View source for Viridiplantae

{{Automatic taxobox
| color_as = Plantae
| image = Taiwan 2009 East Coast ShihTiPing Giant Stone Steps Algae FRD 6581.jpg
| image_caption = An assortment of [[Biology:Thallophyte|thallophyte]] Viridiplantae in a [[Earth:Tide pool|rock pool]], Taiwan
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Viridiplantae
| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 1981
| synonyms =
*Plantae <small>Copeland, 1938, 1956</small><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Copeland HF | year = 1938 | title = The kingdoms of organisms | journal = Quart. Rev. Biol. | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 383–420 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Copeland HF | year = 1956 | title = The Classification of Lower Organisms | location = Palo Alto | publisher = Pacific Books | page =  6 | url = https://archive.org/details/classificationof00cope }}</ref>
*Euchlorophyta <small>Whittaker, 1969</small><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Whittaker RH | title = New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms | journal = Science | volume = 163 | issue = 3863 | pages = 150–60 | date = January 1969 | pmid = 5762760 | doi = 10.1126/science.163.3863.150 | url = http://www.ib.usp.br/inter/0410113/downloads/Whittaker_1969.pdf | format = PDF }}</ref>
*Chlorophyta <small>''sensu'' van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978</small><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = van den Hoek C,  Jahns HM | year = 1978 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tfkmAAAAMAAJ&dq | title = Einführung in die Phykologie | language = German | publisher = Georg Thieme Verlag | location = Stuttgart }}</ref>
*Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small>
*Chlorobiota <small>Kendrick and Crane 1997</small>
*Chloroplastida <small>Adl et al., 2005 </small>
* Viridiplantae <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small><ref name=CavalierSmith1981>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 14 | issue = 3-4 | pages = 461–81 | date = 1981 | pmid = 7337818 | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref>
* Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007
* Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836
* Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948
* Euplanta Barkley, 1949
* Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964
* Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966
* Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
*[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]]
*Chlorokybophyceae
*[[Biology:Spirotaenia|Spirotaenia]]
*[[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]]
*[[Biology:Streptophyta|Streptophyta]]/[[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]]
:*[[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]]
}}

'''Viridiplantae''' (literally "green plants")<ref name=CavalierSmith1981 /> are a [[Biology:Clade|clade]] of [[Biology:Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] organisms made up of the [[Biology:Green algae|green algae]], which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants ([[Biology:Embryophyte|embryophyte]]s), which emerged within them.<ref name="pmid19216746">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O | title = Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 39 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19216746 | pmc = 2652445 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-39 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17964920">{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker B | title = Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae) | journal = International Review of Cytology | volume = 264 | issue =  | pages = 1–24 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17964920 | doi = 10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7 | isbn = 9780123742636 | series = International Review of Cytology }}</ref><ref name="pmid18612431">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim E, Graham LE | title = EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata | journal = PLOS One | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e2621 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18612431 | pmc = 2440802 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002621 | editor1-last = Redfield | editor1-first = Rosemary Jeanne | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref> Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a [[Biology:Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Delwiche CF, Timme RE | title = Plants | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = R417-22 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21640897 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/Charophyte.html|title=Charophycean Green Algae Home Page|website=www.life.umd.edu|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref><ref name = "Ruhfel_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG | title = From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 14 | pages = 23 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24533922 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Delwiche CF, Cooper ED | title = The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 19 | pages = R899-910 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26439353 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA | title = Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 33 | pages = 13624–9 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21810989 | pmc = 3158185 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1110633108 }}</ref> They have cells with [[Chemistry:Cellulose|cellulose]] in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with [[Biology:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] that contain [[Chemistry:Chlorophyll a|chlorophylls a]] and [[Chemistry:Chlorophyll b|b]] and lack [[Biology:Phycobilin|phycobilin]]s. More than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae exist.<ref name="pmid19210768">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ | title = Mega-phylogeny approach for comparative biology: an alternative to supertree and supermatrix approaches | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 37 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19210768 | pmc = 2645364 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-37 }}</ref>

