View source for Unicode subscripts and superscripts

{{Short description|Unicode denominator & numerator glyphs}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[Unicode]] has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of [[Arabic numerals]].<ref name="UnicodeData.txt">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/UnicodeData.txt|title=UCD: UnicodeData.txt|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref> These characters allow any [[Polynomial|polynomial]],  [[Chemistry:Chemical equation|chemical]] and certain other [[Equation|equation]]s to be represented in plain text without using any form of [[Markup language|markup]] like [[HTML]] or [[Software:TeX|TeX]].

The [[Organization:World Wide Web Consortium|World Wide Web Consortium]] and the [[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]] have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters:
<blockquote>When used in mathematical context ([[MathML]]) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts [...]&nbsp;However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.<ref name=w3>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/unicode-xml/#Superscripts |title=Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages |first1=Martin | last1 = Dürst | first2 = Asmus | last2 = Freytag |date=16 May 2007 |publisher=W3C |access-date=13 September 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

==Uses==
[[File:Sub super num dem.svg|thumb|The difference between superscript/subscript and numerator/denominator glyphs. In many popular [[computer font]]s the Unicode "superscript" and "subscript" characters are actually numerator and denominator glyphs.|class=skin-invert-image]]
The ''intended'' use<ref name=w3/> when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus {{char|H₂O}} (using a subscript 2 character) is ''supposed'' to be identical to {{char|H<sub>2</sub>O}} (with subscript markup).

In reality, many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical numerator and denominator glyphs,<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 27, 2021|title=fraction {{!}} Dart Package |url=https://pub.dev/packages/fraction |access-date=September 21, 2022 |website=Dart packages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2021 |title=MathML {{!}} General layout elements {{!}} Fractions |url=https://www.data2type.de/xml-xslt-xslfo/math-ml/presentation-markup/layout-elements/fractions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128015254/https://www.data2type.de/xml-xslt-xslfo/math-ml/presentation-markup/layout-elements/fractions/ |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |url-status=dead|access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=data2type GmbH |language=de-DE}}</ref> which are aligned with the cap line and the baseline, respectively. When used with the solidus or the Fraction Slash, they produce an almost typographically correct diagonal fraction, such as {{char|³/₄}}for the {{char|¾}} glyph. Super and subscript markup does not produce a correct  fraction (compare markup {{char|<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>}} with precomposed {{char|¾}}). The change also makes the superscript letters useful for ordinal indicators, more closely matching the ª and º characters.

Unicode intended that diagonal fractions be rendered by a different mechanism: the fraction slash U+2044 is visually similar to the solidus, but when used with the ordinary digits (not the superscripts and subscripts), it instructs the layout system that a fraction such as {{char|¾}} is to be rendered using automatic glyph substitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/unicode-xml/#Fraction |title=Fraction Slash |first1=Martin | last1 = Dürst | first2 = Asmus | last2 = Freytag |date=May 16, 2007 |publisher=W3C |access-date=September 13, 2010}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">For a general overview and technical information on glyph substitution (though not specifically for fractions), see [https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/gsub.htm GSUB — Glyph Substitution Table] in the [https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/default.htm OpenType specification] on the [https://www.microsoft.com/typography/default.mspx Microsoft Typography site].</ref> User-end support was quite poor for a number of years, but fonts,<ref group="lower-alpha">Such as [[Andika (typeface)|Andika]], Arno Pro, [[Company:Brill Publishers|Brill]], Brioso Pro, [[Calibri]], Candara, Carlito, [[Cantarell (typeface)|Cantarell]], FiraGO, [[EB Garamond]], [[Gentium]], [[Lato (typeface)|Lato]], [[Linux Libertine]], Noto Sans, Noto Serif, [[Open Sans]] and Yrsa</ref> browsers,<ref group="lower-alpha">Such as Chrome, [[Software:Firefox|Firefox]] and [[Software:Falkon|Falkon]]</ref> word processors,<ref group="lower-alpha">Such as [[Software:LibreOffice Writer|LibreOffice Writer]]</ref> desktop publishing software<ref group="lower-alpha">Such as [[Software:Adobe InDesign|Adobe InDesign]] and [[Software:Scribus|Scribus]]</ref> and others increasingly support the intended Unicode behavior. This browser and your default font render the sequence as {{char|3&#x2044;4}}. (See Slash (punctuation)#Fractions for rendering in various other fonts.)

==Superscripts and subscripts block==
{{Main|Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)}}
The most common superscript digits (1, 2, and 3) were included in ISO-8859-1 and were therefore carried over into those code points in the Latin-1 range of Unicode. The remainder were placed along with basic arithmetical symbols, and later some Latin subscripts, in a dedicated block at {{U+|2070}} to U+209F. The table below shows these characters together. Each superscript or subscript character is preceded by a baseline {{char|x}} to show the height of subscripting/superscripting.

Six code points in the "Superscripts and Subscripts" block are unassigned, and remain available for future characters. {{As of|2024|11|post=,|url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html}} three of these (209D, 209E, and 209F) were provisionally assigned to new subscript characters, namely Latin lowercase {{char|w}}, {{char|y}}, and {{char|z}}.<ref name=U18-draft/><ref name=UTC181>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24221.htm#181-C35 |title=Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 181 |date=2025-01-27 |publisher=[[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]] |accessdate=2025-03-08 }}</ref>

<div class="Unicode">
{| class="wikitable notatypo" style="margin:0"
 |+ Unicode characters
 |-
 ! || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || A || B || C || D || E || F
 |-
 ! U+00Bx
 | {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || x² || x³ || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || x¹ || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}} || {{n/a|}}
 |-
 ! U+207x
 | x⁰ || xⁱ<!-- It is intentional and correct that this is a superscript i. -->
 |bgcolor="silver"| ||bgcolor="silver"|
 | x⁴ || x⁵ || x⁶ || x⁷ || x⁸ || x⁹ || x⁺ || x⁻ || x⁼ || x⁽ || x⁾ || xⁿ
 |-
 ! U+208x
 | x₀ || x₁ || x₂ || x₃ || x₄ || x₅ || x₆ || x₇ || x₈ || x₉ || x₊ || x₋ || x₌ || x₍ || x₎
 |bgcolor="silver"|
 |-
 ! U+209x
 | xₐ || xₑ || xₒ || xₓ || xₔ
 | xₕ || xₖ || xₗ || xₘ
 | xₙ || xₚ || xₛ || xₜ
 |bgcolor="silver"| ||bgcolor="silver"| ||bgcolor="silver"|
 |-
|}</div>

{{legend|silver|outline=#aaa|Not yet assigned}}
{{legend|#ececec|outline=#aaa|Other characters from Latin-1 not related to super- or sub-scripts}}

