Software:SpaceX Dragon 2

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Short description: 2020s class of partially reusable spacecraft

Dragon 2
Crew Dragon C206 Endeavour approaching the ISS in May 2024 during Crew-8
ManufacturerSpaceX
DesignerSpaceX
Country of originUnited States
OperatorSpaceX
ApplicationsISS crew and cargo transport; private spaceflight
Websitespacex.com/vehicles/dragon
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCapsule
Design life
  • 10 days (free flight)[1]
  • 210 days (docked to ISS)[2]
Launch mass12,500 kg (27,600 lb)[3][lower-alpha 1]
Dry mass7,700 kg (16,976 lb)[4]
Payload capacity
  • 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) to orbit[5]
  • 3,307 kg (7,291 lb) to ISS[lower-alpha 2][6]
  • 2,507 kg (5,527 lb) return cargo[6]
  • 800 kg (1,800 lb) disposed cargo[6]
Crew capacity
  • 4 (normal operations)
  • 7 (emergency evacuation)[7]
Volume
  • Pressurized: 9.3 m3 (330 cu ft)
  • Unpressurized: 37 m3 (1,300 cu ft)[5]
Power
  • 28 V and 120 V DC buses
  • 1.5-2 kW solar array[8]
Batteries4 × lithium polymer
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Dimensions
Diameter4 m (13 ft)[5]
Width3.7 m (12 ft)[9]
Production
StatusActive
Built13 (7 crew, 3 cargo, 3 prototypes)
Operational9 (5 crew, 3 cargo, 1 prototype)
Retired3 (1 crew, 2 prototypes)
Lost1 (crew, during uncrewed test)
Maiden launch
  • March 2, 2019
Related spacecraft
Derived fromSpaceX Dragon 1
Thruster details
Propellant mass2,562 kg (5,648 lb)[4]
Engines
  • 16 × Draco
    (additional 2 x Draco in boost trunk or 30 in Deorbit Vehicle configuration on Cargo Dragon)
  • 8 × SuperDraco as launch escape system on Crew Dragon
Thrust
  • Draco: 400 N (90 lbf)
  • SuperDraco: 71 kN (16,000 lbf)
Specific impulseDraco: 300 s (2.9 km/s)
FuelN
2O
4 / CH
6N
2[10]
Configuration

Cross-sectional views of the Crew Dragon
1: Parachutes, 2: Crew access hatch, 3: Draco thrusters, 4: SuperDraco engines, 5: Propellant tank, 6: IDSS port, 7: Port hatch, 8: Control panel, 9: Cargo pallet, 10: Environmental control system, 11: Heat shield
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Dragon 2 is a class of partially reusable spacecraft developed, manufactured, and operated by the American space company SpaceX for flights to the International Space Station (ISS) and private spaceflight missions. The spacecraft, which consists of a reusable space capsule and an expendable trunk module, has two variants: the 4-person Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon, a replacement for the Dragon 1 cargo capsule. The spacecraft launches atop a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket, and the capsule returns to Earth through splashdown.[5]

Crew Dragon's primary role is to transport crews to and from the ISS under NASA's Commercial Crew Program, a task handled by the Space Shuttle until it was retired in 2011. It will be joined by Boeing's Starliner in this role when NASA certifies it. Crew Dragon is also used for commercial flights to ISS and other destinations and is expected to be used to transport people to and from Axiom Space's planned space station.

Cargo Dragon brings cargo to the ISS under a Commercial Resupply Services-2 contract with NASA, a duty it shares with Northrop Grumman's Cygnus spacecraft. As of January 2025, it is the only reusable orbital cargo spacecraft in operation, though it may eventually be joined by the under-development Sierra Space Dream Chaser spaceplane.[11]

Development and variants

There are two variants of Dragon 2: Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon.[6] Crew Dragon was initially called "DragonRider"[12][13] and it was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo.[14][15] Earlier spacecraft had a berthing port and were berthed to ISS by ISS personnel. Dragon 2 instead has an IDSS-compatible docking port to dock to the International Docking Adapter ports on ISS. It is able to perform fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override ability.[16][17] For typical missions, Crew Dragon remains docked to the ISS for a nominal period of 180 days, but is designed to remain on the station for up to 210 days,[lower-alpha 3] matching the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[18][19][20][21][22][23]

Crew Dragon

Crew Dragon is capable of autonomous operation. SpaceX and NASA state that it is capable of carrying seven astronauts, but in normal operations, it carries two to four crew members, and as of January 2025, has never carried more than four.[24]

Crew Dragon includes an integrated pusher launch escape system whose eight SuperDraco engines can separate the capsule away from the launch vehicle in an emergency. SpaceX originally intended to use the SuperDraco engines to land Crew Dragon on land; parachutes and an ocean splashdown were envisioned for use only in the case of an aborted launch. Precision water landing under parachutes was proposed to NASA as "the baseline return and recovery approach for the first few flights" of Crew Dragon.[25] However, propulsive landing was later cancelled, leaving ocean splashdown under parachutes as the only option.[26]

In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and re-entry.[27] Each crew member wears a custom-fitted space suit that provides cooling inside the Dragon (IVA type suit) but can also protect its wearer in a rapid cabin depressurization.[28][29] For the Demo-1 mission, a test dummy was fitted with the spacesuit and sensors. The spacesuit is made from Nomex, a fire-retardant fabric similar to Kevlar.

The spacecraft's design was unveiled on May 29, 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California.[30][31][32] In October 2014, NASA selected the Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly American astronauts to the International Space Station, under the Commercial Crew Program.[33][34][35] In March 2022, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell told Reuters that "We are finishing our final (capsule), but we still are manufacturing components, because we'll be refurbishing".[36] SpaceX later decided to build a fifth Crew Dragon capsule, to be available by 2024.[37] SpaceX also manufactures a new expendable trunk for each flight.

SpaceX's Commercial Crew Transportation Capabilities (CCtCap) contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be around US$88 million,[38] while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's Office of Inspector General (OIG) to be around US$55 million.[39][40][41] This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of US$76 million per seat for NASA astronauts.[42]

Cargo Dragon

Dragon 2 was intended from the earliest design concept to carry crew, or with fewer seats, both crew and cargo.

The cargo version, dubbed Cargo Dragon, became a reality after 2014, when NASA sought bids on a second round of multi-year contracts to bring cargo to the ISS in 2020 through 2024. In January 2016, SpaceX won contracts for six of these flights, dubbed CRS-2.[43] As of August 2025, Cargo Dragon had completed ten missions to and from the ISS with the eleventh mission in progress and more missions planned.