In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a [[Biology:Kingdom|kingdom]],<ref name="urlViridiplantae">{{cite web |url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 |title=Viridiplantae |format= |work= |access-date=2009-03-08}}</ref> under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply [[Biology:Plant|Plant]]ae, the latter expanding the traditional [[Biology:Plant|plant kingdom]] to include the [[Biology:Green algae|green algae]]. Adl'' et al.'', who produced a classification for all [[Biology:Eukaryote|eukaryote]]s in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary [[Biology:Chloroplast|chloroplast]]s with green [[Biology:Chlorophyll|chlorophyll]]. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.<ref name=Adl2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MF | display-authors = 6 | title = The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–451 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16248873 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x }}</ref> The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: [[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]] and [[Biology:Streptophyta|Streptophyta]] as well as the basal [[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]] and Chlorokybophyceae.<ref name="pmid16476162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simon A, Glöckner G, Felder M, Melkonian M, Becker B | title = EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride (Streptophyta): implications for the evolution of green plants (Viridiplantae) | journal = BMC Plant Biology | volume = 6 | pages = 2 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16476162 | pmc = 1413533 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2229-6-2 }}</ref><ref name = "Sánchez-Baracaldo_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH | title = Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 37 | pages = E7737-E7745 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28808007 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1620089114 }}</ref> Together with [[Biology:Red algae|Rhodophyta]] and [[Biology:Glaucophyte|glaucophyte]]s, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called  [[Biology:Archaeplastida|Archaeplastida]] or Primoplantae.

A taxonomic evaluation of [[Biology:Eukaryote|eukaryote]]s based on [[Biology:Myosin|myosin]] distribution showed the Viridiplantae lost class-I myosins.<ref name="pmid17877792">{{cite journal | vauthors = Odronitz F, Kollmar M | title = Drawing the tree of eukaryotic life based on the analysis of 2,269 manually annotated myosins from 328 species | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = R196 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17877792 | pmc = 2375034 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r196 }}</ref>

==Phylogeny and classification==
===Leliaert ''et al''. 2012===
Simplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae, according to Leliaert ''et al''. 2012.<ref name="Leliaert_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O  |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae  | url = http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/5628E58F0ecc431F0CsJm2B04CAD/49951.pdf |doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=31 |pages=1–46 |format=PDF}}</ref>
* Viridiplantae
:*[[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]]
::*core chlorophytes
:::*[[Biology:Ulvophyceae|Ulvophyceae]]
::::*[[Biology:Cladophorales|Cladophorales]]
::::*[[Biology:Dasycladales|Dasycladales]]
::::*[[Biology:Bryopsidales|Bryopsidales]]
::::*[[Biology:Trentepohliales|Trentepohliales]]
::::*[[Biology:Ulvales|Ulvales]]-[[Biology:Ulotrichales|Ulotrichales]]
::::*[[Biology:Oltmannsiellopsidales|Oltmannsiellopsidales]]
:::*[[Biology:Chlorophyceae|Chlorophyceae]]
::::*[[Biology:Oedogoniales|Oedogoniales]]
::::*[[Biology:Chaetophorales|Chaetophorales]]
::::*[[Biology:Chaetopeltidales|Chaetopeltidales]]
::::*[[Biology:Chlamydomonadales|Chlamydomonadales]]
::::*[[Biology:Sphaeropleales|Sphaeropleales]]
:::*[[Biology:Trebouxiophyceae|Trebouxiophyceae]]
::::*[[Biology:Chlorellales|Chlorellales]]
::::*[[Biology:Oocystaceae|Oocystaceae]]
::::*[[Biology:Microthamniales|Microthamniales]]
::::*[[Biology:Trebouxiales|Trebouxiales]]
::::*''[[Biology:Prasiola|Prasiola]]'' clade
:::*[[Biology:Chlorodendrales|Chlorodendrophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Pedinophyceae|Pedinophyceae]] <ref name="Marin2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marin B | title = Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons | journal = Protist | volume = 163 | issue = 5 | pages = 778–805 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22192529 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004 }}</ref>
::*prasinophytes (paraphyletic)
:::*[[Biology:Pyramimonadales|Pyramimonadales]]
:::*[[Biology:Mamiellophyceae|Mamiellophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Pycnococcaceae|Pycnococcaceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Nephroselmidophyceae|Nephroselmidophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Prasinococcales|Prasinococcales]]
:::*[[Biology:Palmophyllales|Palmophyllales]]
:*[[Biology:Streptophyta|Streptophyta]] 
::*[[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]]
:::*[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]]
:::*Chlorokybophyceae
:::*[[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]]
:::*[[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]]
::*[[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]] (land plants)