==Other superscript and subscript characters==
Unicode also includes codepoints for subscript and superscript characters that are intended for semantic usage, in the following blocks:<ref name="UnicodeData.txt"/><ref name="Scripts.txt">{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/Scripts.txt |title=UCD: Scripts.txt|work=The Unicode Standard |access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref>
;Superscript
* The [[Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)|Latin-1 Supplement]] block contains the feminine and masculine ordinal indicators {{char|ª}} and {{char|º}}.
* The [[Latin Extended-C]] block contains one superscript, {{char|ⱽ}}.
* The [[Latin Extended-D]] block contains seven superscripts: {{char|ꝰ ꟲ ꟳ ꟴ &#xA7F1; ꟸ ꟹ}}.
* The [[Latin Extended-E]] block contains five superscripts: {{char|ꭜ ꭝ ꭞ ꭟ ꭩ}}.
* The [[Latin Extended-F]] block is entirely superscript IPA letters: {{char|𐞁 𐞂 𐞃 𐞄 𐞅 𐞇 𐞈 𐞉 𐞊 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍 𐞎 𐞏 𐞐 𐞑 𐞒 𐞓 𐞔 𐞕 𐞖 𐞗 𐞘 𐞙 𐞚 𐞛 𐞜 𐞝 𐞞 𐞟 𐞠 𐞡 𐞢 𐞣 𐞤 𐞥 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪 𐞫 𐞬 𐞭 𐞮 𐞯 𐞰 𐞲 𐞳 𐞴 𐞵 𐞶 𐞷 𐞸 𐞹 𐞺}}.
* The [[Spacing Modifier Letters]] block has superscripted letters and symbols used for phonetic transcription: {{char|ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ˀ ˁ ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ}}.
* The [[Phonetic Extensions]] block has several superscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA {{char|ᴬ ᴭ ᴮ ᴯ ᴰ ᴱ ᴲ ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴻ ᴼ ᴽ ᴾ ᴿ ᵀ ᵁ ᵂ ᵃ ᵄ ᵅ ᵆ ᵇ ᵈ ᵉ ᵊ ᵋ ᵌ ᵍ ᵏ ᵐ ᵑ ᵒ ᵓ ᵖ ᵗ ᵘ ᵚ ᵛ}}, Greek {{char|ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ}}, Cyrillic {{char|ᵸ}}, other {{char|ᵎ ᵔ ᵕ ᵙ ᵜ}}. These are intended to indicate secondary articulation.
* The [[Phonetic Extensions Supplement]] block has several more: Latin/IPA {{char|ᶛ ᶜ ᶝ ᶞ ᶟ ᶠ ᶡ ᶢ ᶣ ᶤ ᶥ ᶦ ᶧ ᶨ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ᶬ ᶭ ᶮ ᶯ ᶰ ᶱ ᶲ ᶳ ᶴ ᶵ ᶶ ᶷ ᶸ ᶹ ᶺ ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ ᶾ}}, Greek {{char|ᶿ}}.
* The [[Cyrillic Extended-B]] block contains two [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] superscripts: {{char|ꚜ ꚝ}}.
* The [[Cyrillic Extended-D]] block contains many Cyrillic superscripts: {{char|𞀰 𞀱 𞀲 𞀳 𞀷 𞀵 𞀶 𞀷 𞀸 𞀹 𞀺 𞀻 𞀼 𞀽 𞀾 𞀿 𞁀 𞁁 𞁂 𞁃 𞁄 𞁅 𞁆 𞁇 𞁈 𞁉 𞁊 𞁋 𞁌 𞁍 𞁎 𞁏 𞁐 𞁫 𞁬 𞁭}}.
* The [[Georgian (Unicode block)|Georgian]] block contains one superscripted Mkhedruli letter: {{char|ჼ}}.
* The [[Kanbun (Unicode block)|Kanbun]] block has superscripted annotation characters used in Japanese copies of [[Social:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] texts: {{char|㆒ ㆓ ㆔ ㆕ ㆖ ㆗ ㆘ ㆙ ㆚ ㆛ ㆜ ㆝ ㆞ ㆟}}.
* The [[Tifinagh (Unicode block)|Tifinagh]] block has one superscript letter : {{char|ⵯ}}.
* The [[Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)|Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] and its [[Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended|Extended]] blocks contain several mostly consonant-only letters to indicate [[Social:Syllable|syllable coda]] called Finals, along with some characters that indicate [[Social:Syllable|syllable medial]] known as Medials: Main block {{char|ᐜ ᐝ ᐞ ᐟ ᐠ ᐡ ᐢ ᐣ ᐤ ᐥ ᐦ ᐧ ᐨ ᐩ ᐪ ᑉ ᑊ ᑋ ᒃ ᒄ ᒡ ᒢ ᒻ ᒼ ᒽ ᒾ ᓐ ᓑ ᓒ ᓪ ᓫ ᔅ ᔆ ᔇ ᔈ ᔉ ᔊ ᔋ ᔥ ᔾ ᔿ ᕀ ᕁ ᕐ ᕑ ᕝ ᕪ ᕻ ᕯ ᕽ ᖅ ᖕ ᖖ ᖟ ᖦ ᖮ ᗮ ᘁ ᙆ ᙇ ᙚ ᙾ ᙿ}}; Extended block: {{char|ᣔ ᣕ ᣖ ᣗ ᣘ ᣙ ᣚ ᣛ ᣜ ᣝ ᣞ ᣟ ᣳ ᣴ ᣵ}}.