Cargo Dragons lack several features of the crewed variant, including seats, cockpit controls, astronaut life support systems, and SuperDraco abort engines.[44][45] Cargo Dragon improves on many aspects of the original Dragon design, including the recovery and refurbishment process.[46]

Since 2021, Cargo Dragon has been able to provide power to some payloads, saving space in the ISS and eliminating the time needed to move the payloads and set them up inside. This feature, announced on August 29, 2021, during the CRS-23 launch, is called Extend-the-Lab. "For CRS-23 there are 3 Extend-the-Lab payloads launching with the mission, and once docked, a 4th which is currently already on the space station will be added to Dragon".[47][48] For the first time, Dragon Cargo Dragon performed test reboost of the ISS via its aft-facing Draco thrusters on November 8, 2024, at 17:50 UTC.[49]

On SpaceX CRS-33, Dragon included "boost kit" propulsion module in Dragon's hollow unpressurized trunk, which is typically used to carry larger experiments that are robotically attached to the outside of the ISS. The kit comprises six dedicated propellant tanks containing hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide, a helium pressurant tank, and two Draco thrusters aligned with the station's velocity vector. The boost kit is based on, but operates independently from Dragon's primary propulsion system.[50][51] When activated, the system can add about 9 meters per second (20 mph) to the ISS's orbital velocity, equivalent to the total reboost impulse of roughly one-and-a-half Russian Progress cargo vehicles, which are normally responsible for orbit maintenance. The kit carries enough propellant to provide about one-third to one-fourth of the ISS's annual reboost needs.[50]

The US Deorbit Vehicle is a planned Cargo Dragon variant that will be used to deorbit the ISS and direct any remnants into the "spacecraft cemetery", a remote area of the southern Pacific Ocean.[52] The vehicle will attach to the ISS using one of the Cargo Dragon vehicles, which will be paired with a longer trunk module equipped with 30 additional Draco thrusters (in addition to the normal 16) and will carry 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of propellant, nearly six times the normal load. NASA plans to launch the deorbit vehicle in 2030 where it will remain attached, dormant, for about a year as the station's orbit naturally decays to 220 km (140 mi). The spacecraft is to then conduct one or more orientation burns to lower the perigee to 150 km (93 mi), followed by a final deorbiting burn to push the station into the ocean.[53] In June 2024, NASA awarded a contract worth up to $843 million to SpaceX to build the deorbit vehicle as it works to secure funding.[54][55]

Design

Crew Dragon C207 Resilience in the LC-39A Horizontal Integration Facility in November 2020 preparing for the launch of Crew-1.
Currently operational crewed spacecraft (at least orbital class)

SpaceX, which aims to dramatically lower space transportation costs, designed Dragon 2 to be reused, not discarded as is typical of spacecraft. It is composed of a reusable capsule and a disposable trunk.

SpaceX and NASA initially certified the capsule to be used for five missions. As of March 2024, they are working to certify it for up to fifteen missions.[56]

To maximize cost-effectiveness, SpaceX incorporated several innovative design choices. The Crew Dragon employs eight side-mounted SuperDraco engines for its emergency escape system, eliminating the need for a traditional, disposable escape tower. Furthermore, instead of housing the critical and expensive life support, thruster, and propellant storage systems in a disposable service module, Dragon 2 integrates them within the capsule for reuse.

Crew Dragon Resilience, with the solar panels integrated in its trunk

The trunk serves as an adapter between the capsule and the Falcon 9 rocket's second stage and also includes solar panels, a heat-dissipation radiator, and fins to provide aerodynamic stability during emergency aborts.[25] Dragon 2 integrates solar arrays directly into the trunk's structure, replacing the deployable panels of its predecessor, Dragon 1. On Cargo Dragon missions, the trunk can also be used to transport unpressurized payloads, such as the Roll Out Solar Array, or it can be fitted with a "boost kit" to perform reboosts of the ISS.[57] The trunk is connected to the capsule using a fitting known as "the claw".[58]

The typical Crew Dragon mission includes four astronauts: a commander who leads the mission and has primary responsibility for operating the spacecraft, a pilot who serves as backup for both command and operations, and two mission specialists who may have specific duties assigned depending on the mission. However, the Crew Dragon can fly missions with just two astronauts as needed, and in an emergency, up to seven astronauts could return to Earth from the ISS on Dragon.[7]

Crew Dragon interior configuration showing four standard crew seats (S1-S4) and three cargo pallet locations (C5-C7)

On the Crew Dragon, above the two center seats (occupied by the commander and pilot), there is a three-screen control panel. Below the seats is the cargo pallet, where around 230 kilograms (500 lb) of items can be stowed.[59] On the ground, crews enter the capsule through a side hatch. The capsule’s ceiling includes a small space toilet (with privacy curtain),[60] and an International Docking System Standard (IDSS) port. For private spaceflight missions not requiring ISS docking, the IDSS port can be replaced with a 1.2-meter (3 ft 11 in) domed plexiglass window offering panoramic views, similar to the ISS Cupola.[61] Additionally, SpaceX has developed a "Skywalker" hatch for missions involving extravehicular activities.[62]

The Cargo Dragon is loaded from the side hatch as well as through the IDSS port on the ceiling. It lacks the control panels, life support, windows, and seats of the Crew Dragon.

The spacecraft can be operated in full vacuum, and crew wears SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event. The spacecraft has also been designed to be able to land safely with a leak "of up to an equivalent orifice of 6.35 mm [0.25 in] in diameter".[25]

The spacecraft's nose cone protects the docking port and four forward-facing thrusters during ascent and reentry. This component pivots open for in-space operations.[25][32] Dragon 2's propellant and helium pressurant for emergency abort and orbital maneuvers are stored in composite-carbon-overwrap titanium spherical tanks at the capsule's base in an area known as the service section.

For launch aborts, the capsule relies on eight SuperDraco engines arranged in four redundant pairs. Each engine generates 71 kN (16,000 lbf) of thrust.[30] Sixteen smaller Draco thrusters placed around the spacecraft control its attitude and perform orbital maneuvers.

Crew Dragon Freedom with its parachutes deployed

When the capsule returns to Earth, a PICA-3 heat shield safeguards the capsule during reentry. Dragon 2 uses a total of six parachutes (two drogues and four mains) to decelerate after atmospheric entry and before splashdown, compared to the five used by Dragon 1.[63] The additional parachute was required by NASA as a safety measure after a Dragon 1 suffered a parachute malfunction. The company also went through two rounds of parachute development before being certified to fly with crew.[64] In 2024, the use of the SuperDraco thrusters for propulsive landing was enabled again, but only as a backup for parachute emergencies.[65]

Crewed flights

The Crew Dragon mockup (background) and four of the astronauts of its first two crewed missions (foreground), from left to right: Doug Hurley, Bob Behnken, Michael S. Hopkins, and Victor J. Glover

Crew Dragon is used by both commercial and government customers. Axiom Space launches commercial astronauts to the ISS and intends to eventually launch to their own private space station. NASA flights to the ISS have four astronauts, with the added payload mass and volume used to carry pressurized cargo.[63]

On September 16, 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX and Boeing had been selected to provide crew transportation to the ISS. SpaceX was to receive up to US$2.6 billion under this contract to provide development test flights and up to six operational flights.[66] Dragon was the less expensive proposal,[34] but NASA's William H. Gerstenmaier considered the Boeing Starliner proposal the stronger of the two. However, Crew Dragon's first operational flight, SpaceX Crew-1, was on November 16, 2020, after several test flights, while Starliner suffered multiple problems and delays, with its first operational flight slipping to no earlier than 2026.[67]

In a departure from the prior NASA practice, where construction contracts with commercial firms led to direct NASA operation of the spacecraft, NASA is purchasing space transport services from SpaceX, including construction, launch, and operation of the Dragon 2.[68]

