last=Clark|journal=Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/|quote='With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. 'So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us'.}}</ref>
| dimensions           = {{plainlist|
* Diameter: {{cvt|4|m}}<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'/>
* Height: {{cvt|8.1|m}} (with trunk)<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'/>
* Sidewall angle: 15°
}}

| volume               = {{plainlist|
* {{cvt|9.3|m3}} pressurized
* {{cvt|12.1|m3}} unpressurized<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'/>
* {{cvt|37|m3}} unpressurized with extended trunk
| power                = 
| batteries            = 
| equipment            = 
| orbits               = [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| launch_vehicle       = [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]]
| propulsion           = {{plainlist|
* 8 SuperDraco thrusters as [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|launch escape system]] (Crew variant only)
* 18 Draco thrusters for in-space maneuvering
}}
}}
| propellant           = [[Chemistry:Dinitrogen tetroxide|NTO]] / [[Chemistry:Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]]<ref name=FAA2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf|title=The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 |date=February 2012|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|format=PDF}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<!--Production-->
| status               = Active
| built                = 4 (1 test article, 3 flightworthy)
| orders               = 
| launched             = 2 (+1 suborbital)
| operational          = 
| retired              = 
| failed               = 
| lost                 = 1 (in testing)
| first                = 2 March 2019 (Uncrewed test)<br>30 May 2020 (Crewed)
| lastretired          = 
| derivedfrom          = [[Software:SpaceX Dragon|SpaceX Dragon]]
}}
{{Infobox software
| name                 = Dragon 2 Flight Software
| author               = [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| developer            = 
| programming language = [[C++]], [[JavaScript]]<ref name="tarazevits">{{Cite web|last=Tarajevits|first=Thomas|title=Revisions to What computer and software is used by the Falcon 9?|url=https://space.stackexchange.com/posts/9446/revisions|website=Space Exploration Stack Exchange|access-date=31 May 2020}} Tarazevits says in [https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/9243/what-computer-and-software-is-used-by-the-falcon-9/9446#comment25749_9446 his comment] that he learned those information at "Engineer the Future" session with Jinnah Hussein.</ref><ref name="reddit-ama-opening-post">{{Cite web |title=r/IAmA - We are SpaceX Software Engineers - We Launch Rockets into Space - AMA|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1853ap/we_are_spacex_software_engineers_we_launch/|website=reddit|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
| engine               = Chromium browser (Crew Dragon only)<ref name="tarazevits"/>
| operating system     = [[Software:Linux|Linux]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=r/IAmA - Comment by u/spacexdevtty on "We are SpaceX Software Engineers - We Launch Rockets into Space - AMA" |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1853ap/we_are_spacex_software_engineers_we_launch/c8bodrj|website=reddit|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
| platform             = {{plainlist|
* [[X86|x86]] (control)
* [[PowerPC]] (actuation)
}}
| included with        = Dragon 2
| size                 = Around 100K source lines<ref>{{Cite web|title=r/IAmA - Comment by u/spacexdevtty on "We are SpaceX Software Engineers - We Launch Rockets into Space - AMA" |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1853ap/we_are_spacex_software_engineers_we_launch/c8bqwtl|website=reddit|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
| language             = [[Social:English language|English]]
| language count       = <!-- Number only -->
| language footnote    = 
| genre                = Application-specific system software
| license              = Closed source, internal use
| website              = 
}}
{{Private spaceflight}}

The '''SpaceX Dragon 2''' is a class of [[Astronomy:Reusable launch system|reusable]] spacecraft developed and manufactured by American aerospace manufacturer [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] as the successor to the [[Software:SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] [[Engineering:Cargo spacecraft|cargo spacecraft]]. It has two variants: '''Crew Dragon''', a [[Astronomy:Human-rating certification|human-rated]] [[Engineering:Space capsule|capsule]] capable of ferrying up to seven astronauts, and '''Cargo Dragon''', an updated replacement for the original Dragon spacecraft. The spacecraft launches atop a [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]] rocket and returns to Earth via an ocean [[Engineering:Splashdown|splashdown]]. Unlike its predecessor, the spacecraft can dock itself to the ISS instead of being berthed. Crew Dragon is equipped with an integrated [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|launch escape system]] (LES) capable of accelerating the vehicle away from the rocket in an emergency at 11.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>, accomplished by using a set of four side-mounted thruster pods with two SuperDraco engines each. The spacecraft features redesigned [[Physics:Solar panels on spacecraft|solar arrays]] and a modified outer mold line compared to the original Dragon, and possess new [[Flight computer|flight computer]]s and [[Engineering:Avionics|avionics]]. As of March 2020, four Dragon 2 spacecraft have been manufactured (not counting structural test articles that were never airborne).

Crew Dragon serves as one of two spacecraft that is expected to transport crews to and from the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS) under [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s [[Astronomy:Commercial Crew Program|Commercial Crew Program]], the other being the [[Engineering:Boeing CST-100 Starliner|Boeing CST-100 Starliner]]. It is also expected to be used in flights by American [[Astronomy:Space tourism|space tourism]] company [[Company:Space Adventures|Space Adventures]] and to shuttle tourists to and from [[Company:Axiom Space|Axiom Space]]'s planned space station. Crew Dragon's [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|first non-piloted test flight]] occurred in March 2019, and its [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|first crewed flight]] – with astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley – occurred in May 2020. This test flight marked the first time a private company launched a crewed orbital spacecraft. Cargo Dragon is expected to [[Engineering:Space logistics|supply cargo]] to the ISS under a [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services#Commercial Resupply Services 2|Commercial Resupply Services-2]] contract with NASA, along with [[Company:Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems|Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems]]' [[Engineering:Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft and Sierra Nevada Corporation's [[Engineering:Dream Chaser|Dream Chaser]] spacecraft. The [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-21|first flight]] of the Cargo Dragon is planned to launch in October 2020.