;Combining superscript
* The [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] block contains medieval superscript letter diacritics. These letters are written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, and so these glyphs do not include spacing, for example uͤ. They are shown here over the [[Dotted circle|dotted circle]] placeholder ◌: {{char|◌ͣ ◌ͤ ◌ͥ ◌ͦ ◌ͧ ◌ͨ ◌ͩ ◌ͪ ◌ͫ ◌ͬ ◌ͭ ◌ͮ ◌ͯ}}.
* The [[Combining Diacritical Marks Extended]] block contains three combining [[History:Insular script|insular letters]] for the Middle English [[Religion:Ormulum|Ormulum]], {{char|◌ᫌ ◌ᫍ ◌ᫎ}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf |date=October 5, 2020 |first1=Michael |last1=Everson |first2=Andrew |last2=West}}</ref>
* The [[Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement]] block contains additional medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Latin alphabet except for {{char|j}}, {{char|q}} and {{char|y}}, a few small capitals and ligatures ({{char|ae ao av}}), and additional letters: {{char|◌᷒ ◌ᷓ ◌ᷔ ◌ᷕ ◌ᷖ ◌ᷗ ◌ᷘ ◌ᷙ ◌ᷚ ◌ᷛ ◌ᷜ ◌ᷝ ◌ᷞ ◌ᷟ ◌ᷠ ◌ᷡ ◌ᷢ ◌ᷣ ◌ᷤ ◌ᷥ ◌ᷦ ◌ᷧ ◌ᷨ ◌ᷪ ◌ᷫ ◌ᷬ ◌ᷭ ◌ᷮ ◌ᷯ ◌ᷰ ◌ᷱ ◌ᷲ ◌ᷳ ◌ᷴ}}, Greek {{char|◌ᷩ}}.
* The [[Cyrillic Extended-A]] and -B blocks contains multiple medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Cyrillic alphabet used in Church Slavonic texts, also includes an additional ligature (ст):  {{char|◌ⷠ ◌ⷡ ◌ⷢ ◌ⷣ ◌ⷤ ◌ⷥ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷧ ◌ⷨ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷪ ◌ⷫ ◌ⷬ ◌ⷭ ◌ⷮ ◌ⷯ ◌ⷰ ◌ⷱ ◌ⷲ ◌ⷳ ◌ⷴ ◌ⷵ ◌ⷶ ◌ⷷ ◌ⷸ ◌ⷹ ◌ⷺ ◌ⷻ ◌ⷼ ◌ⷽ ◌ⷾ ◌ⷿ ◌ꙴ ◌ꙵ ◌ꙶ ◌ꙷ ◌ꙸ ◌ꙹ ◌ꙺ ◌ꙻ ◌ꚞ ◌ꚟ}}.
* The [[Cyrillic Extended-D]] block has one additional combining character, that being і: {{char|◌𞂏}}.

;Subscript
* The [[Latin Extended-C]] block contains one subscript, {{char|ⱼ}}.
* The [[Phonetic Extensions]] block has several subscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA {{char|ᵢ ᵣ ᵤ ᵥ}} and Greek {{char|ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ}}.
* The [[Cyrillic Extended-D]] block also contains many Cyrillic subscripts: {{char|𞁑 𞁒 𞁓 𞁔 𞁕 𞁖 𞁗 𞁘 𞁙 𞁚 𞁛 𞁜 𞁝 𞁞 𞁟 𞁠 𞁡 𞁢 𞁣 𞁤 𞁥 𞁦 𞁧 𞁨 𞁩 𞁪}}.

;Combining subscript
* The [[Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement]] block contains a combining subscript: {{char|◌᷊}}.
* The [[Combining Diacritical Marks Extended]] block contains two combining letters for linguistic transcriptions of [[Social:Scots language|Scots]], {{char|◌ᪿ ◌ᫀ}}.

==Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and IPA tables==
[[File:Superscript small cap W.png|thumb|A superscript small-cap ''W'' may be distinct from a superscript lowercase ''w'' in italic typeface, as in this phonetic notation.|class=skin-invert-image]]
Consolidated, the Unicode standard contains superscript and subscript versions of a subset of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic letters. Here they are arranged in alphabetical order for comparison (or for copy and paste convenience). Since these characters appear in different Unicode ranges, they may not appear to be the same size or position due to font substitution by the browser.  Shaded cells mark petite capitals that are not very distinct from minuscules in Roman typeface, but they may be distinct in italic typeface, as is used in some phonetic notation.

Little punctuation is encoded. Parentheses are shown in the basic superscript block above, and the exclamation mark {{angbr IPA|ꜝ}} is shown in the IPA table below. In a supporting font, a question mark may be created with a superscript gelded question mark and a combining dot below: {{angbr IPA|ˀ̣}}.

{{Anchor|Latin superscript and subscript letters}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|+ Basic Latin modifier letters
|-
! ||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||style="min-width:1ch;"|I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z
|-
| Superscript capital
|ᴬ||ᴮ||ꟲ||ᴰ||ᴱ||ꟳ||ᴳ||ᴴ||ᴵ||ᴶ||ᴷ||ᴸ||ᴹ||ᴺ||ᴼ||ᴾ||ꟴ||ᴿ||&#xA7F1;||ᵀ||ᵁ||ⱽ||ᵂ||{{no|–}}||{{no|–}}||{{no|–}}
|-
| Superscript small capital
| {{yes|*}}|| 𐞄
!
| {{yes|*}}|| {{yes|*}}|| {{no|–}}|| 𐞒 || 𐞖 || ᶦ || {{no|–}}|| {{Yes-No|𞀹<sup>§</sup>}}||ᶫ|| {{Yes-No|𞀻<sup>§</sup>}}||ᶰ
!
| {{yes|*}}|| {{no|–}}|| 𐞪
!
| {{Yes-No|𞁀<sup>§</sup>}}||ᶸ
! !! !!
| 𐞲
!
|-
| Superscript minuscule
|ᵃ||ᵇ||ᶜ||ᵈ||ᵉ||ᶠ||ᵍ||ʰ||ⁱ||ʲ||ᵏ||ˡ||ᵐ||ⁿ||ᵒ||ᵖ||𐞥||ʳ||ˢ||ᵗ||ᵘ||ᵛ||ʷ||ˣ||ʸ||ᶻ
|-
| Overscript small capital
| {{no|–}}|| {{Yes-No|◌ⷡ <sup>§</sup>}}
!
| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}|| ◌ᷛ || {{Yes-No|◌ⷩ <sup>§</sup>}} || {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}|| {{Yes-No|◌ⷦ <sup>§</sup>}} ||◌ᷞ||◌ᷟ||◌ᷡ
!
| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}||◌ᷢ
!
| {{Yes-No|◌ⷮ <sup>§</sup>}} || {{no|–}}
! !! !!
| {{no|–}}
!
|-
| Overscript minuscule
|◌ͣ ||◌ᷨ||◌ͨ ||◌ͩ ||◌ͤ ||◌ᷫ||◌ᷚ||◌ͪ ||◌ͥ || {{no|–}}||◌ᷜ||◌ᷝ||◌ͫ ||◌ᷠ||◌ͦ ||◌ᷮ|| {{no|–}}||◌ͬ ||◌ᷤ||◌ͭ ||◌ͧ ||◌ͮ ||◌ᷱ||◌ͯ|| {{Yes-No|◌ꙷ <sup>§</sup>}}||◌ᷦ
|-
| Subscript minuscule
|ₐ|| {{no|–}}|| {{Yes-No|𞁞<sup>§</sup>}}|| {{no|–}}||ₑ|| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}||ₕ||ᵢ||ⱼ||ₖ||ₗ||ₘ||ₙ||ₒ||ₚ|| {{no|–}}||ᵣ||ₛ||ₜ||ᵤ||ᵥ||{{yes|*}}||ₓ||{{yes|*}}||{{yes|*}}
|-
| Underscript minuscule
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ◌᷊ || || || || || ◌ᪿ || || || 
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Superscript versions of petite capital A, D, E and P, of ƀ, and subscript versions of w, y and z are scheduled to be released with version 18 of the Unicode Standard.<ref name=U18-draft>{{Cite web|title=Additional draft repertoire for provisionally assigned code points for Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24268-n5291-post-17-chart.pdf|publisher=[[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]]|date= 2024-11-26}}</ref>