NASA approved a new propellant loading procedure due to the Falcon 9 rocket's novel use of superchilled propellants. Unlike earlier NASA spacecraft, such as the Saturn V and Space Shuttle—where propellants were fully loaded hours before launch and before astronauts boarded—on the Falcon 9, propellants are loaded just before launch to keep the liquid oxygen near −340 °F (−206.7 °C) and the kerosene near 20 °F (−7 °C).[69] Propellant loading begins approximately 40 minutes before liftoff, with the launch escape system active to ensure the crew can be safely pulled away from the rocket in the event of an emergency during fuel loading.[70]

The first uncrewed test mission, Demo-1, launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on March 2, 2019.[71] After schedule slips,[72] the first crewed flight, Demo-2, launched on May 30, 2020.[73]

Testing

SpaceX planned a series of four flight tests for the Crew Dragon: a pad abort test, an uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS, an in-flight abort test, and finally, a crewed flight to the ISS,[74] which was initially planned for July 2019,[72] but after a Dragon capsule explosion, was delayed to May 2020.[75]

Pad abort test

Dragon 2 hover test (24159153709)
Pad abort test of a Dragon 2 article on May 6, 2015, at CCAFS, SLC-40

The pad abort test was conducted successfully on May 6, 2015, at SpaceX's leased SLC-40 launch site.[63] Dragon landed safely in the ocean to the east of the launchpad 99 seconds after ignition of the SuperDraco engines.[76] While a flight-like Dragon 2 and trunk were used for the pad abort test, they rested atop a truss structure for the test rather than a full Falcon 9 rocket. A crash test dummy embedded with a suite of sensors was placed inside the test vehicle to record acceleration loads and forces at the crew seat, while the remaining six seats were loaded with weights to simulate full-passenger-load weight.[68][77] The test objective was to demonstrate sufficient total impulse, thrust and controllability to conduct a safe pad abort. A fuel mixture ratio issue was detected after the flight in one of the eight SuperDraco engines causing it to under perform, but did not materially affect the flight.[78][79][80]

On November 24, 2015, SpaceX conducted a test of Dragon 2's hovering abilities at the firm's rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas. In a video, the spacecraft is shown suspended by a hoisting cable and igniting its SuperDraco engines to hover for about 5 seconds, balancing on its 8 engines firing at reduced thrust to compensate exactly for gravity.[81] The test vehicle was the same capsule that performed the pad abort test earlier in 2015; it was nicknamed DragonFly.[82]

Demo-1: orbital flight test

Main article: Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1
Launch of Demo-1, Crew Dragon's maiden spaceflight

In 2015, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing – Robert Behnken, Eric Boe, Sunita Williams, and Douglas Hurley.[83] The Demo-1 mission completed the last milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving the way to starting commercial services under an upcoming ISS Crew Transportation Services contract.[68][84] On August 3, 2018, NASA announced the crew for the DM-2 mission.[85] The crew of two consisted of NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. Behnken previously flew as mission specialist on the STS-123 and the STS-130 missions. Hurley previously flew as a pilot on the STS-127 mission and on the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135.[86]

The first orbital test of Crew Dragon was an uncrewed mission, commonly called "Demo-1" and launched on March 2, 2019.[87][88] The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the ISS,[89] remained docked until March 8, 2019, then conducted the full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to qualify for a crewed mission.[90][91] Life-support systems were monitored for the entirety the test flight. The same capsule was planned to be re-used in June 2019 for an in-flight abort test before it exploded on April 20, 2019.[87][92]

Explosion during testing

On April 20, 2019, Crew Dragon C204, the capsule used in the Demo-1 mission, was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility.[93][94] On the day of the explosion, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters was successful, with the anomaly occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system.[95]

Telemetry, high-speed camera footage, and analysis of recovered debris indicate the problem occurred when a small amount of dinitrogen tetroxide leaked into a helium line used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The leakage apparently occurred during pre-test processing. As a result, the pressurization of the system 100 ms before firing damaged a check valve and resulted in the explosion.[95][96]

SpaceX modified the Dragon 2 replacing check valves with burst discs, which are designed for single use, and the adding of flaps to each SuperDraco to seal the thrusters prior to splashdown, preventing water intrusion.[97] The SuperDraco engine test was repeated on November 13, 2019, with Crew Dragon C205. The test was successful, showing that the modifications made to the vehicle were successful.[98]

Since the destroyed capsule had been slated for use in the upcoming in-flight abort test, the explosion and investigation delayed that test and the subsequent crewed orbital test.[99]

In-flight abort test

Main article: Engineering:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test
Liftoff of Crew Dragon in-flight abort test

The Crew Dragon in-flight abort test was launched on January 19, 2020, at 15:30 UTC from LC-39A on a suborbital trajectory to conduct a separation and abort scenario in the troposphere at transonic velocities shortly after passing through max Q, where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Dragon 2 used its SuperDraco abort engines to push itself away from the Falcon 9 after an intentional premature engine cutoff, after which the Falcon was destroyed by aerodynamic forces. The Dragon followed its suborbital trajectory to apogee, at which point the spacecraft's trunk was jettisoned. The smaller Draco engines were then used to orient the vehicle for the descent. All major functions were executed, including separation, engine firings, parachute deployment, and landing.

Dragon 2 splashed down at 15:38:54 UTC just off the Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean.[100] The test objective was to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the ascending rocket under the most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight trajectory, imposing the worst structural stress of a real flight on the rocket and spacecraft.[63] The abort test was performed using a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket with a fully fueled second stage with a mass simulator replacing the Merlin engine.[101]

Earlier, this test had been scheduled before the uncrewed orbital test,[102] however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use a flight representative capsule rather than the test article from the pad abort test.[103]

This test was previously planned to use the capsule C204 from Demo-1, however, C204 was destroyed in an explosion during a static fire testing on April 20, 2019.[104] Capsule C205, originally planned for Demo-2 was used for the In-Flight Abort Test[105] with C206 being planned for use during Demo-2. This was the final flight test of the spacecraft before it began carrying astronauts to the International Space Station under NASA's Commercial Crew Program.

Prior to the flight test, teams completed launch day procedures for the first crewed flight test, from suit-up to launch pad operations. The joint teams conducted full data reviews that needed to be completed prior to NASA astronauts flying on the system during SpaceX's Demo-2 mission.[106]

SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour as it approached the International Space Station

Demo-2: crewed orbital flight test

Main article: Crew Dragon Demo-2
Endeavour capsule being recovered after splashdown

On April 17, 2020, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine announced the first crewed Crew Dragon Demo-2 to the International Space Station would launch on May 27, 2020.[107] Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley crewed the mission, marking the first crewed launch to the International Space Station from U.S. soil since STS-135 in July 2011. The original launch was postponed to May 30, 2020, due to weather conditions at the launch site.[108] The second launch attempt was successful, with capsule C206, later named Endeavour by the crew, launching on 30 May 2020 19:22 UTC.[109][110] The capsule successfully docked with the International Space Station on May 31, 2020, at 14:27 UTC.[111][112][113] On August 2, 2020, Crew Dragon undocked and splashed-down successfully in the Atlantic Ocean. Launching in the Dragon 2 spacecraft was described by astronaut Bob Behnken as "smooth off the pad" but "we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up ... a little bit less g's [than the Space Shuttle] but more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it".[114]