== Development and variants ==
[[File:Dragon V2 01.png|thumb|[[Multiview projection|Multiview projection]] of the 2014 design of Dragon 2. The visible changes that occurred since then include the removal of the hatch and back windows.]]
[[File:NASA Crew Demo-1 (31433487787).jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:SpaceX DM-1|DM-1]] Dragon capsule at SpaceX's LC-39A Horizontal Integration Facility.]]
[[File:Dragon 2 DM-2 01.jpg|thumb|Crew Dragon Launch Configuration]]
[[File:Dragon 2 DM-2 02.jpg|thumb|Crew Dragon Docking Configuration]]
[[File:Dragon 2 DM-2 03.jpg|thumb|Crew Dragon Section Views]]

There are two variants: Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon.<ref name='Audit CRS 2018'>[https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Station]. NASA. 26 April 2018. Report No. IG-18-016. Quote: "For SpaceX, certification of the company's unproven cargo version of its Dragon 2 spacecraft for CRS-2 missions carries risk while the company works to resolve ongoing concerns related to software traceability and systems engineering processes". {{PD-notice}}</ref> Crew Dragon was initially called ''DragonRider''<ref name=faa-eia201408>{{cite web|title=Final Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the DragonFly Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, McGregor, Texas |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/DragonFly_Final_EA_sm.pdf|pages=2–3|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=22 August 2014}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=tss20140321b>{{cite AV media|people=Gwynne Shotwell|date=21 March 2014|title=Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell|medium=audio file |url=http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3|access-date=22 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013556/http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3 |archivedate=22 March 2014|format=mp3|time=24:05–24:45 and 28:15–28:35|publisher=The Space Show|id=2212|quote=''we call it v2 for Dragon. That is the primary vehicle for crew, and we will retrofit it back to cargo''.|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/qa-former-astronaut-and-spacex-engineer-garrett-reisman-building-worlds-safest-spacecraft|title=Q+A: SpaceX Engineer Garrett Reisman on Building the World's Safest Spacecraft|date=13 April 2012 |publisher=PopSci|quote=DragonRider, SpaceX's crew-capable variant of its Dragon capsule|access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020|title=SpaceX Completes Key Milestone to Fly Astronauts to International Space Station|date=20 October 2011|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503032852/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020|archive-date=3 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is able to perform fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override ability, using the [[Engineering:NASA Docking System|NASA Docking System]] (NDS).<ref name=overview>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php|title=Dragon Overview|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf|title=Overview of the NASA Docking System and the International Docking System Standard|last=Parma|first=George |date=20 March 2011|publisher=NASA|quote=iLIDS was later renamed the NASA Docking System (NDS), and will be NASA's implementation of an IDSS compatible docking system for all future US vehicles|access-date=30 March 2012|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015075220/http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf|archivedate=15 October 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> For typical missions, Crew Dragon will remain docked to the ISS for a period of 180 days, but is designed to remain on the station for up to 210 days, matching the Russian [[Engineering:Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]].<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cite web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|title=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough|last=Bayt |first=Rob|date=16 July 2011|publisher=NASA|access-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 |archivedate=28 March 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17815821|title=Space station trip will push the envelope|last=Oberg|first=Jim|date=28 March 2007|publisher=NBC News |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="nasa20120509">{{cite web|url=http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf|title=2012-05-09_NASA_Response|last=Bolden |first=Charles|date=9 May 2012|publisher=NASA|access-date=20 June 2012|format=PDF}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> From the beginning of the development process, SpaceX planned to use an integrated pusher [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|launch escape system]] for the Dragon spacecraft.<ref>With the exception of the [[Astronomy:Project Gemini|Project Gemini]] spacecraft, which used twin ejection seats: [http://www.astronautix.com/craft/gemction.htm "Encyclopedia Astronautica: Gemini Ejection"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425095154/http://astronautix.com/craft/gemction.htm|date=25 April 2005}}. Astronautix.com. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</ref><ref name="Space CCDEV R2 20110418">{{cite news|last=Chow|first=Denise|title=Private Spaceship Builders Split Nearly $270 Million in NASA Funds|url=http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html|access-date=18 December 2011|publisher=Space.com|date=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6415KG6df?url=http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html|archivedate=18 December 2011 |location=New York|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cl20101213">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101215151136/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/13/5645709-spaceship-teams-seek-more-funding "Spaceship teams seek more funding"]. MSNBC Cosmic Log. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref>

=== Crew Dragon ===
SpaceX originally intended to land Crew Dragon on land using the LES engines, with parachutes and an ocean splashdown available in the case of an aborted launch. Precision water landing under [[Engineering:Parachute|parachute]]s was proposed to NASA as "the baseline return and recovery approach for the first few flights" of Crew Dragon.<ref name="sx20150227"/> Propulsive landing was later cancelled, leaving ocean splashdown under parachutes as the only option.<ref name="sxu20110117">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Updates – Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2|url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php|publisher=SpaceX|date=17 January 2010|access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the Paragon Space Development Corporation was assisting in developing Crew Dragon's [[Engineering:Life-support system|life-support system]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paragonsdc.com/press_paragon-joins-spacex.php|title=In the news Paragon Space Development Corporation Joins SpaceX Commercial Crew Development Team|date=16 June 2011|publisher=Paragon Space Development Corporation|access-date=15 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107054003/http://www.paragonsdc.com/press_paragon-joins-spacex.php|archivedate=7 January 2012}}</ref>


In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing [[Astronomy:Space suit|space suit]]s to wear during launch and re-entry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-10/deep-space-suit |title=The Deep-Space Suit|last=Sofge|first=Eric|date=19 November 2012|publisher=PopSci|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> Each crew member wears a custom space suit fitted for them. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon (IVA type suit): however, in the case of a [[Engineering:Uncontrolled decompression|rapid cabin depressurization]], the suit can protect the crew members. The suit can also provide cooling for astronauts during normal flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragon|url=https://www.spacex.com/dragon|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gibbens|first1=Sarah|title=A First Look at the Spacesuits of the Future|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/space/a-first-look-at-the-spacesuits-of-the-future.aspx|website=National Geographic|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> For the [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission, a test dummy nicknamed Ripley was fitted with the spacesuit and sensors. The spacesuit "is made from Nomex", a fire retardant fabric similar to [[Chemistry:Kevlar|Kevlar]].