<sup>§</sup> Cyrillic 𞀹 𞀻 𞁀, ◌ⷡ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷮ ◌ꙷ and 𞁞 might be substituted for these letters.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Additional Latin modifier letters
! || Æ 
! Ä|| Ƀ || Ǝ || Ə || Ħ || ꬸ || Ŋ 
!Ƞ
! Ö
! Ü
|-
| Superscript capital
| ᴭ 
| (ᴬ̈)|| ᴯ || ᴲ || || ꟸ 
| || ᴻ
|
| (ᴼ̈)
| (ᵁ̈)
|-
| Superscript minuscule
| 𐞃 
| (ᵃ̈)||{{yes|*}}|| colspan=2| ᵊ || 𐞕 
| || ᵑ
| {{yes|*}}
| (ᵒ̈)
| (ᵘ̈)
|-
| Overscript minuscule
| ◌ᷔ 
| ◌ᷲ || || colspan=2| ◌ᷪ || 
| ◌ᷬ 
|
|
| ◌ᷳ
| ◌ᷴ
|-
| Subscript minuscule
| 
| || || colspan=2| ₔ || 
| ||
|
|
|
|}

Some of these superscript capitals are small caps in the source documents in the Unicode proposals. Superscript Ä, Ö, Ü (in parentheses) are composed of the base letter and a combining tréma.

Except for the iota subscript, which has use in Greek text, the modifier Greek letters are intended as phonetic characters in Latin-script text. Shaded cells are indistinguishable from Latin letters, and so would not be expected to have distinctive use in Latin text or to be supported by Unicode.

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Greek modifier letters (intended for use in Latin-script text)
|-
! ||Α||Β||Γ||Δ||Ε||Ζ||Η||Θ||style="min-width:1ch;"|Ι||Κ||Λ||Μ||Ν||Ξ||Ο||Π||Ρ||Σ||Τ||Υ||Φ||Χ||Ψ||Ω
|-
| Superscript minuscule
| ᵅ{{efn-ua|In some fonts, script-a ᵅ and ᶹ have the form of superscript Greek alpha and upsilon, in others they are not a close match. Similarly with scheduled superscript ƞ and Greek eta.|name=somefonts}}||ᵝ||ᵞ||ᵟ||ᵋ|| ||{{yes|*}}{{efn-ua|name=somefonts}}||ᶿ||ᶥ|| || || || || 
!
| || || || ||ᶹ{{efn-ua|name=somefonts}}||ᵠ||ᵡ||{{yes|*}}||{{yes|*}}
|-
| Overscript minuscule
| ◌ᷧ{{efn-ua|name=somefonts}}||◌ᷩ|| || || || || || || || || || || || 
!
| || || || || || || || ||◌᫇<ref group="lower-alpha" name=omega/>
|-
| Subscript minuscule
| ||ᵦ||ᵧ|| || || || || ||  ͺ<ref group="lower-alpha">{{angbr IPA|ͺ}} is set lower than a normal subscript. It is equivalent to underscript {{angbr IPA|◌ͅ}} on a space.</ref> || || || || || 
!
| ||ᵨ|| || || ||ᵩ||ᵪ|| ||
|-
| Underscript minuscule
| || || || || || || || || ◌ͅ || || || || || 
!
| || || || || || || || || ◌̫<ref group="lower-alpha" name=omega>{{angbr IPA|◌̫}} and {{angbr IPA|◌᫇}} are traditionally typeset as an omega.</ref>
|}
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Superscript versions of Greek psi and omega are scheduled for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.<ref name=U18-draft/>

Cyrillic modifier characters are intended for use in Cyrillic text.

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Russian modifier letters
! || А || Б|| В|| Г|| Д|| Е|| Ж|| З|| И|| К|| Л|| М|| Н|| О|| П
! Р|| С|| Т|| У|| Ф|| Х|| Ц|| Ч|| Ш|| Щ|| Ъ|| Ы|| Ь|| Э|| Ю|| Я
|-
| Superscript || 𞀰 || 𞀱|| 𞀲 || 𞀳 || 𞀴 || 𞀵|| 𞀶 || 𞀷 || 𞀸|| 𞀹 || 𞀺|| 𞀻|| ᵸ || 𞀼|| 𞀽
| 𞀾 || 𞀿 || 𞁀|| 𞁁|| 𞁂|| 𞁃 || 𞁄 || 𞁅|| 𞁆 || {{no|–}}||  ꚜ|| 𞁇 || ꚝ|| 𞁈 || 𞁉||{{no|–}}
|-
| Overscript || ◌ⷶ || ◌ⷠ||◌ⷡ || ◌ⷢ || ◌ⷣ || ◌ⷷ|| ◌ⷤ || ◌ⷥ || ◌ꙵ|| ◌ⷦ ||  ◌ⷧ|| ◌ⷨ|| ◌ⷩ || ◌ⷪ|| ◌ⷫ
| ◌ⷬ || ◌ⷭ || ◌ⷮ|| ◌ꙷ|| ◌ꚞ|| ◌ⷯ || ◌ⷰ || ◌ⷱ|| ◌ⷲ || ◌ⷳ || ◌ꙸ|| ◌ꙹ || ◌ꙺ || {{no|–}}||  ◌ⷻ|| {{no|–}}
|-
| Subscript || 𞁑 || 𞁒|| 𞁓 || 𞁔 || 𞁕 || 𞁖|| 𞁗 || 𞁘 ||  𞁙|| 𞁚 || 𞁛|| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}|| 𞁜|| 𞁝
| {{no|–}}|| 𞁞 || {{no|–}}|| 𞁟|| 𞁠|| 𞁡 || 𞁢 || 𞁣|| 𞁤 || {{no|–}}|| 𞁥|| 𞁦 || {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}|| {{no|–}}||{{no|–}}
|}

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Additional modern Cyrillic modifier letters
! || Ә || Ґ|| Є|| Ѕ|| Ꚉ|| І|| Ї|| Ј|| Ө|| Ҫ|| Ү|| Ұ|| Џ|| Ӏ
|-
| Superscript || 𞁋 || || || || 𞁊|| 𞁌|| 𞁌̈|| 𞁍|| 𞁎 || 𞁫|| 𞁏 || 𞁭|| || 𞁐
|-
| Overscript || || || ◌ꙴ|| || || ◌&#x1E08F;|| ◌ꙶ || || || || || || ||
|-
| Subscript || || 𞁧|| || 𞁩 || || 𞁨|| 𞁨̈|| || || || || || 𞁪||
|}

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Additional medieval Cyrillic modifier letters
! || Ꙋ|| Ѡ|| Ѣ|| Ꙗ|| Ѥ|| Ѧ|| Ѫ|| Ѭ|| Ѳ
!Ꙑ
|-
|Superscript
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|𞁬
|-
| Overscript || ◌ⷹ || ◌ꙻ || ◌ⷺ|| ◌ⷼ|| ◌ꚟ|| ◌ⷽ|| ◌ⷾ|| ◌ⷿ|| ◌ⷴ
|
|}

Superscript and subscript ''ё'', ''ї'', ''й'', ''ў'' etc. are handled with diacritics, {{angle bracket|𞀵̈ 𞁌̈ 𞀸̆ 𞁁̆}} ''etc.'' Many of the Cyrillic characters were added to the [[Cyrillic Extended-D]] block, which was added to the free [[Gentium]] and [[Andika (typeface)|Andika]] fonts with version 6.2 in February 2023.