Regarding descent in the spacecraft, Behnken stated, "Once we descended a little bit into the atmosphere, Dragon really came alive. It started to fire thrusters and keep us pointed in the appropriate direction. The atmosphere starts to make noise—you can hear that rumble outside the vehicle. And as the vehicle tries to control, you feel a little bit of that shimmy in your body. ... We could feel those small rolls and pitches and yaws—all those little motions were things we picked up on inside the vehicle. ... All the separation events, from the trunk separation through the parachute firings, were very much like getting hit in the back of the chair with a baseball bat ... pretty light for the trunk separation but with the parachutes it was a pretty significant jolt".[115]

List of vehicles

The following is a list of prototype, Crew Dragon, and Cargo Dragon vehicles.[116][117][118]

No. Name Type Status Flights Flight
time 		Total
flight time 		Notes Cat.
C201 DragonFly Prototype Retired 1 Error: Parameter show=s is invalid (Pad Abort Test) Error: Parameter show=s is invalid Prototype used for pad abort test at Cape Canaveral and tethered hover tests at the McGregor Test Facility.
C202 None Prototype Retired N/A N/A N/A Pressure vessel qualification module used for structural testing.
C203 None Prototype In use N/A N/A N/A Environmental control and life support system testing module, still in use for human-in-the-loop testing.
C204 None Crew Destroyed 1 6d 5h 56m (Demo-1) 6d 5h 56m First Dragon 2 to fly in space. Only flight was Demo-1; accidentally destroyed during ground testing of the abort thrusters weeks after the flight.
C205 None Crew Retired 1 8m 54s (In-Flight Abort Test) 8m 54s Was originally to be used on Demo-2 but instead flew the Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test due to the destruction of C204 and was retired afterwards.
C206 Endeavour Crew Active 6 63d 23h 25m (Demo-2) 868d 14h 13m First vehicle to carry crew; named after Space Shuttle Endeavour. First flown during Crew Demo-2.[119] Has since flown Crew-2,[120] Axiom-1, Crew-6, Crew-8, and Crew-11. First Dragon to fly beyond the initial certification of 5 flights per Dragon.
199d 17h 44m (Crew-2)
17d 1h 49m (Axiom-1)
185d 22h 43m (Crew-6)
235d 3h 35m (Crew-8)
166d 16h 57m (Crew-11)
C207 Resilience Crew Active 4 167d 6h 29m (Crew-1) 178d 19h 17m First flew on Crew-1 on November 16, 2020.[121] Has since flown private spaceflight missions Inspiration4, Polaris Dawn, and Fram2.
2d 23h 3m (Inspiration4)
4d 22h 13m (Polaris Dawn)
3d 14h 32m (Fram2)
C208 None Cargo Active 5 38d 9h 8m (CRS-21) 175d 13h 52m First Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-21, CRS-23, CRS-25, CRS-28 and CRS-31 missions.[122]
32d 19h 42m (CRS-23)
36d 18h 8m (CRS-25)
24d 22h 43m (CRS-28)
42d 16h 10m (CRS-31)
C209 None Cargo Active 5 36d 9h 59m (CRS-22) 175d 23h 36m Second Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-22, CRS-24, CRS-27, CRS-30 and CRS-32 missions.
34d 10h 57m (CRS-24)
31d 20h 28m (CRS-27)
24d 22h 43m (CRS-30)
33d 21h 29m (CRS-32)
C210 Endurance Crew Active 4 176d 2h 39m (Crew-3) 680d 7h 28m First flew on Crew-3 on November 11, 2021.[123] Has since flown Crew-5, Crew-7, and Crew-10.
157d 10h 1m (Crew-5)
199d 2h 20m (Crew-7)
147d 16h 29m (Crew-10)
C211 None Cargo Active 3 45d 14h 58m (CRS-26) 275d 12h 2m Third Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-26, CRS-29,[124][125] CRS-33 missions.
42d 16h 5m (CRS-29)
187d 4h 59m (CRS-33)
C212 Freedom Crew Active
(docked to ISS) 		5 170d 13h 2m (Crew-4) 372d 14h 50m (currently in space) First flew on Crew-4 on April 24, 2022.[124] Has since flown Axiom-2, Axiom-3, and Crew-9.
9d 5h 27m (Axiom-2)
21d 15h 40m (Axiom-3)
171d 4h 39m (Crew-9)
92d 21h 55m (Crew-12, in progress)
C213 Grace Crew Active 1 20d 2h 59m (Axiom-4) 20d 2h 59m First flew on Axiom-4.

List of flights

List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Dates are listed in UTC, and for future events, they are the earliest possible opportunities (also known as NET dates) and may change.