At a NASA news conference on 18 May 2012, SpaceX confirmed their target launch price for crewed Dragon flights of US$160 million, or about US$23 million per seat if the maximum crew of seven is aboard and NASA orders at least four Crew Dragon flights per year.<ref name=bn201405>{{cite av media|title=Star Wars: The Battle to Build the Next Shuttle: Boeing, SpaceX and Sierra Nevada |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/video/popout/GYBY6msZSKqUp41iUWoAFA/0/|access-date=6 May 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=May 2014|time=2:05}}</ref> This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of US$76 million per seat for NASA astronauts.<ref name="nasa0518">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933|title=SpaceX scrubs launch to ISS over rocket engine problem|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 May 2012|access-date=23 May 2012|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523003837/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933|archivedate=23 May 2012}}</ref> The spacecraft's design was unveiled on 29 May 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, {{wipe|California}}.<ref name=aw20140530>{{cite news |last=Norris|first=Guy|title=SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2'|url=http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2|access-date=30 May 2014|newspaper=Aviation Week|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=sdc20140529>{{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Miriam|title=SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips |url=http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html|access-date=30 May 2014|newspaper=space.com|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=nsf20140530>{{cite news|last=Bergin|first=Chris |title=SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/|access-date=30 May 2014|newspaper=NASAspaceflight.com |date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In October 2014, NASA selected the Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly American astronauts to the International Space Station, under the [[Astronomy:Commercial Crew Program|Commercial Crew Program]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2014/09/16/nasa-selects-spacex-be-part-americas-human-spaceflight-program|title=NASA Selects SpaceX to be Part of America's Human Spaceflight Program|last=Post |first=Hannah|date=16 September 2014|website=SpaceX|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=snc/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/so-spacex-is-having-quite-a-year/|title=So SpaceX is having quite a year|last1=Berger|first1=Eric|date=9 June 2017|access-date=9 June 2017|publisher=Ars Technica}}</ref> SpaceX is using the Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle to launch Dragon 2.<ref name='spxdragonwebsite'/>

=== Cargo Dragon ===
Although Dragon 2 was intended from the earliest design concept to carry crew, or with fewer seats, both crew and cargo, a [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|second round of multi-year cargo supply contracts]] (also known as CRS2) was solicited by NASA in 2014, to supply the ISS in 2020–2024. This led to SpaceX proposing a separately-named model, Cargo Dragon, for the NASA flights.<ref name=nsf201503>{{cite news |last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/|work=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> SpaceX won a contract award for Cargo Dragon as a result of the CRS2 bid competition, with contracts awarded in January 2016 for six flights.<ref name=wapo20160114>{{cite news|title=Sierra Nevada Corp. joins SpaceX and Orbital ATK in winning NASA resupply contracts|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/01/14/nasa-expected-to-soon-announce-contracts-to-resupply-the-international-space-station/|publisher=Washington Post|date=14 January 2016|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

== Design ==
Dragon 2 includes the following features:<ref name=aw20140530/><ref name=sdc20140529/><ref name=sfn20141009>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=NASA clears commercial crew contractors to resume work |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/09cctcap/#.VDgLfBaum5d|access-date=10 October 2014|work=Spaceflight Now|date=9 October 2014|quote=''a highly-modified second-generation Dragon capsule fitted with myriad upgrades and changes – including new rocket thrusters, computers, a different outer mold line, and redesigned solar arrays – from the company's Dragon cargo delivery vehicle already flying to the space station''.}}</ref>

Dragon 2 is partially reusable, potentially resulting in a significant cost reduction. SpaceX planned to use new capsules for every crewed flight for NASA but is looking at reusing the capsules.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/10/spacex-aiming-for-may-astronaut-launch-will-reuse-crew-dragon.html|title=SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says|first=Michael|last=Sheetz |date=10 March 2020|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> Cargo Dragon can carry {{convert|3307|kg}} to the ISS; Crew Dragon has a capacity of seven astronauts (only four seats are used for NASA missions). Above the seats, there is a three-screen control panel, a toilet (with privacy curtain), and the docking hatch. Ocean landings are accomplished with four main parachutes in both variants. The parachute system was fully redesigned from the one used in the prior [[Software:SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] capsule, due to the need to deploy the parachutes under a variety of launch abort scenarios.<ref name=nsf20140828/>

Crew Dragon has eight side-mounted SuperDraco engines, clustered in redundant pairs in four engine pods, with each engine able to produce {{convert|16000|lbf|kN|order=flip}} of thrust to be used for launch aborts.<ref name=aw20140530/> Each pod also contains four Draco thrusters that can be used for attitude control and orbital maneuvers. The SuperDraco engine combustion chamber is printed of [[Chemistry:Inconel|Inconel]], an alloy of nickel and iron, using a process of [[Physics:Selective laser sintering|direct metal laser sintering]]. Engines are contained in a protective [[Engineering:Nacelle|nacelle]] to prevent fault propagation if an engine fails.

Once in orbit, Dragon 2 is able to autonomously [[Engineering:Docking and berthing of spacecraft|dock]] to the ISS. Dragon used berthing, a non-autonomous means to attach to the ISS that was completed by use of the [[Engineering:Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] robotic arm. Pilots of Crew Dragon retain the ability to dock the spacecraft using manual controls interfaced with a static tablet-like computer. The spacecraft can be operated in full [[Physics:Vacuum|vacuum]], and "the crew will wear SpaceX-designed [[Astronomy:Space suit|space suit]]s to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event". Also, the spacecraft will be able to return safely if a leak occurs "of up to an equivalent orifice of 6.35 mm [0.25 in] in diameter".<ref name=sx20150227/>

Propellant and helium pressurant for both launch aborts and on-orbit maneuvering is contained in [[Chemistry:Composite material|composite]]-[[Chemistry:Carbon fiber reinforced polymer|carbon]]-overwrap titanium spherical tanks. A [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|PICA-X heat shield]] protects the capsule during [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|reentry]], while a movable ballast sled allows more precise [[Astronomy:Attitude control|attitude control]] of the spacecraft during the [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|atmospheric entry]] phase of the return to Earth and more accurate control of the [[Engineering:Landing footprint|landing ellipse]] location.<!-- here's more from the sx20150227 source: "Active center of gravity control allows for lift vector modulation for precise landings that ultimately enable fast access to the returning crew either on land or in the water".--><ref name=sx20150227/> A reusable [[Engineering:Nose cone|nose cone]] "protects the vessel and the docking adaptor during ascent and [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|reentry]]",<ref name=sx20150227/> pivoting on a hinge to enable in-space docking and returning to the covered position for reentry and future launches.<ref name=nsf20140530/>

The trunk is the third structural element of the spacecraft, containing [[Physics:Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]], [[Engineering:Spacecraft thermal control|heat-removal radiators]], and fins to provide [[Physics:Directional stability|aerodynamic stability]] during [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|emergency aborts]].<ref name=sx20150227>{{cite web|last=Reisman|first=Garrett|title=Statement of Garrett Reisman, Director of Crew Operations, Space Explorations Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) before the Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Reisman%20Testimony.pdf|publisher=United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|access-date=5 June 2020|format=pdf|date=27 February 2015}} (document source: [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]) {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The previous Cargo Dragon's deployable solar arrays have been eliminated and are now built into the trunk itself. This increases volume space, reduces the number of mechanisms on the vehicle and further increases reliability.