See also Unicode Small caps, [[Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)#Block|Fullwidths]], and [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols#Tables of styled letters and digits|Mathematical alphanumerics]]. 

==={{vanchor|Superscript IPA}}===
The [[Latin Extended-F]] block was created for the remaining [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|superscript IPA letters]]. They are supported by the free [[Gentium]] and [[Andika (typeface)|Andika]] fonts. Additional superscript characters for historical and para-IPA letters are scheduled to be released with version 18 of the Unicode Standard in 2026.<ref name=U18-draft/>

====Consonant letters====
The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA and extIPA consonant letters are as follows. The entire [[Latin Extended-F]] block is dedicated to superscript IPA. Characters for sounds with secondary articulation are set off in parentheses and placed below the letter for the primary articulation. Asterisks mark superscript characters scheduled for release with Unicode 18 in September 2026. 

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ IPA, extIPA and para-IPA consonants, along with superscript variants and their Unicode code points
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Bi{{shy }}labial
! colspan="2" | Labio{{shy }}dental
! colspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Post{{shy }}alveolar
! colspan="2" | Retro{{shy }}flex
! colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! colspan="2" | Pharyn{{shy }}geal
! colspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! Nasal
|
| {{IPA|m&nbsp;ᵐ}}<br><small>1D50</small>
|
| {{IPA|ɱ&nbsp;ᶬ}}<br><small>1DAC</small>
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|n&nbsp;ⁿ}}<br><small>207F</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶇ&nbsp;*}})}}
| 
| &nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ȵ&nbsp;*}})}}
|
| {{IPA|ɳ&nbsp;ᶯ}}<br><small>1DAF</small>
|
| {{IPA|ɲ&nbsp;ᶮ}}<br><small>1DAE</small>
|
| {{IPA|ŋ&nbsp;ᵑ}}<br><small>1D51</small>
|
| {{IPA|ɴ&nbsp;ᶰ}}<br><small>1DB0</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! Plosive
| {{IPA|p&nbsp;ᵖ}}<br><small>1D56</small>
| {{IPA|b&nbsp;ᵇ}}<br><small>1D47</small>
|{{IPA|ȹ&nbsp;*}}<br>
|{{IPA|ȸ&nbsp;*}}<br>
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|t&nbsp;ᵗ}}<br><small>1D57</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ƫ&nbsp;ᶵ}})}}<br><small>1DB5</small>
| {{IPA|d&nbsp;ᵈ}}<br><small>1D48</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶁ&nbsp;*}})}}
| &nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ȶ&nbsp;*}})}}
| &nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ȡ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ʈ&nbsp;&#x107AF;}}<br><small>107AF</small>
| {{IPA|ɖ&nbsp;&#x1078B;}}<br><small>1078B</small>
| {{IPA|c&nbsp;ᶜ}}<br><small>1D9C</small>
| {{IPA|ɟ&nbsp;ᶡ}}<br><small>1DA1</small>
| {{IPA|k&nbsp;ᵏ}}<br><small>1D4F</small>
| {{IPA|ɡ&nbsp;ᶢ}}/{{IPA|g&nbsp;ᵍ}}<br><small>1DA2/1D4D</small>
| {{IPA|q&nbsp;&#x107A5;}}<br><small>107A5</small>
| {{IPA|ɢ&nbsp;&#x10792;}}<br><small>10792</small>
| colspan=2|{{IPA|ʡ&nbsp;&#x107B3;}}<br><small>107B3</small>
| colspan=2|{{IPA|ʔ&nbsp;ˀ}}<br><small>02C0</small>
|-
! Affricate
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʦ&nbsp;&#x107AC;}}<br><small>107AC</small>
| {{IPA|ʣ&nbsp;&#x10787;}}<br><small>10787</small>
| {{IPA|ʧ&nbsp;&#x107AE;}}<br><small>107AE</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ʨ&nbsp;&#x107AB;}})}}<br><small>107AB</small>
| {{IPA|ʤ&nbsp;&#x1078A;}}<br><small>1078A</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ʥ&nbsp;&#x10789;}})}}<br><small>10789</small>
| {{IPA|ꭧ&nbsp;&#x107AD;}}<br><small>107AD</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|𝼜&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ꭦ&nbsp;&#x10788;}}<br><small>10788</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|𝼙&nbsp;*}})}}
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" |
|-
! Fricative
| {{IPA|ɸ&nbsp;ᶲ}}<br><small>1DB2</small>
| {{IPA|β&nbsp;ᵝ}}<br><small>1D5D</small>
| {{IPA|f&nbsp;ᶠ}}<br><small>1DA0</small>
| {{IPA|v&nbsp;ᵛ}}<br><small>1D5B</small>
| {{IPA|θ&nbsp;ᶿ}}<br><small>1DBF</small>
| {{IPA|ð&nbsp;ᶞ}}<br><small>1D9E</small>
| {{IPA|s&nbsp;ˢ}}<br><small>02E2</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶊ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|z&nbsp;ᶻ}}<br><small>1DBB</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶎ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ʃ&nbsp;ᶴ}}<br><small>1DB4</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ɕ&nbsp;ᶝ}})}}<br><small>1D9D</small>
| {{IPA|ʒ&nbsp;ᶾ}}<br><small>1DBE</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ʑ&nbsp;ᶽ}})}}<br><small>1DBD</small>
| {{IPA|ʂ&nbsp;ᶳ}}<br><small>1DB3</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶘ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ʐ&nbsp;ᶼ}}<br><small>1DBC</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ᶚ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ç&nbsp;ᶜ̧}}<br><small>1D9C&nbsp;+ 0327</small><ref group="lower-alpha">Superscript {{angbr IPA|ç}} is composed of superscript {{IPA|c}} and a combining cedilla, which should display properly in a good font. Superscript c was specifically requested for this purpose in Unicode proposal L2/03-180.</ref>
| {{IPA|ʝ&nbsp;ᶨ}}<br><small>1DA8</small>
| {{IPA|x&nbsp;ˣ}}<br><small>02E3</small><br>({{IPA|ɧ&nbsp;&#x10797;}})<br><small>10797</small>
| {{IPA|ɣ&nbsp;ˠ}}<br><small>02E0</small>
| {{IPA|χ&nbsp;ᵡ}}<br><small>1D61</small>
| {{IPA|ʁ&nbsp;ʶ}}<br><small>02B6</small>
| {{IPA|ħ&nbsp;&#x10795;}}<br><small>10795</small><br>({{IPA|ʩ&nbsp;&#x10790;}})<br><small>10790</small>
| {{IPA|ʕ&nbsp;&#x2e4;}}<br>{{nowrap|<small>02E4</small>}}<ref group="lower-alpha">{{unichar|02E4|Modifier Letter Small Reversed Glottal Stop}} is the superscript variant of {{unichar|0295|Latin Letter Pharyngeal Voiced Fricative}} and is defined for IPA use. The similar character {{unichar|02C1|Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop}} is a reversed {{unichar|02C0|Modifier Letter Glottal Stop}}, perhaps a gelded reversed question mark. Fonts are inconsistent in whether they look different and what the difference is.</ref>
| {{IPA|h&nbsp;ʰ}}<br><small>02B0</small><br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ꞕ&nbsp;*}})}}
| {{IPA|ɦ&nbsp;ʱ}}<br><small>02B1</small>
|-
! Approximant
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ʋ&nbsp;ᶹ}}<br><small>1DB9</small>
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɹ&nbsp;ʴ}}<br><small>02B4</small>
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɻ&nbsp;ʵ}}<br><small>02B5</small>
| || {{IPA|j&nbsp;ʲ}}<br><small>02B2</small><br>({{IPA|ɥ&nbsp;ᶣ}})<br><small>1DA3</small>
| &nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>({{IPA|ʍ&nbsp;ꭩ}})<br><small>AB69</small> || {{IPA|ɰ&nbsp;ᶭ}}<br><small>1DAD</small><br>({{IPA|w&nbsp;ʷ}})<br><small>02B7</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Tap/flap
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ⱱ&nbsp;&#x107B0;}}<br><small>107B0</small>
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɾ&nbsp;&#x107A9;}}<br><small>107A9</small>
| colspan="2" |
| 
| {{IPA|ɽ&nbsp;&#x107A8;}}<br><small>107A8</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Trill
| {{IPA|ᴘ&nbsp;*}}<br>
| {{IPA|ʙ&nbsp;&#x10784;}}<br><small>10784</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| 
| {{IPA|r&nbsp;ʳ}}<br><small>02B3</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
| 
| {{IPA|ʀ&nbsp;&#x107AA;}}<br><small>107AA</small>
| {{IPA|ʜ&nbsp;&#x10796;}}<br><small>10796</small>
| {{IPA|ʢ&nbsp;&#x107B4;}}<br><small>107B4</small>
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Lateral fricative
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ɬ&nbsp;&#x1079B;}}<br><small>1079B</small><br>({{IPA|ʪ&nbsp;&#x10799;}})<br><small>10799</small>
| {{IPA|ɮ&nbsp;&#x1079E;}}<br><small>1079E</small><br>({{IPA|ʫ&nbsp;&#x1079A;}})<br><small>1079A</small>
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ꞎ&nbsp;&#x1079D;}}<br><small>1079D</small>
| {{IPA|&#x1DF05;&nbsp;&#x1079F;}}<br><small>1079F</small>
| {{IPA|&#x1DF06;&nbsp;&#x107A1;}}<br><small>107A1</small>
| 
| {{IPA|&#x1DF04;&nbsp;&#x1079C;}}<br><small>1079C</small>
| 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Lateral approximant
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| 
|{{IPA|l&nbsp;ˡ}}<br><small>02E1</small><br>({{IPA|ᶅ&nbsp;ᶪ}})<br><small>1DAA</small>
| 
| &nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>{{nowrap|({{IPA|ȴ&nbsp;*}})}}
| 
| {{IPA|ɭ&nbsp;ᶩ}}<br><small>1DA9</small>
| 
| {{IPA|ʎ&nbsp;&#x107A0;}}<br><small>107A0</small>
| 
| {{IPA|ʟ&nbsp;ᶫ}}<br><small>1DAB</small><br>({{IPA|ɫ&nbsp;ꭞ}})<ref group="lower-alpha">In Microsoft fonts, superscript {{angbr IPA|ɫ}} was erroneously designed as a superscript {{angbr IPA|ꬸ}}.</ref><br><small>AB5E</small>

| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Lateral tap/flap
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|ɺ&nbsp;&#x107A6;}}<br><small>107A6</small>
| colspan="2" |
|
| {{IPA|&#x1DF08;&nbsp;&#x107A7;}}<br><small>107A7</small>
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Implosive
| {{IPA|ƥ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ɓ&nbsp;&#x10785;}}<br><small>10785</small>
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ƭ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ɗ&nbsp;&#x1078C;}}<br><small>1078C</small>
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|𝼉&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ᶑ&nbsp;&#x1078D;}}<br><small>1078D</small>
| {{IPA|ƈ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ʄ&nbsp;&#x10798;}}<br><small>10798</small>
| {{IPA|ƙ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ɠ&nbsp;&#x10793;}}<br><small>10793</small>
| {{IPA|ʠ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ʛ&nbsp;&#x10794;}}<br><small>10794</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Click release
| {{IPA|ʘ&nbsp;&#x107B5;}}<br><small>107B5</small>
| {{IPA|ɋ}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ǀ&nbsp;&#x107B6;}}<br><small>107B6</small>
| {{IPA|ʇ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ǃ&nbsp;ꜝ}}<br><small>A71D</small>
| {{IPA|ʗ&nbsp;*}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|&#x1DF0A;&nbsp;&#x107B9;}}<br><small>107B9</small>
| {{IPA|ψ&nbsp;*}}
| {{IPA|ǂ&nbsp;&#x107B8;}}<br><small>107B8</small>
| {{IPA|𝼋&nbsp;*}}
| colspan="2" | ({{IPA|ʞ&nbsp;*}})
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Lateral click<br>release
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ǁ&nbsp;&#x107B7;}}<br><small>107B7</small>
| {{IPA|ʖ&nbsp;*}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
! Percussive
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan=2| {{IPA|¡&nbsp;ꜞ}}<br><small>A71E</small><ref group="lower-alpha" name="click">U+A71D {{angbr IPA|ꜝ}} and A71E {{angbr IPA|ꜞ}} were adopted as the Africanist equivalents of the IPA characters {{angbr IPA|ꜜ}} downstep and {{angbr IPA|ꜛ}} upstep. The correspondence of U+A71D {{angbr IPA|ꜝ}} to the IPA click letter {{angbr IPA|ǃ}} is thus accidental. Coincidentally, U+A71E {{angbr IPA|ꜞ}} serves as the superscript variant of the extIPA percussive consonant {{angbr IPA|¡}}; the other percussive letters, {{angbr IPA|ʬ}} and {{angbr IPA|ʭ}}, do not have superscript support in Unicode.</ref>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|}