Crew Dragon flights

Mission and patch Capsule[118] Launch date
Landing date
Duration 		Launch pad Landing site Destination Remarks Crew Outcome
Pad Abort Test
(patch) 		C201
DragonFly 		May 6, 2015 SLC-40 Atlantic Ocean N/A Simulating an escape from a rocket failure on the ground, Crew Dragon's SuperDraco engines lifted the capsule from a ground pad at SLC-40 and propelled it to a safe splashdown in the nearby ocean. N/A Success
Demo-1
(patch) 		C204 March 2, 2019
March 8, 2019
6d 5h 56m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean ISS Uncrewed orbital test flight, successfully docked with the ISS. N/A Success
In-Flight
Abort Test
(patch) 		C205 January 19, 2020 LC-39A Atlantic Ocean N/A Booster was commanded to simulate an in-flight engine failure. In response, Crew Dragon's SuperDraco engines fired successfully, propelling the capsule away to a safe splashdown. N/A Success
Demo-2
50px 		C206‑1 Endeavour May 30, 2020
August 2, 2020
63d 23h 25m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS First crewed flight test of Dragon 2. The mission was extended from two weeks to nine to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of Crew-1.
  • Doug Hurley
  • Bob Behnken
 Success
Crew-1
 C207‑1 Resilience November 16, 2020
May 2, 2021
167d 6h 29m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS First operational Commercial Crew flight.
  • Michael Hopkins
  • Victor Glover
  • Soichi Noguchi
  • Shannon Walker
 Success
Crew-2
 C206‑2 Endeavour April 23, 2021
November 9, 2021
199d 17h 44m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS First reuse of a capsule and booster rocket.
  • Shane Kimbrough
  • Megan McArthur
  • Akihiko Hoshide
  • Thomas Pesquet
 Success
Inspiration4
(patch 1)
(patch 2) 		C207‑2 Resilience September 16, 2021
September 18, 2021
2d 23h 3m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean Low Earth orbit The first fully private, all-civilian orbital flight. Crew reached a 585 km (364 mi) orbit and conducted science experiments and public outreach activities for three days.[126] First standalone orbital Crew Dragon flight and the first flight with the cupola.
  • Jared Isaacman
  • Sian Proctor
  • Hayley Arceneaux
  • Christopher Sembroski
 Success
Crew-3
50px 		C210‑1 Endurance November 11, 2021
May 6, 2022
176d 2h 39m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS
  • Raja Chari
  • Thomas Marshburn
  • Matthias Maurer
  • Kayla Barron
 Success
Axiom-1
(patch) 		C206‑3 Endeavour April 8, 2022
April 25, 2022
17d 1h 49m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean ISS First fully private flight to the ISS. Contracted by Axiom Space. Axiom employee served as commander with three tourists.
Success
Crew-4
50px 		C212‑1 Freedom April 27, 2022
October 14, 2022
170d 13h 2m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean ISS
Success
Crew-5
50px 		C210‑2 Endurance October 5, 2022
March 12, 2023
157d 10h 1m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS First crew to include a Russian cosmonaut as part of Dragon–Soyuz seat swap program.[127]
Success
Crew-6
50px 		C206‑4 Endeavour March 2, 2023
September 4, 2023
185d 22h 43m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean ISS
Success
Axiom-2
(patch) 		C212‑2 Freedom May 21, 2023
May 31, 2023
9d 5h 27m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS Fully private flight to the ISS. Contracted by Axiom Space. Axiom employee served as commander, other seats purchased by SSA and a tourist.[128]
Success
Crew-7
50px 		C210‑3 Endurance August 26, 2023
March 12, 2024
199d 2h 20m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS
  • Jasmin Moghbeli
  • Andreas Mogensen
  • Satoshi Furukawa
  • Konstantin Borisov
 Success
Axiom-3
(patch) 		C212‑3 Freedom January 18, 2024
February 9, 2024
21d 15h 40m 		LC-39A Atlantic Ocean ISS Fully private flight to the ISS. Axiom employee served as commander, other seats purchased by AM, TUA, and SNSA/ESA.[129]
  • Michael López-Alegría[lower-alpha 4]
  • Walter Villadei
  • Alper Gezeravcı
  • Marcus Wandt
 Success
Crew-8
50px 		C206‑5 Endeavour March 4, 2024
October 25, 2024
235d 3h 35m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico ISS Longest Crew Dragon mission. ISS stay extended and two makeshift seats added to allow Crew-8 to serve as "lifeboat" for the Boeing CFT crew if needed.
  • Matthew Dominick
  • Michael Barratt
  • Jeanette Epps
  • Alexander Grebenkin
 Success
Polaris Dawn
(patch) 		C207‑3 Resilience September 10, 2024
September 15, 2024
4d 22h 13m 		LC-39A Gulf of Mexico Low Earth orbit Fully private orbital flight, including two SpaceX employees. First of three planned flights of the private Polaris Program. Flew 1,400 km (870 mi) away from Earth, the highest orbit of the planet flown by a crewed spacecraft since the end of the Apollo program. Isaacman and Gillis made the first commercial spacewalk during the mission.[130]
Success
Crew-9
50px 		C212‑4 Freedom September 28, 2024
March 18, 2025
171d 4h 39m 		SLC-40 Gulf of Mexico ISS Was the first crewed mission to launch from SLC-40.[131] Launched with only two crew members and returned with the crew of the Boeing Crew Flight Test due to issues with the Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 3 Calypso.[132]
  • Nick Hague
  • Aleksandr Gorbunov
  • Barry E. Wilmore (landing)
  • Sunita Williams (landing)
 Success
Crew-10
50px 		C210‑4 Endurance March 14, 2025
August 9, 2025
147d 16h 29m 		LC-39A Pacific Ocean ISS
Success
Fram2
(patch) 		C207‑4 Resilience April 1, 2025
April 4, 2025
3d 14h 32m 		LC-39A Pacific Ocean Polar orbit
Success
Axiom-4
(patch) 		C213‑1
Grace 		June 25, 2025
July 15, 2025
20d 2h 59m 		LC-39A Pacific Ocean ISS Fully private flight to the ISS. Axiom employee served as commander; other seats purchased by ISRO, POLSA/ESA, and Hungary.
Success
Crew-11
50px 		C206‑6 Endeavour August 1, 2025
January 15, 2026
166d 16h 57m 		LC-39A Pacific Ocean ISS Final Crew Dragon launch from LC-39A. Fastest Crew Dragon rendezvous to date. Mission returned a month earlier than planned due to an undisclosed medical condition of a crew member.[133]
Success
Crew-12
50px 		C212‑5 Freedom February 13, 2026
October 2026
92d 21h 55m[lower-alpha 6] 		SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) ISS
  • Jessica Meir
  • Jack Hathaway
  • Sophie Adenot
  • Andrey Fedyaev
 In progress
Crew-13
50px 		TBA TBA SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) ISS TBA Planned
Axiom-5
(patch) 		TBA January 2027 SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) ISS Fully private flight to the ISS. Axiom employee will serve as commander; other seats purchased TBA.
Planned
TBA TBA SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) ISS TBA Planned
TBA[134] TBA Summer 2027 SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) ISS First of two private flights to the ISS for Vast. TBA Planned
Vast-1 TBA 2027 SLC-40 Pacific Ocean (planned) Haven-1 TBA Planned

Cargo Dragon flights

Mission and Patch Capsule[135] Launch date Landing date Remarks Outcome
CRS-21 50px C208‑1 December 6, 2020 January 14, 2021 First SpaceX mission performed under the CRS-2 contract with NASA and the first flight of Cargo Dragon 2. Also delivered the Nanoracks Bishop Airlock module. Success
CRS-22 50px C209‑1 June 3, 2021 July 10, 2021 Also delivered solar arrays iROSA 1 and iROSA 2 Success
CRS-23 50px C208‑2 August 29, 2021 October 1, 2021 Success
CRS-24 50px C209‑2 December 21, 2021 January 24, 2022 Success
CRS-25 50px C208‑3 July 15, 2022 August 20, 2022 Success
CRS-26 50px C211‑1 November 26, 2022 January 11, 2023 Also delivered solar arrays iROSA 3 and iROSA 4.[136] Success
CRS-27 50px C209‑3 March 15, 2023 April 15, 2023 Success
CRS-28 50px C208‑4 June 5, 2023 June 30, 2023 Also delivered solar arrays iROSA 5 and iROSA 6.[137] With this mission, Dragon 2 fleet's 1,324 days in orbit surpassed the Space Shuttle. This was the 38th Dragon mission to ISS, surpassing the Shuttle's 37.[138] Success
CRS-29 50px C211‑2 November 10, 2023 December 22, 2023 Success
CRS-30 50px C209‑4 March 21, 2024 April 30, 2024 First Dragon 2 launch from SLC-40. Success
CRS-31 50px C208‑5 November 5, 2024 December 16, 2024 First Dragon to perform a reboost of the ISS.[139] Success
CRS-32 50px C209‑5 April 21, 2025[140] May 25, 2025 First Cargo Dragon to splash down in the Pacific Ocean. Success
CRS-33 50px C211‑3 August 24, 2025 February 27, 2026 Equipped with a "boost kit" capable of performing multiple re-boosts of the ISS.[141] Longest Cargo Dragon mission to date. Success
CRS-34 50px TBA May 2026[142] Planned
CRS-35 TBA August 2026[143] Planned
United States Deorbit Vehicle TBA 2030[144] To deorbit the ISS after it is decommissioned. Planned

Timeline

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</timeline>

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The reentry capsule weighs 9,600 kg (21,200 lb) including crew + 150 kg (330 lb) payload (Crew Dragon Demo-2)
  2. ↑ up to 2,507 kg (5,527 lb) pressurized and up to 800 kg (1,800 lb) unpressurized
  3. ↑ NASA extended the Crew-8 mission to 235 days to help mitigate the problems with the Starliner CFT mission
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Axiom Space employee
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 SpaceX employee
  6. ↑ in progress