== Crewed flights ==
[[File:Crew Demo-1 Mission (46535573034).jpg|thumb|Maiden flight of the Dragon 2 atop a [[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]].]]

Dragon is intended to fulfill a set of requirements that will make the capsule useful to both commercial and government customers. SpaceX and [[Company:Bigelow Aerospace|Bigelow Aerospace]] were working together to support round-trip transport of commercial passengers to [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit]] (LEO) destinations, but the plan was canceled. Instead Axiom plans to launch tourists to the Space Station and eventually their own private space station. NASA flights to the ISS will only have four astronauts, with the added payload mass and volume used to carry pressurized cargo.<ref name=nsf20140828>{{cite news|last1=Bergin |first1=Chris|title=Dragon V2 will initially rely on parachute landings|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/08/dragon-v2-rely-parachutes-landing/|access-date=29 August 2014|publisher=NASAspaceflight.com |date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

On 16 September 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX and Boeing had been selected to provide crew transportation to the ISS. SpaceX will receive US$2.6 billion under this contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/ |access-date=16 September 2014}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Dragon was the least expensive proposal,<ref name=snc>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle |title=Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle|last=11 Oct|last2=First|first2=2014 Guy Norris {{!}} AWIN|website=Aviation Week|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> but NASA's William H. Gerstenmaier considered the CST-100 proposal the stronger of the two.

In a departure from the prior NASA practice, where construction contracts with commercial firms led to direct NASA operation of the spacecraft, NASA is purchasing space transport services from SpaceX, including construction, launch, and operation of the Dragon 2.<ref name=nsf20150305/>

In August 2018, NASA and SpaceX agreed on the loading procedures for [[Chemistry:Rocket propellant|propellants]], vehicle fluids and crew. High-pressure [[Chemistry:Helium|helium]] will be loaded first, followed by the passengers approximately two hours prior to scheduled launch; the ground crew will then depart the launch pad and move to a safe distance. The [[Astronomy:Launch escape system|launch escape system]] will be activated approximately 40 minutes prior to launch, with propellant loading commencing several minutes later.<ref name=nasa20180817>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-spacex-agree-on-plans-for-crew-launch-day-operations/|title=NASA, SpaceX Agree on Plans for Crew Launch Day Operations|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=17 August 2018|publisher=NASA|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> The first automated test mission launched to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS) on 2 March 2019.<ref name="NASAblogcc">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/11/21/nasas-commercial-crew-program-target-test-flight-dates-5/|title=NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates|date=21 November 2018|publisher=NASA|access-date=22 November 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

In early 2019, crewed flights were expected to begin no earlier than July 2019.<ref name="nasa-201902062">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|date=6 February 2019|publisher=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|access-date=8 February 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> They were later planned to begin no earlier than on 30 May 2020. The first crewed flight launched on 30 May 2020<ref name="Chan">{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/soyuz-with-crew-of-three-lands-safely-in-kazakhstan/|title=Elon Musk Shares Simulation Video, Schedule Of Crew Dragon's First Crewed Flight|last=Chan|first=Athena|date=17 April 2020|website=International Business Times|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> with the launch of the [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]] mission.

In June 2019, Bigelow Space Operations announced it had reserved with SpaceX up to four missions of four passengers each to ISS as early as 2020 and planned to sell them for around US$52 million per seat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.com/2019/06/international-space-station-commercial-business-tourism/|title=So, You Want to Be a Space Tourist?|date=11 June 2019|website=The Observer|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> These plans were canceled by September 2019.

On 18 February 2020, building on development for NASA's commercial crew program, Space Adventures announced an agreement with SpaceX to fly up to four paying space tourists on a standalone mission aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft in late 2021 or 2022 that could reach an altitude two-to-three times higher than the International Space Station.<ref name="spaceflightnow.com">{{Cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/18/space-adventures-announces-plans-to-launch-private-citizens-on-spacex-crew-capsule/|title=Space Adventures announces plans to fly private citizens on SpaceX crew capsule|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=18 February 2020|first=Stephen|last=Clark}}</ref>

== Testing ==
SpaceX planned a series of four flight tests for the Crew Dragon - a "pad abort" [[Engineering:Flight test|test]], an uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS, an in-flight abort test, and finally a 14-day crewed demonstration mission to the ISS,<ref name=sfn20161213>{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/13/spacexs-first-crewed-launch-moved-back-to-2018/SpaceX's|title=S.S. John Glenn freighter departs space station after successful cargo delivery – Spaceflight Now}}</ref> which was initially planned for July 2019,<ref name="nasa-201902062"/> but after a Dragon capsule explosion, was delayed to May 2020.<ref name="Futurism tentative date">{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/nasa-tentative-spacex-launch-date|title=NASA sets tentative date for launching astronauts in SpaceX ship|website=Futurism|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Pad abort and hover tests ===
[[File:Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test (16814592054).jpg|thumb|alt=Dragon 2 hover test (24159153709)|Pad Abort test of a Dragon 2 article on 6 May 2015 at CCAFS, SLC-40.]]

The pad abort test was conducted successfully on 6 May 2015 at SpaceX's leased SLC-40.<ref name=nsf20140828/> Dragon landed safely in the ocean to the east of the launchpad 99 seconds after ignition of the SuperDraco engines.<ref name=sfn20150506>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|website=Spaceflight Now|access-date=14 May 2015|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> While a flight-like Dragon 2 and trunk were used for the pad abort test, they rested atop a truss structure for the test rather than a full Falcon 9 rocket. A crash test dummy embedded with a suite of sensors was placed inside the test vehicle to record [[Physics:Acceleration|acceleration]] loads and forces at the crew seat, while the remaining six seats were loaded with weights to simulate full-passenger-load weight.<ref name=nsf20150305/><ref name=nsf20150403>{{cite news |last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=SpaceX preparing for a busy season of missions and test milestones|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/04/spacex-preparing-busy-season-missions-test-milestones/|access-date=4 April 2015|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The test objective was to demonstrate sufficient total [[Physics:Impulse|impulse]], [[Thrust|thrust]] and [[Astronomy:Attitude control|controllability]] to conduct a safe pad abort. A fuel mixture ratio issue was detected after the flight in one of the eight SuperDraco engines causing it to under perform, but did not materially affect the flight.<ref name=nsf20150506>{{cite web|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon pad abort: Test flight demos launch escape system|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050615a-spacex-dragon-pad-abort.html|website=CollectSpace |access-date=14 May 2015|date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bergin|first=Chris|title=Dragon 2 conducts Pad Abort leap in key SpaceX test|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/dragon-2-pad-abort-leap-key-spacex-test/|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=6 May 2015|date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test – Spaceflight Now|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref>