The spacing diacritic for ejective consonants, U+2BC, works with superscript letters despite not being superscript itself: {{angbr IPA|ᵖʼ ᵗʼ ᶜʼ ᵏˣʼ}}. If a distinction needs to be made, the combining apostrophe U+315 may be used: {{angbr IPA|ᵖ&#x315; ᵗ&#x315; ᶜ&#x315; ᵏˣ&#x315;}}. The spacing diacritic should be used for a baseline letter with a superscript release, such as {{IPA|[tˢʼ]}} or {{IPA|[kˣʼ]}}, where the scope of the apostrophe includes the non-superscript letter, but the combining apostrophe U+315 might be used to indicate a weakly articulated ejective consonant like {{IPA|[ᵗ̕]}} or {{IPA|[ᵏ̕]}}, where the whole consonant is written as a superscript, or together with U+2BC when separate apostrophes have scope over the base and modifier letters, as in {{angbr IPA|pʼᵏˣ&#x315;}}.<ref name=non-pulmonic>Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf L2/20-253R] Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic.</ref>

Spacing diacritics, as in {{angbr IPA|tʲ}}, cannot be secondarily superscripted in plain text: {{angbr IPA|ᵗʲ}}. (In this instance, the old IPA letter for {{IPA|[tʲ]}}, {{angbr IPA|ƫ}}, has a superscript variant in Unicode, U+1DB5 {{angbr IPA|ᶵ}}, but that is not generally the case.)

Among older letters, the most common letters with palatal hook are supported; they are displayed in the table above. IPA once had an idiosyncratic curl on some of the palatalized letters: these are the fricative letters {{angbr IPA|ʆ ʓ}}. Their superscript forms have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard. Old-style click letters and the retired letters {{angbr IPA|ƞ}} and {{angbr IPA|ɼ}} have also been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.<ref name=U18-draft/> The Teuthonista letter {{angbr IPA|ꜧ}} (U+A727) is also an old graphic variant of {{angbr IPA|ɮ}}<!-- used eg in the 1938 chart for Sandawe in JIPA, tho more commonly an intermediate glyph is seen -->. Its superscript is supported at {{angbr IPA|ꭜ}} (U+AB5C).  

Among para-IPA letters, superscript variants of Sinological {{angbr IPA|ȡ ȴ ȵ ȶ}}, of the Bantuist labio-dental plosives {{angbr IPA|ȹ}} and {{angbr IPA|ȸ}}, and of central semivowels {{angbr IPA|ɉ}}, {{angbr IPA|ɥ̶}}, and {{angbr IPA|w̶}} have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.<ref name=U18-draft/>

====Vowel letters====
The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA vowel letters, plus a pair of extended letters {{angbr IPA|ᵻ ᵿ}} found in English dictionaries, are as follows. Recently retired alternative letters such as {{angbr IPA|ɩ ɷ}} are also supported; they are set off in parentheses and placed below the modern IPA letters. Asterisks mark superscript letters scheduled for release with Unicode 18 in September 2026. 

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ IPA vowels and superscript variants
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! Close
| {{IPA|i&nbsp;ⁱ}}<br><small>2071</small>
| {{IPA|y&nbsp;ʸ}}<br><small>02B8</small>
| {{IPA|ɨ&nbsp;ᶤ}}<br><small>1DA4</small>
| {{IPA|ʉ&nbsp;ᶶ}}<br><small>1DB6</small>
| {{IPA|ɯ&nbsp;ᵚ}}<br><small>1D5A</small>
| {{IPA|u&nbsp;ᵘ}}<br><small>1D58</small>
|-
! Near-close
| {{IPA|ɪ&nbsp;ᶦ}}<br><small>1DA6</small><br>({{IPA|ɩ&nbsp;ᶥ}})<br><small>1DA5</small>
| {{IPA|ʏ&nbsp;&#x107B2;}}<br><small>107B2</small><br><br><br>
| <br><br>({{IPA|ᵻ&nbsp;ᶧ}})<br><small>1DA7</small>
| <br><br>({{IPA|ᵿ&nbsp;*}})<br><br>
| <br><br>({{IPA|ω&nbsp;*}})<br><br>
| {{IPA|ʊ&nbsp;ᶷ}}<br><small>1DB7</small><br>({{IPA|ɷ&nbsp;𐞤}})<br><small>107A4</small>
|-
! Close-mid
| {{IPA|e&nbsp;ᵉ}}<br><small>1D49</small>
| {{IPA|ø&nbsp;&#x107A2;}}<br><small>107A2</small>
| {{IPA|ɘ&nbsp;&#x1078E;}}<br><small>1078E</small>
| {{IPA|ɵ&nbsp;ᶱ}}<br><small>1DB1</small>
| {{IPA|ɤ&nbsp;&#x10791;}}<br><small>10791</small>
| {{IPA|o&nbsp;ᵒ}}<br><small>1D52</small>
|-
! Mid
| colspan="2" |
| colspan=2|{{IPA|ə&nbsp;ᵊ}}<br><small>1D4A</small>
| colspan="2" |
|-
! Open-mid
| {{IPA|ɛ&nbsp;ᵋ}}<br><small>1D4B</small>
| {{IPA|œ&nbsp;ꟹ}}<br><small>A7F9</small>
| {{IPA|ɜ&nbsp;ᶟ}}<br><small>1D9F</small><br>({{IPA|ᴈ&nbsp;ᵌ}})<ref group="lower-alpha">{{unichar|1D4C}} and {{unichar|1D9F}} are mistakenly both defined as modifier {{unichar|025C}} in their Unicode properties, though the former is named as the modifier variant of {{unichar|1D08}}.</ref><br><small>1D4C</small>
| {{IPA|ɞ&nbsp;&#x1078F;}}<br><small>1078F</small>
| {{IPA|ʌ&nbsp;ᶺ}}<br><small>1DBA</small>
| {{IPA|ɔ&nbsp;ᵓ}}<br><small>1D53</small>
|-
! Near-open
| {{IPA|æ&nbsp;&#x10783;}}<br><small>10783</small>
| {{IPA|ɶ&nbsp;&#x107A3;}}<br><small>107A3</small>
|colspan=2| {{IPA|ɐ&nbsp;ᵄ}}<br><small>1D44</small>
| {{IPA|ɑ&nbsp;ᵅ}}<br><small>1D45</small>
| {{IPA|ɒ&nbsp;ᶛ}}<br><small>1D9B</small>
|-
! Open
| colspan=4|{{IPA|a&nbsp;ᵃ}}<br><small>1D43</small>
| colspan="2" | 
|}