References

  1. ↑ "DragonLab datasheet". Hawthorne, California: SpaceX. September 8, 2009. http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "NASA, SpaceX to Launch First Astronauts to Space Station from U.S. Since 2011". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ Heiney, Anna (July 23, 2020). "Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return. "At the time of undock, Dragon Endeavour and its trunk weigh approximately 27,600 pounds"  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for Issuing SpaceX a Launch License for an In-Flight Dragon Abort Test". Federal Aviation Administration. June 2019. https://www.faa.gov/space/environmental/nepa_docs/media/Final_EA_and_FONSI_for_SpaceX_In-flight_Dragon_Abort_508_A.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 SpaceX (March 1, 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Station NASA April 26, 2018, Report No. IG-18-016 Quote: "For SpaceX, certification of the company's unproven cargo version of its Dragon 2 spacecraft for CRS-2 missions carries risk while the company works to resolve ongoing concerns related to software traceability and systems engineering processes" Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Howell, Elizabeth (August 9, 2024). "Will SpaceX carry Boeing Starliner crew home? Here's how Dragon could do it" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-changes-astronaut-seats-boeing-starliner. 
  8. ↑ Rauf, Jim (Fall 2023). "SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft". https://www.uc.edu/content/dam/refresh/cont-ed-62/olli/fall-23-class-handouts/SpaceX%205Dragon%20Capsules.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Orbital Velocity
  10. ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012". Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ "Dream Chaser Lifting Body Set For Delivery To NASA Ahead Of 2024 Launch | Aviation Week Network". https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/dream-chaser-lifting-body-set-delivery-nasa-ahead-2024-launch. 
  12. ↑ "Final Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the DragonFly Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, McGregor, Texas". FAA. pp. 2–3. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/DragonFly_Final_EA_sm.pdf.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ↑ Gwynne Shotwell (March 21, 2014). Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell. The Space Show. Event occurs at 24:05–24:45 and 28:15–28:35. 2212. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014. we call it v2 for Dragon. That is the primary vehicle for crew, and we will retrofit it back to cargo
  14. ↑ "Q+A: SpaceX Engineer Garrett Reisman on Building the World's Safest Spacecraft". PopSci. April 13, 2012. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/qa-former-astronaut-and-spacex-engineer-garrett-reisman-building-worlds-safest-spacecraft. "DragonRider, SpaceX's crew-capable variant of its Dragon capsule" 
  15. ↑ "SpaceX Completes Key Milestone to Fly Astronauts to International Space Station". SpaceX. October 20, 2011. http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020. 
  16. ↑ "Dragon Overview". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php. 
  17. ↑ Parma, George (March 20, 2011). "Overview of the NASA Docking System and the International Docking System Standard". NASA. http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf. "iLIDS was later renamed the NASA Docking System (NDS), and will be NASA's implementation of an IDSS compatible docking system for all future U.S. vehicles"  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ↑ Bayt, Rob (July 16, 2011). "Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough". NASA. http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. ↑ Oberg, Jim (March 28, 2007). "Space station trip will push the envelope". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17815821. 
  20. ↑ Bolden, Charles (May 9, 2012). "2012-05-09_NASA_Response". NASA. http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ↑ With the exception of the Project Gemini spacecraft, which used twin ejection seats: "Encyclopedia Astronautica: Gemini Ejection" Astronautix.com Retrieved January 24, 2013
  22. ↑ Chow, Denise (April 18, 2011). "Private Spaceship Builders Split Nearly US$270 Million in NASA Funds". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html. 
  23. ↑ "Spaceship teams seek more funding" MSNBC December 10, 2010, Retrieved December 14, 2010
  24. ↑ "COMMERCIAL CREW PROGRAM". p. 20. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf?emrc=d5924a#C9. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Reisman, Garrett (February 27, 2015). "Statement of Garrett Reisman, Director of Crew Operations, Space Explorations Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) before the Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Reisman%20Testimony.pdf.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  26. ↑ "SpaceX Updates – Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2". SpaceX. January 17, 2010. http://www.spacex.com/updates.php. 
  27. ↑ Sofge, Eric (November 19, 2012). "The Deep-Space Suit". PopSci. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-10/deep-space-suit. 
  28. ↑ "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon. 
  29. ↑ Gibbens, Sarah. "A First Look at the Spacesuits of the Future". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/space/a-first-look-at-the-spacesuits-of-the-future.aspx. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Norris, Guy (May 30, 2014). "SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2'". Aviation Week. http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2. 
  31. ↑ Kramer, Miriam (May 30, 2014). "SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips". Space.com. http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Bergin, Chris (May 30, 2014). "SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft". NASAspaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/. 
  33. ↑ Post, Hannah (September 16, 2014). "NASA Selects SpaceX to be Part of America's Human Spaceflight Program". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/news/2014/09/16/nasa-selects-spacex-be-part-americas-human-spaceflight-program. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle". Aviation Week. https://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle. 
  35. ↑ Berger, Eric (June 9, 2017). "So SpaceX is having quite a year". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/so-spacex-is-having-quite-a-year/. 
  36. ↑ Roulette, Joey (March 28, 2022). "EXCLUSIVE SpaceX ending production of flagship crew capsule" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/. 
  37. ↑ Foust, Jeff (November 19, 2022). "SpaceX to launch last new cargo Dragon spacecraft". https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-launch-last-new-cargo-dragon-spacecraft/. "Walker revealed at the briefing SpaceX plans to build a fifth and likely final Crew Dragon." 
  38. ↑ Potter, Sean (August 31, 2022). "NASA Awards SpaceX More Crew Flights to Space Station". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-awards-spacex-more-crew-flights-to-space-station. "This is a firm fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract modification for the Crew-10, Crew-11, Crew-12, Crew-13, and Crew-14 flights. The value of this modification for all five missions and related mission services is $1,436,438,446. The amount includes ground, launch, in-orbit, and return and recovery operations, cargo transportation for each mission, and a lifeboat capability while docked to the International Space Station. The period of performance runs through 2030 and brings the total CCtCap contract value with SpaceX to $4,927,306,350" 
  39. ↑ McCarthy, Niall (June 4, 2020). "Why SpaceX Is A Game Changer For NASA [Infographic"]. https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2020/06/04/why-spacex-is-a-game-changer-for-nasa-infographic/#4c5e22801656. "According to the NASA audit, the SpaceX Crew Dragon's per-seat cost works out at an estimated $55 million while a seat on Boeing's Starliner is approximately $90 million ..." 
  40. ↑ McFall-Johnsen, Morgan; Mosher, Dave; Secon, Holly (January 26, 2020). "SpaceX is set to launch astronauts on Wednesday. Here's how Elon Musk's company became NASA's best shot at resurrecting American spaceflight". https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-boeing-nasa-commercial-crew-program-launch-astronauts-2020-1. "Eventually, a round-trip seat on the Crew Dragon is expected to cost about $US55 million. A seat on Starliner will cost about $US90 million. That's according to a November 2019 report from the NASA Office of Inspector General." 