On 24 November 2015, SpaceX conducted a test of Dragon 2's hovering abilities at the firm's rocket development facility in McGregor, {{wipe|Texas}}. In a video, the spacecraft is shown suspended by a hoisting cable and igniting its SuperDraco engines to hover for about 5 seconds, balancing on its 8 engines firing at reduced thrust to compensate exactly for gravity.<ref name=youtube-hovertest>{{cite media|title=Dragon 2 Propulsive Hover Test|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07Pm8ZY0XJI|publisher=[[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]|date=21 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> The test vehicle was the same capsule that performed the pad abort test earlier in 2015; it was nicknamed DragonFly.<ref name=nsf20151021>{{cite news|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=SpaceX DragonFly arrives at McGregor for testing|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/10/spacex-dragonfly-arrives-mcgregor-testing/|access-date=30 October 2015|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=21 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Demo-1: orbital flight test ===
{{Main|Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1}}

[[File:SpaceX Dragon 2 and astronauts 2018.jpg|thumb|The Crew Dragon mockup (background) and the astronauts selected for its first two crewed missions (foreground), from left to right: Douglas Hurley, Robert Behnken, Michael Hopkins, and Victor Glover.]]

In 2015, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing – Robert Behnken, Eric Boe, Sunita Williams, and Douglas Hurley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-070915a-commercial-crew-astronauts.html|title=NASA assigns 4 astronauts to commercial Boeing, SpaceX test flights {{!}} collectSPACE|website=collectSPACE |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> The [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission completed the last milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving the way to starting commercial services under an upcoming [[Astronomy:Commercial Crew Development|ISS Crew Transportation Services]] contract.<ref name=nsf20150305>{{cite news|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=Commercial crew demo missions manifested for Dragon 2 and CST-100|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/commercial-crew-demo-missions-dragon-cst-100/|access-date=7 March 2015|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=taxi>{{cite news |last1=Kramer|first1=Miriam|title=Private Space Taxis on Track to Fly in 2017|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/private-space-taxis-on-track-to-fly-in-2017/|access-date=27 January 2015 |work=Scientific American|date=27 January 2015}}</ref> On 3 August 2018, NASA announced the crew for the DM-2 mission.<ref name=nasacc_crew>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|title=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|date=3 August 2018|access-date=4 August 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The crew of two will be formed by NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. Behnken previously flew as mission specialist on the STS-123 and the STS-130 missions. Hurley previously flew as a pilot on the STS-127 mission and on the final Space Shuttle mission, the STS-135 mission.

The first orbital test of Crew Dragon was an uncrewed mission, officially designated "Crew Demo-1"<!-- SpaceX designation --> and launched on 2 March 2019.<ref name=nasa-20190206>{{cite web
|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|work=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|date=6 February 2019|access-date=6 February 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE</ref> The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the ISS,<ref name=nasa-20190303>{{cite web
|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/03/03/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-open/|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon Hatch Open|work=NASA Blog|date=3 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> remained docked until 8 March 2019, then conducted the full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to qualify for a crewed mission.<ref name=missionlength>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/crew_demo-1_press_kit.pdf|title=Crew Demo 1 Mission Overview|date=March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|publisher=SpaceX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aAe0GWIWGI|title=SpaceX #CrewDragon Demonstration Flight Return to Earth|date=8 March 2019|publisher=NASA|via=YouTube}}</ref> Life-support systems were monitored all along the test flight. The same capsule was planned to be re-used in June 2019 for an in-flight abort test before it exploded on 20 April 2019.<ref name=nasa-20190206/><ref name="NASA anomaly">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacexs-crew-dragon-spacecraft-anomaly-static-fire-testing/|title=SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft suffers an anomaly during static fire testing at Cape Canaveral – NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Explosion during testing ===
On 20 April 2019, the Crew Dragon capsule used in the [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]] mission was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility.<ref>
{{cite tweet|last1=Bridenstine|first1=Jim|user=JimBridenstine|number=1119754804258062337|date=20 April 2019|title=NASA has been notified about the results of the @SpaceX Static Fire Test and the anomaly that occurred during the final test. We will work closely to ensure we safely move forward with our Commercial Crew Program.|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news  |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5|title=SpaceX confirmed that its Crew Dragon spaceship for NASA was 'destroyed' by a recent test. Here's what we learned about the explosive failure.|last=Mosher|first=Dave|website=Business Insider|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> On the day of the explosion, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters was successful, with the accident occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system.<ref name="spacex_explosion_update">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|title=UPDATE: IN-FLIGHT ABORT STATIC FIRE TEST ANOMALY INVESTIGATION|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413005920if_/https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|archive-date=13 April 2020|last=Shanklin|first=Emily|date=15 July 2019|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>

Telemetry, high-speed camera footage, and analysis of recovered debris indicate the problem occurred when a small amount of [[Chemistry:Dinitrogen tetroxide|dinitrogen tetroxide]] leaked into a [[Chemistry:Helium|helium]] line used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The leakage apparently occurred during pre-test processing. As a result, the pressurization of the system 100 ms before firing damaged a check valve and resulted in the explosion.<ref name="spacex_explosion_update"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-explosion-destroyed-crew-dragon-spacecraft-blamed-on-leaking-valve/|title=Explosion that destroyed SpaceX Crew Dragon is blamed on leaking valve|publisher=CBS News|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

Since the destroyed capsule had been slated for use in the upcoming in-flight abort test, the explosion and investigation delayed that test and the subsequent crewed orbital test.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalpioneer.com/news/world/nasa-boss-says-no-doubt-spacex-explosion-delays-flight-program-323465/|title=NASA boss says no doubt SpaceX explosion delays flight program|date=18 June 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

The SuperDraco engine test that failed on 20 April 2019 was repeated successfully on 13 November 2019. The full duration static fire test of Crew Dragon's launch escape system took place at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at SpaceX's Landing Zone 1 at 20:08 UTC. The test was successful, showing that the modifications made to the vehicle to prevent a failure like the one that happened 20 April 2019 were successful. The vehicle used for this ground test would also be used for the following in-flight abort test.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/13/spacex-fires-up-crew-dragon-thrusters-in-key-test-after-april-explosion/|title=SpaceX fires up Crew Dragon thrusters in key test after April explosion|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark}}</ref>

Some of the modifications are:
* Replacement of the valves with burst discs: Unlike valves, burst discs are designed for single use.
* Addition of flaps on each SuperDraco in order to reseal the thrusters prior to splashdown in the ocean, preventing water intrusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-fires-redesigned-crew-dragon-superdraco-flaps/|title=SpaceX fires up redesigned Crew Dragon as NASA reveals SuperDraco thruster "flaps"|first=Eric|last=Ralph|date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

=== In-flight abort test ===
{{main|Engineering:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test}}

[[File:KSC-20200119-PH-AWG04 0008.jpg|thumb|Liftoff of Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test.]]