The precomposed Unicode rhotic vowel letters {{angbr IPA|ɚ ɝ}} are not directly supported. The rhotic diacritic U+02DE {{IPA|◌˞}} should be used instead: {{angbr IPA|ᵊ˞&nbsp;ᶟ˞}}.<ref name=pulmonic>Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf L2/20-252R] Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic</ref>

Among older letters, {{angbr IPA|ᴜ}} (U+1D1C), a graphic variant of {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}, is supported at {{angbr IPA|ᶸ}} (U+1DB8).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24081-phonetic-middle-tilde.pdf|title=L2/24-081: Latin Phonetic The for Middle Tilde |author=Kirk Miller|date=January 30, 2024}}</ref> The briefly resurrected vowel letter {{angbr IPA|ʚ}} (U+029A) is not supported as a superscript, only its reversed replacement {{angbr IPA|ɞ}} is.

Among para-IPA letters, Sinological superscript {{angbr IPA|ɿ ʅ ʮ ʯ&thinsp;}} and {{angbr IPA|ᴀ ᴇ}} have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.<ref name=U18-draft/>

====Length marks====
The two length marks are also supported:

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Length marks
|-
! Long
! Half-long
|-
| {{IPA|ː&nbsp;&#x10781;}}<br><small>10781</small>
| {{IPA|ˑ&nbsp;&#x10782;}}<br><small>10782</small>
|}

These are used to add length to another superscript, such as {{angbr IPA|Cʰ𐞁}} or {{angbr IPA|Cʰ𐞂}} for long aspiration.

====Wildcards====
Superscript wildcards (full caps) are largely supported: e.g. {{IPA|ᴺC}} (prenasalized consonant), {{IPA|ꟲN}} (prestopped nasal), {{IPA|Pꟳ}} (fricative release), {{IPA|D꟱}} (sibilant release, added to Unicode in 2025), {{IPA|NᴾF}} (epenthetic plosive), {{IPA|CVNᵀ}} (tone-bearing syllable), {{IPA|Cᴸ}} (liquid or lateral release), {{IPA|Cᴿ}} (rhotic or resonant release), {{IPA|Vᴳ}} (off-glide/diphthong), {{IPA|Cⱽ}} (fleeting vowel). Superscript {{IPA|Ʞ}} for fleeting/epenthetic click is not included in the Unicode Standard. Other basic Latin superscript wildcards for tone and weak indeterminate sounds, as described in {{slink|International Phonetic Alphabet#Capital letters}}, are mostly supported. (See table in the Latin section.)

====Combining marks and subscripts====
In addition to superscripts, a very few IPA letters beyond the basic Latin alphabet have combining forms or are supported as subscripts:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Additional IPA modifier letters 
! || ɑ || æ || β || ç || ð || ə || ɣ || ʃ || ʍ || χ || ʔ || ʼ
|-
| Overscript
| ◌ᷧ || ◌ᷔ || ◌ᷩ|| ◌ᷗ|| ◌ᷙ|| ◌ᷪ|| || ◌ᷯ || || || ◌̉<ref group="lower-alpha">This is actually the Vietnamese diacritic ''dấu hỏi'', not specifically IPA, but graphically both are gelded question marks.</ref> || ◌̓
|-
| Subscript
| || || ᵦ|| || || ₔ|| {{yes|*}}|| || || ᵪ || ||
|-
| Underscript
| || || || || || || || || ◌ᫀ || || || ◌̦
|}

==Composite characters==
Primarily for compatibility with earlier character sets, Unicode contains a number of characters that compose super- and subscripts with other symbols.<ref name="UnicodeData.txt"/> In most fonts these render much better than attempts to construct these symbols from the above characters or by using markup.
* The [[Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)|Latin-1 Supplement]] block contains the precomposed fractions {{char|½}}, {{char|¼}}, and {{char|¾}}. The copyright {{char|©}} and registered trademark signs {{char|®}} are also in this block; they are set as superscript in some fonts.
* The [[General Punctuation]] block contains the permille sign {{char|‰}} and the [[Finance:Basis point|per-ten-thousand sign]] {{char|‱}}, and [[Basic Latin (Unicode block)|Basic Latin]] has the [[Percent sign|percent sign]] {{char|%}}.
* The [[Number Forms]] block contains several precomposed fractions: {{char|⅐ ⅑ ⅒ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ⅟ ↉}}.
* The [[Letterlike Symbols]] block contains a few symbols composed of subscript and superscript characters: ℀ ℁ ℅ ℆ № ℠ ™ ⅍.
* The [[Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement]] block contains three superscript abbreviations {{char|🅪 🅫 🅬}}: MC for {{lang|fr|marque de commerce}} ([[Social:Trademark|trademark]]), MD for {{lang|fr|marque déposée}} (registered trademark), both used in Canada; MR for {{lang|es|marca registrada}} (registered trademark) in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17066r-marca-registrada.pdf|title=L2/17-066R: Proposal to encode the Marca Registrada sign|date=March 1, 2017|first=Eduardo Marín|last=Silva}}</ref>
* The [[Miscellaneous Technical]] block has one additional subscript, a subscript 10 ({{char|⏨}}), for the purpose of [[Scientific notation|scientific notation]].
* The [[Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)|Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] and its [[Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended|Extended]] blocks contain several letters composed with superscripted letters to indicate extended sound values: Main block {{char|ᐂ ᐫ ᐬ ᐭ ᐮ ᐰ ᑍ ᑧ ᑨ ᑩ ᑪ ᑬ ᒅ ᒆ ᒇ ᒈ ᒊ ᒤ ᓁ ᓔ ᓮ ᔌ ᔍ ᔎ ᔏ ᔧ ᕅ ᕔ ᕿ ᖀ ᖁ ᖂ ᖃ ᖄ ᖎ ᖏ ᖐ ᖑ ᖒ ᖓ ᖔ ᙯ ᙰ ᙱ ᙲ ᙳ ᙴ ᙵ ᙶ}}, Extended block {{char|ᢰ ᢱ ᢲ ᢳ ᢴ ᢵ ᢶ ᢷ ᢸ ᢹ ᢺ ᢻ ᢼ ᢽ ᢾ ᢿ ᣀ ᣁ ᣂ ᣃ ᣄ ᣅ}}.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unicode navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subscripts and superscripts, Unicode}}
[[Category:Unicode]]

{{Sourceattribution|Unicode subscripts and superscripts}}