  41. ↑ Wall, Mike (November 16, 2019). "Here's How Much NASA Is Paying Per Seat on SpaceX's Crew Dragon & Boeing's Starliner". https://www.space.com/spacex-boeing-commercial-crew-seat-prices.html. "NASA will likely pay about $90 million for each astronaut who flies aboard Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule on International Space Station (ISS) missions, the report estimated. The per-seat cost for SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule, meanwhile, will be around $55 million, according to the OIG's calculations." 
  42. ↑ "SpaceX scrubs launch to ISS over rocket engine problem". Deccan Chronicle. May 19, 2012. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933. 
  43. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/. 
  44. ↑ Ralph, Eric. "Dragon 2 modifications to Carry Cargo for CRS-2 missions". SpaceX/Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-no-crew-dragon-spaceship-reuse-nasa-astronaut-launches/cargo-dragon-2-required-modifications/. 
  45. ↑ "Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Center". Office of Inspector General (NASA) IG-18-016: 24, 28–30. April 26, 2018. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf. Retrieved September 29, 2020.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  46. ↑ Clark, Stephen (August 2, 2019). "SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/. 
  47. ↑ CRS-23 Mission, August 29, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-KiDqxAMU0, retrieved August 29, 2021 
  48. ↑ CRS-21 Mission, https://www.spacex.com/launches/crs-21-splashdown/ 
  49. ↑ Foust, Jeff (November 5, 2024). "Falcon 9 launches cargo Dragon mission to ISS" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/falcon-9-launches-cargo-dragon-mission-to-iss-2/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Clark, Stephen (August 25, 2025). "SpaceX launches cargo mission with ISS reboost capability". https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/08/spacexs-latest-dragon-mission-will-breathe-more-fire-at-the-space-station/. 
  51. ↑ Taveau, Jessica (August 24, 2025). "NASA Science, Cargo Launch on 33rd SpaceX Resupply Mission to Station" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-cargo-launch-on-33rd-spacex-resupply-mission-to-station/. 
  52. ↑ "NASA plans to take International Space Station out of orbit in January 2031 by crashing it into 'spacecraft cemetery'". Sky News. February 1, 2022. https://news.sky.com/story/nasa-plans-to-take-international-space-station-out-of-orbit-in-january-2031-by-crashing-it-into-spacecraft-cemetery-12530194. 
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  54. ↑ "NASA Selects International Space Station US Deorbit Vehicle – NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-international-space-station-us-deorbit-vehicle/. 
  55. ↑ Foust, Jeff (May 1, 2024). "Nelson lobbies Congress to fund ISS deorbit vehicle in supplemental spending bill" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/nelson-lobbies-congress-to-fund-iss-deorbit-vehicle-in-supplemental-spending-bill/. 
  56. ↑ Tingley, Brett (March 6, 2024). "NASA, SpaceX looking to extend lifespan of Crew Dragon spacecraft to 15 flights". https://www.space.com/spacex-nasa-crew-dragon-spacecraft-15-flights. 
  57. ↑ Clark, Stephen (2025-08-25). "SpaceX's latest Dragon mission will breathe more fire at the space station" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/08/spacexs-latest-dragon-mission-will-breathe-more-fire-at-the-space-station/. 
  58. ↑ Davenport, Justin (September 14, 2024). "Polaris Dawn returns home after landmark commercial spaceflight" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/09/polaris-dawn-splashdown/. 
  59. ↑ "Crew-1 Dragon Arrives At the International Space Station" (in en-US). November 16, 2020. https://spacenews.com/crew-1-dragon-arrives-at-the-international-space-station/. 
  60. ↑ Roulette, Joey (November 11, 2021). "SpaceX's toilet is working fine, thanks for asking." (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/10/science/spacex-toilet-diapers.html. 
  61. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (March 30, 2021). "SpaceX's Dragon spaceship is getting the ultimate window for private Inspiration4 spaceflight". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-cupola-window-inspiration4. 
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  64. ↑ Ralph, Eric (December 5, 2019). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon parachutes are almost ready for NASA astronauts" (in en-US). https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-crew-dragon-parachutes-nasa-astronauts/. 
  65. ↑ McCrea, Aaron (October 10, 2024). "Dragon receives long-planned propulsive landing upgrade after years of development" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/10/dragon-propulsive-landing/. 
  66. ↑ "NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  69. ↑ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (December 17, 2015). "-340 F in this case. Deep cryo increases density and amplifies rocket performance. First time anyone has gone this low for O2. [RP-1 chilled from 70F to 20 F"]. https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/677666779494248449. 
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  78. ↑ "SpaceX Crew Dragon pad abort: Test flight demos launch escape system". May 6, 2015. http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-050615a-spacex-dragon-pad-abort.html. 
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  80. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/. 
  81. ↑ Dragon 2 Propulsive Hover Test. SpaceX. January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
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  88. ↑ "Crew Demo-1 | Launch". March 2, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZL0tbOZYhE. 
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  90. ↑ "Crew Demo 1 Mission Overview". SpaceX. March 2019. https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/crew_demo-1_press_kit.pdf. 
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  92. ↑ Baylor, Michael (April 20, 2019). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft suffers an anomaly during static fire testing at Cape Canaveral". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacexs-crew-dragon-spacecraft-anomaly-static-fire-testing/. 
  93. ↑ @JimBridenstine (April 20, 2019). "NASA has been notified about the results of the @SpaceX Static Fire Test and the anomaly that occurred during the final test. We will work closely to ensure we safely move forward with our Commercial Crew Program.". https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1119754804258062337. 
  94. ↑ Mosher, Dave. "SpaceX confirmed that its Crew Dragon spaceship for NASA was 'destroyed' by a recent test. Here's what we learned about the explosive failure.". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5. 
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  101. ↑ Richardson, Derek (July 30, 2016). "Second SpaceX Crew Flight Ordered by NASA". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/second-spacex-crew-flight-ordered-nasa/. "Currently, the first uncrewed test of the spacecraft is expected to launch in May 2017. Sometime after that, SpaceX plans to conduct an in-flight abort to test the SuperDraco thrusters while the rocket is traveling through the area of maximum dynamic pressure – Max Q." 
  102. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 4, 2016). "SpaceX seeks to accelerate Falcon 9 production and launch rates this year". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-seeks-to-accelerate-falcon-9-production-and-launch-rates-this-year/. "Shotwell said the company is planning an in-flight abort test of the Crew Dragon spacecraft before the end of this year, where the vehicle uses its thrusters to separate from a Falcon 9 rocket during ascent. That will be followed in 2017 by two demonstration flights to the International Space Station, the first without a crew and the second with astronauts on board, and then the first operational mission." 
  103. ↑ Siceloff, Steven (July 1, 2015). "More Fidelity for SpaceX In-Flight Abort Reduces Risk". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/more-fidelity-for-spacex-in-flight-abort-reduces-risk/. "In the updated plan, SpaceX would launch its uncrewed flight test (DM-1), refurbish the flight test vehicle, then conduct the in-flight abort test prior to the crew flight test. Using the same vehicle for the in-flight abort test will improve the realism of the ascent abort test and reduce risk."  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  104. ↑ Shanklin, Emily (July 15, 2019). "Update: In-Flight Abort Static Fire Test Anomaly Investigation". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/news/2019/07/15/update-flight-abort-static-fire-anomaly-investigation. 