The Crew Dragon in-flight abort test was launched on 19 January 2020 at 15:30 UTC from [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39A]] on a [[Engineering:Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital]] trajectory to conduct a separation and abort scenario in the [[Earth:Troposphere|troposphere]] at [[Physics:Transonic|transonic]] velocities shortly after passing through [[Physics:Max q|max Q]], where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Dragon 2 used its SuperDraco abort engines to push itself away from the Falcon 9 after an intentional premature engine cutoff. Ten seconds after Dragon 2 was jettisoned, the Falcon 9 exploded and was destroyed. The spacecraft followed its suborbital trajectory to apogee, at which point the spacecraft's trunk was jettisoned. The smaller Draco engines were then used to orient the vehicle for the descent. All major functions were executed, including separation, engine firings, parachute deployment, and landing. Dragon 2 splashed down at 15:38:54 UTC just off the Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|title=NASA, SpaceX Complete Final Major Flight Test of Crew Spacecraft|first=Karen|last=Northon|date=19 January 2020|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The test objective was to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the ascending rocket under the most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight trajectory, imposing the worst structural stress of a real flight on the rocket and spacecraft.<ref name=nsf20140828/> The abort test was performed using a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket with a fully fueled second stage with a mass simulator replacing the Merlin engine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/second-spacex-crew-flight-ordered-nasa/|title=Second SpaceX Crew Flight Ordered by NASA|work=Spaceflight Insider|first=Derek|last=Richardson|date=30 July 2016|access-date=9 August 2016|quote=Currently, the first uncrewed test of the spacecraft is expected to launch in May 2017. Sometime after that, SpaceX plans to conduct an in-flight abort to test the SuperDraco thrusters while the rocket is traveling through the area of maximum dynamic pressure – Max Q.}}</ref>

Earlier, this test had been scheduled before the uncrewed orbital test,<ref name=shotwell-crewdragon>{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-seeks-to-accelerate-falcon-9-production-and-launch-rates-this-year/|title=SpaceX seeks to accelerate Falcon 9 production and launch rates this year|work=SpaceNews|date=4 February 2016|quote=Shotwell said the company is planning an in-flight abort test of the Crew Dragon spacecraft before the end of this year, where the vehicle uses its thrusters to separate from a Falcon 9 rocket during ascent. That will be followed in 2017 by two demonstration flights to the International Space Station, the first without a crew and the second with astronauts on board, and then the first operational mission.}}</ref> however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use a flight representative capsule rather than the test article from the pad abort test.<ref name=nasa-fidelity>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/more-fidelity-for-spacex-in-flight-abort-reduces-risk/|title=More Fidelity for SpaceX In-Flight Abort Reduces Risk|last=Siceloff|first=Steven|date=1 July 2015|publisher=NASA|access-date=19 June 2016|quote=In the updated plan, SpaceX would launch its uncrewed flight test (DM-1), refurbish the flight test vehicle, then conduct the in-flight abort test prior to the crew flight test. Using the same vehicle for the in-flight abort test will improve the realism of the ascent abort test and reduce risk.}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

This test was previously planned to use the capsule C201 from Demo-1, however, C201 was destroyed in an explosion during a static fire testing on 20 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation|title=UPDATE: IN-FLIGHT ABORT STATIC FIRE TEST ANOMALY INVESTIGATION|last=Shanklin|first=Emily|date=15 July 2019 |publisher=SpaceX|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> Capsule C205, originally planned for Demo-2 was used for the In-Flight Abort Test<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/spacex-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test/|title=SpaceX conducts successful Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|date=17 January 2020|website=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> with C206 being planned for use during Demo-2. This was the final flight test of the spacecraft before it began carrying astronauts to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] under NASA's Commercial Crew Program.

Prior to the flight test, teams completed launch day procedures for the first crewed flight test, from suit-up to launch pad operations. The joint teams conducted full data reviews that needed to be completed prior to NASA astronauts flying on the system during SpaceX's Demo-2 mission.<ref name="NASA 19 January 2020">{{cite web|last1=Northon|first1=Karen|title=NASA, SpaceX Complete Final Major Flight Test of Crew Spacecraft|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft|publisher=NASA|access-date=26 January 2020|date=19 January 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Demo-2: crewed orbital flight test ===
{{Main|Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2}}

[[File:The SpaceX Crew Dragon as it approached the International Space Station (iss063e021563).jpg|thumb|SpaceX Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'' as it approached the International Space Station.]]

On 17 April 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced the first crewed [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]] to the International Space Station would launch on 27 May 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bridenstine |first=Jim|user=JimBridenstine|number=1251178705633841167|date=17 April 2020|title=BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley crewed the mission, marking the first crewed launch to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] from US soil since STS-135 in July 2011. The original launch was postponed to 30 May 2020 due to weather conditions at the launch site.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1265739654810091520|date=27 May 2020|title=Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> The second launch attempt was successful, with capsule C206, later named ''Endeavour'' by the crew, launching on 30 May 2020 19:22 [[UTC]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1266812530833240064|date=30 May 2020|title=Liftoff!|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=elonmusk |number=1266890648587776003|date=30 May 2020|title=Replying to @NASA @SpaceX and 3 others Dragonship Endeavor}}</ref> The capsule successfully docked with the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] on 31 May 2020 at 14:27 [[UTC]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|number=1267098143805435904|date=31 May 2020|title=Docking confirmed – Crew Dragon has arrived at the @space_station!|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

Launching in the Dragon 2 spacecraft was described by astronaut Bob Behnken as "smooth off the pad" but "we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up... a little bit less g's [than the Space Shuttle] but more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it".<ref>"We were suprised a little bit at how smooth things were off the pad ... and our expectation was as we continued with the flight into second stage that things would basically get a lot smoother than the Space Shuttle did, but Dragon was huffing and puffing all the way into orbit, and we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up, and so it was not quite the same ride, the smooth ride as the Space Shuttle was up to MECO. A little bit less g's but a little bit more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it". {{Cite AV media |title=NASA Astronauts Arrive at the International Space Station on SpaceX Spacecraft|date=31 May 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyNl87mXOkc|via=YouTube|access-date=31 May 2020}} at 3:46:02</ref>

== List of vehicles ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|+ Dragon 2 vehicles<ref name="NSF1">{{cite web|title=NASA briefly updates status of Crew Dragon anomaly, SpaceX test schedule|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/nasa-briefly-crew-dragon-anomaly-spacex-schedule/|last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|website=NASAspaceflight.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="SCR00CHY"/><ref name="GunterSpacePage2">{{cite web|title=Crew Dragon |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Image
! style="width:6em" | Serial
! style="width:6em" | Name
! Status 
! Flights 
! Time in flight
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Cat.
|-
! data-sort-value="test" | [[File:SpaceX Dragon v2 Pad Abort Vehicle (16669501448).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| {{Visible anchor|C200}}
| ''DragonFly''
| {{Draw|Retired}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="4" | 1m
| Prototype used for hover tests at the McGregor Test Facility and a pad abort test at {{wipe|Cape Canaveral Air Force Station}}.
|-
! data-sort-value="test" | [[File:NASA Crew Demo-1 (31433487787) (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#3d9eff;" |
| {{Visible anchor|[[Engineering:Crew Dragon C201|C201]]}}
| {{color|grey|None}}
| {{No|Destroyed}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="2" | 6d 5h 56m
| First vehicle to fly in space. Only flight was [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Crew Demo-1]]; destroyed during testing. 
|-
! 
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| {{Visible anchor|C202}}
| {{color|grey|None}}
| {{Included|Unknown}}
| 0
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| Pressure vessel used for structural testing; status unknown.
| 
|-
! 
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| {{Visible anchor|C203}}
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| {{Included|Unknown}}
| 0
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| rowspan="2" | Purpose and status unknown.<ref name=nasaspflt-20200117>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/spacex-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test/|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon in Flight Abort Test|author=Ian Atkinson|publisher=NASA Spaceflight|date=10 October 2019|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ralph"/> 
| 
|-
! 
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| {{Visible anchor|C204}}
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| {{Included|Unknown}}
| 0
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| 
|- 
! [[File:Crew-Dragon (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| {{Visible anchor|C205}}
| {{color|grey|None}}
| {{Yes|Active}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="3" | 8m
| First flown during the [[Engineering:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test]]; future use to be determined.<ref name="SCR00CHY">{{cite web|author1=SCR00CHY|title=List of Dragon Capsules|url=https://www.elonx.net/list-of-dragon-capsules/|website=ElonX.net|access-date=3 June 2020|date=21 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603193039/https://www.elonx.net/list-of-dragon-capsules/|archivedate=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ralph">{{cite news|last1=Ralph|first1=Eric|title=SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft sails home after flawless in-flight abort test|url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-dragon-sails-back-to-port-flawless-launch/|access-date=3 June 2020|work=Teslarati.com|date=19 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120120054/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-dragon-sails-back-to-port-flawless-launch/|archivedate=20 January 2020}}</ref>

|-
! [[File:CCP SpaceX Demo-2 Dragon (3).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#3d9eff;" |
| {{Visible anchor|[[Engineering:Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206]]}}
| ''Endeavour''
| {{Yes|Active}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="1" | {{Time interval|2020-05-30 19:22||show=dhm}}
| First vehicle to carry crew; named after {{OV|105}}. First flown during [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Crew Demo-2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-status-center/|title=NASA astronauts launch from U.S. soil for first time in nine years|website=Spaceflight Now|date=30 May 2020}}</ref> 
|-
! [[File:Crew-1 Capsule.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#3d9eff;" |
| {{Visible anchor|[[Engineering:Crew Dragon C207|C207]]}}
| {{Color|grey|TBD}}
| {{Included|Under construction}}
| 0
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| First full-production Crew Dragon; planned first flight is [[Engineering:SpaceX Crew-1|SpaceX Crew-1]].
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{Legend inline|#ff9e3d|outline=silver|Test vehicle}} {{Legend inline|#3d9eff|outline=silver|Spaceflight vehicle}}
|}