  105. ↑ "SpaceX conducts successful Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test". January 17, 2020. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/spacex-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test/. 
  106. ↑ Northon, Karen (January 19, 2020). "NASA, SpaceX Complete Final Major Flight Test of Crew Spacecraft". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacex-complete-final-major-flight-test-of-crew-spacecraft.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  107. ↑ Bridenstine, Jim [@JimBridenstine] (April 17, 2020). "BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI". https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1251178705633841167.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  108. ↑ @SpaceX (May 27, 2020). "Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1265739654810091520. 
  109. ↑ @SpaceX (May 30, 2020). "Liftoff!". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1266812530833240064. 
  110. ↑ @elonmusk (May 30, 2020). "Dragonship Endeavor". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1266890648587776003. 
  111. ↑ @SpaceX (May 31, 2020). "Docking confirmed – Crew Dragon has arrived at the @space_station!". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1267098143805435904. 
  112. ↑ "SpaceX's historic Demo-2 delivers NASA astronauts to ISS" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/science/spacexs-historic-demo-2-delivers-nasa-astronauts-to-iss/. 
  113. ↑ Bartels, Meghan (last update) (May 31, 2020). "SpaceX's 1st Crew Dragon with astronauts docks at space station in historic rendezvous" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-docking-success.html. 
  114. ↑ "We were surprised a little bit at how smooth things were off the pad ... and our expectation was as we continued with the flight into second stage that things would basically get a lot smoother than the Space Shuttle did, but Dragon was huffing and puffing all the way into orbit, and we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up, and so it was not quite the same ride, the smooth ride as the Space Shuttle was up to MECO. A little bit less g's but a little bit more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it". NASA Astronauts Arrive at the International Space Station on SpaceX Spacecraft. May 31, 2020. Event occurs at 03:46:02. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  115. ↑ Rincon, Paul (August 4, 2020). "SpaceX: Nasa crew describe rumbles and jolts of return to Earth". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53658837. 
  116. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (May 29, 2019). "NASA briefly updates status of Crew Dragon anomaly, SpaceX test schedule". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/nasa-briefly-crew-dragon-anomaly-spacex-schedule/. 
  117. ↑ "List of Dragon Capsules". May 21, 2020. https://www.elonx.net/list-of-dragon-capsules/. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 "Crew Dragon". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2.htm. 
  119. ↑ "NASA astronauts launch from U.S. soil for first time in nine years". Spaceflight Now. May 30, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-status-center/. 
  120. ↑ @jeff_foust (July 23, 2020). "McErlean: NASA's plans call for reusing the Falcon 9 booster from the Crew-1 mission on the Crew-2 mission, and to reuse the Demo-2 capsule for Crew-2 as well.". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1286312153193029633. 
  121. ↑ "Crew-1 Makes Nighttime Splashdown, Ends Mission". NASA. May 2, 2021. https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-1/2021/05/02/crew-1-makes-nighttime-splashdown-ends-mission/.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  122. ↑ @SpaceX (January 13, 2021). "Splashdown of Dragon confirmed, completing SpaceX's 21st @Space_Station resupply mission and the first return of a cargo resupply spacecraft off the coast of Florida". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1349528716951474177. 
  123. ↑ Garcia, Mark (October 25, 2021). "What You Need to Know about NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 Mission". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission/. 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Clark, Stephen (October 6, 2021). "SpaceX is adding two more Crew Dragons to its fleet". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/06/spacex-is-adding-two-more-crew-dragons-to-its-fleet/. 
  125. ↑ Kanayama, Lee (September 16, 2022). "SpaceX and NASA in final preparations for Crew-5 mission" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/crew-5-preperations/. 
  126. ↑ "Second phasing burn complete". https://twitter.com/spacex/status/1438336379830915072. 
  127. ↑ "Rogozin says Crew Dragon safe for Russian cosmonauts" (in en-US). October 26, 2021. https://spacenews.com/rogozin-says-crew-dragon-safe-for-russian-cosmonauts/. 
  128. ↑ "Saudi astronauts to research cancer, cloud seeding, microgravity in space" (in en). March 23, 2023. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/03/23/Saudi-astronauts-to-research-cancer-cloud-seeding-microgravity-in-space. 
  129. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 – Axiom Mission 3 (AX-3)". Next Spaceflight. https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6790. 
  130. ↑ "Polaris Dawn mission set to launch early Friday morning after delays". Fox 35 Orlando (Orlando, Florida). September 3, 2024. https://www.fox35orlando.com/news/polaris-dawn-mission-set-launch-early-friday-morning-after-delays. 
  131. ↑ Niles-Carnes, Elyna (August 6, 2024). "NASA Adjusts Crew-9 Launch Date for Operational Flexibility – NASA's SpaceX Crew-9 Mission" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/crew-9/2024/08/06/nasa-adjusts-crew-9-launch-date-for-operational-flexibility/. 
  132. ↑ "NASA decides to keep 2 astronauts in space until February, nixes return on troublied Boeing capsule" (in en). August 24, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/boeing-spacex-nasa-astronauts-starliner-e4e81e5a6c23dee2f8f72260ddea011c. 
  133. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Adithi (January 8, 2026). "NASA cuts space station mission short after an astronaut's medical issue" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/nasa-spacewalk-postponed-1a6f794035be86582025c196f8f9e7b5. 
  134. ↑ Doyle, Tiernan P. (February 12, 2026). "NASA Selects Vast for Sixth Private Mission to Space Station". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-vast-for-sixth-private-mission-to-space-station. 
  135. ↑ "Dragon CRS-21 – CRS-35" (in en). Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2c.htm. 
  136. ↑ Foust, Jeff (July 14, 2022). "SpaceX launches cargo Dragon mission to ISS". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-cargo-dragon-mission-to-iss/. "After CRS-25, the next commercial cargo mission is NG-18, a Northrop Grumman Cygnus mission tentatively scheduled for mid-October. The SpaceX CRS-26 Dragon mission will follow late in the year, delivering among other cargo a set of solar arrays to be installed on the station by spacewalking astronauts." 
  137. ↑ Clark, Stephen (November 26, 2022). "SpaceX launches Dragon cargo ship to deliver new solar arrays to space station – Spaceflight Now" (in en). Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/26/spacex-launches-dragon-cargo-ship-to-deliver-new-solar-arrays-to-space-station/. 
  138. ↑ Wall, Mike (June 9, 2023). "SpaceX Dragon breaks 2 space shuttle orbital records" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-breaks-space-shuttle-records. 
  139. ↑ Graf, Abby (November 8, 2024). "Dragon Spacecraft Boosts Station for First Time" (in en). https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2024/11/08/dragon-spacecraft-boosts-station-for-first-time/. 
  140. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | CRS SpX-32" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6914. 
  141. ↑ NASA's SpaceX Crew-9 Post-Splashdown News Conference. March 18, 2025. Event occurs at 1:04:24. Retrieved March 18, 2025. There is a particular SpaceX cargo flight, CRS-33, that has the ability to do some re-boosts for the space station and that needs to fly in than late August/early September timeframe, so we moved the handover up. The boost trunk, as we call it, will be there for a large part of the fall timeframe.
  142. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | CRS SpX-34" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6916. 
  143. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | CRS SpX-35" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6917. 
  144. ↑ "NASA Selects International Space Station US Deorbit Vehicle – NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-international-space-station-us-deorbit-vehicle/. 



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