== List of flights ==
As of June 2020, there are nine Crew Dragon flights contracted to carry crew, seven are contracted by NASA (one crewed test flight and six operational crew rotation missions),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international|title=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to Intern |first=Allard|last=Beutel|date=7 April 2015|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and two (one each) contracted by private companies [[Company:Axiom Space|Axiom Space]]<ref name="Axiom">{{cite news|last1=Foust|first1=Jeff |title=Axiom to fly Crew Dragon mission to the space station|url=https://spacenews.com/axiom-to-fly-crew-dragon-mission-to-the-space-station/|work=SpaceNews|date=5 March 2020}}</ref> and [[Company:Space Adventures|Space Adventures]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/space-adventures-to-fly-tourists-on-crew-dragon-mission/|title=Space Adventures to fly tourists on Crew Dragon mission|date=18 February 2020|website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission
! Patch
! Capsule<ref name="GunterSpacePage2"/>
! Launch date
! Description
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Crew
! Outcome
|-
! scope="row" colspan="7" | Crew Dragon flights
|-
! Pad Abort Test
| 
| C200 ''DragonFly''
| 6 May 2015
| Pad Abort Test, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test
|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|website=Spaceflight Now|date=6 May 2015|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Demo-1]]
| [[File:Crew_Dragon_Demo-1.png|55px]]
| [[Engineering:Crew Dragon C201|C201]]
| 2 March 2019<ref name=nasa-20190206/>
| Uncrewed test flight of the Crew Dragon capsule; docked 3 March 2019, 08:50 UTC; departed 8 March 2019, 05:32 UTC.
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Engineering:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|In-Flight Abort Test]]
| 
| C205
| 19 January 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.launchphotography.com/Delta_4_Atlas_5_Falcon_9_Launch_Viewing.html|title=Rocket Launch Viewing Guide for Cape Canaveral|website=Launch photography|first=Ben |last=Cooper|date=2 November 2019}}</ref>
| Used the capsule originally planned for Crew Dragon Demo-2.<ref name="NASA Static Fire Investigation">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/05/28/nasa-provides-update-on-spacex-crew-dragon-static-fire-investigation/|title=NASA Provides Update on SpaceX Crew Dragon Static Fire Investigation – Commercial Crew Program|website= blogs|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}
|-
! [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]]
| [[File:Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png|55px]]
| [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206 ''Endeavour'']]
| 30 May 2020<ref name= "ClarkApril17">{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=NASA, SpaceX set May 27 as target date for first crew launch|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-may-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=17 April 2020|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=SF>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm |title=Crew Dragon SpX-DM2|work=Spacefacts|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
| First crewed flight test of Dragon capsule, flight extended from two weeks to 6-16 weeks in order to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of [[Engineering:SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]], including partaking in four planned spacewalks. 
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} Douglas Hurley}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} Robert Behnken}}}}
| {{operational|Docked to [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]]}}
|-
! [[Engineering:SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]]
| [[File:SpaceX Crew-1 logo.png|55px]]
| [[Engineering:Crew Dragon C207|C207]]
| NET 21 September 2020<ref name="NSFForumLateJune2020">{{Cite web|url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=32006.1720|title=Schedule of ISS flight events (part 2)|website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com}}</ref>
| Will transport four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission. Will not fly a Russian cosmonaut on board as [[Company:Roscosmos|Roscosmos]] has not yet certified the Crew Dragon vehicle as flight proven, so a third NASA astronaut was added instead of a Russian cosmonaut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-astronauts-for-crew-dragon-mission/|title=NASA selects astronauts for Crew Dragon mission|date=1 April 2020|website=spacenews.com}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} Michael Hopkins}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} Victor Glover}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Soichi Noguchi}}|{{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|USA}} Shannon Walker}}}}
| {{Planned}}
|-
! [[Engineering:SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]]
| TBA
| TBA
| NET February 2021<ref name="NSFForumLateJune2020"/>
| Will transport four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission. This flight may mark the first [[Engineering:SpaceX Crew-2|SpaceX Crew flight]] to carry a Russian cosmonaut, as [[Company:Roscosmos|Roscosmos]] has stated they want each vehicle to have flown an operational flight before they put a cosmonaut on board.<ref>https://ria.ru/20200306/1568224012.html</ref>
| {{Flagicon|USA}} TBA<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA<br>TBA<br>{{Flagicon|RUS}} TBA
| {{Planned}}
|-
! [[Astronomy:Axiom Space Crew Dragon mission|Axiom Space mission]]
| TBA
| TBA
| H2 2021<ref name="Axiom"/>
| First Crew Dragon flight contracted by [[Company:Axiom Space|Axiom Space]]. First fully private flight to the ISS, carrying one Axiom professional astronaut and three private astronauts for a 10-day trip.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/science/axiom-space-station.html|title=There Are 2 Seats Left for This Trip to the International Space Station|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=5 March 2020 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166657/spacex-tourists-iss-international-space-station-orbit-falcon-9-dragon|title=SpaceX will send three tourists to the International Space Station next year|first=Sean|last=O'Kane|date=5 March 2020|website=The Verge}}</ref> NASA agreed to allow SpaceX to reuse boosters and capsules for this flight.
| {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|[[File:Axiom Space logo.png|25px]] TBA}}|TBA|TBA|TBA}}
| {{Planned}}
|-
! [[Engineering:Space Adventures Crew Dragon mission|Space Adventures mission]]
| TBA
| TBA
| late 2021/2<ref name="spaceflightnow.com"/>
| Up to four space tourists in a flight around 3 days, up to 5 days, on an elliptical orbit with the apogee three times that of the ISS, higher than the Earth orbital altitude record set by [[Astronomy:Gemini 11|Gemini 11]] in 1966.<ref name="spaceflightnow.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-space-adventures-tourism-orbit-crew-dragon-2022/|title=SpaceX and Space Adventures to launch space tourism flight in 2022|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
| {{Unbulleted list|TBA|TBA|TBA|TBA}}
| {{Planned}}
|-
! Crew-3 to Crew-6
| TBA
| TBA
| NET 2022-2026
| Four more flights contracted under CCP contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|title=Boeing, SpaceX Secure Additional Crewed Missions Under NASA’s Commercial Space Transport Program}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA<br>{{Flagicon|JPN}}/{{Flagicon|CAN}}/{{Flagicon|EUR}} TBA<br>{{Flagicon|RUS}} TBA
|{{planned}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="7" | Cargo Dragon flights
|-
! [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-21|CRS-21]]
| TBA
| TBA<ref name="GunterSpacePage"/>
| 30 October 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spider.seds.org/shuttle/iss-sche.html|title=International Space Station Flight Schedule|website=spider.seds.org}}</ref>
| First SpaceX mission contracted under the [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|CRS-2]] contract with NASA, will also mark the first flight of Cargo Dragon 2 and deliver the [[Company:NanoRacks|NanoRacks]] Bishop Airlock Module to the ISS.
| {{N/A}}
| {{Planned}}
|-
! [[Engineering:SpaceX CRS-22|CRS-22]]
| TBA
| TBA<ref name="GunterSpacePage">{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2c.htm|title=Dragon CRS-21|work=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>
| 12 March 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/upcoming-elana-cubesat-launches|title=Upcoming ELaNa CubeSat Launches|first=Denise|last=Hill|date=3 July 2016|website=NASA}}</ref>
| Second Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS.
| {{N/A}}
| {{Planned}}
|-
! CRS-23 to CRS-26
| TBA
| TBA<ref name="GunterSpacePage"/>
| NET 2021-2024<ref name=nasa-20160114>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-international-space-station-cargo-transport-contracts|title=NASA Awards International Space Station Cargo Transport Contracts|publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]|date=14 January 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| Following CRS-22, NASA has so far contracted four follow on Cargo Dragon 2 flights to the ISS under [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|CRS-2]].<ref name=nasa-20160114/>
| {{N/A}}
| {{Planned}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Engineering:Comparison of crewed space vehicles|Comparison of crewed space vehicles]]
* [[Engineering:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles|Comparison of space station cargo vehicles]]
* [[Engineering:List of crewed spacecraft|List of crewed spacecraft]]
* {{Annotated link|Private spaceflight}}

=== Other crewed orbital spacecraft ===
* {{Annotated link|Gaganyaan}}
* {{Annotated link|Next-generation crewed spacecraft}}
* {{Annotated link|Orel (spacecraft)}}
* {{Annotated link|Orion (spacecraft)}}
* {{Annotated link|Shenzhou (spacecraft)}}
* {{Annotated link|SpaceX Starship}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://uphere.space/satellites/45623 Real-time orbital tracking] - [https://uphere.space uphere.space]

* [https://isstracker.pl/?satId=45623 Real-time orbital tracking] - [https://isstracker.pl isstracker.pl]

{{Dragon spaceflights}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{Cargo spacecraft}}
{{Manned ISS flights}}

[[Category:SpaceX Dragon 2| ]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Supply vehicles for the International Space Station]]

{{Sourceattribution|SpaceX Dragon 2|1}}