'''Cladogram'''

Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis LA, McCourt RM | title = Green algae and the origin of land plants | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 10 | pages = 1535–56 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 21652308 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1535 }}</ref><ref name="Leliaert_2012" /><ref name="Marin2012" /><ref name="Laurin-LemayBrinkmann2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laurin-Lemay S, Brinkmann H, Philippe H | title = Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data | journal = Current Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 15 | pages = R593-4 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22877776 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013 }}</ref><ref name = "Ruhfel_2014" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM | title = Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 25367 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27157793 | pmc = 4860620 | doi = 10.1038/srep25367 | url = http://www.nature.com/articles/srep25367 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–93 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23020233 | pmc = 3483872 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x/abstract }}</ref><ref name = "Sánchez-Baracaldo_2017" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE | title = Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 291–301 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29603143 | doi = 10.1002/ajb2.1048 | url = http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajb2.1048 }}</ref>

{{Clear}}{{clade|{{clade
   |1={{clade
       |1=[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]]
       |2={{clade
           |1=[[Biology:Spirotaenia|Spirotaenia]]
            |2=Chlorokybophyceae
       }}
}}
|2={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]]
  |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Tetraphytina|Tetraphytina]]
   |1={{clade
|label1=[[Biology:Chlorophytina|Chlorophytina]]
    |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
|1={{clade
      |1=[[Biology:Ulvophyceae|Ulvophyceae]]
      |2=[[Biology:Chlorophyceae|Chlorophyceae]]
}}
      |2=[[Biology:Trebouxiophyceae|Trebouxiophyceae]]

      }}
     |2=[[Biology:Chlorodendrales|Chlorodendrophyceae]]
     }}
    |2=[[Biology:Pedinophyceae|Pedinophyceae]]
    }}
            |2=[[Biology:Prasinophyceae|Prasinophytes]] Clade VIIA 
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Biology:Prasinophyceae|Prasinophytes]] Clade VIIC
|2=[[Biology:Pycnococcaceae|Pycnococcaceae]]
}}
}}
|2=[[Biology:Nephroselmidophyceae|Nephroselmidophyceae]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Biology:Mamiellophyceae|Mamiellophyceae]]
|2=[[Biology:Pyramimonadales|Pyramimonadales]]
}}
       }}
 
    |label2=[[Biology:Palmophyllophyceae|Palmophyllophyceae]]
    |2={{clade
       |1=[[Biology:Palmophyllales|Palmophyllales]]
       |2=[[Biology:Prasinococcales|Prasinococcales]]
       }}
   
  }}
  |label2=[[Biology:Streptophyta|Streptophyta]]/
|sublabel2= [[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]]

               |2={{clade
    |1=[[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
    |label2=[[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]]
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]]
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=[[Biology:Mesotaeniaceae|Mesotaeniaceae]]
         |2=[[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]]}}
       |2=[[Biology:Embryophyte|Embryophyte]]s (land plants)
       }}
      |2=[[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]]
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|label1='''Viridiplantae'''/ |sublabel1= Green Algae}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Life}}
{{Plant classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q11973077}}

[[Category:Classification systems]]

{{Sourceattribution|Viridiplantae|1}}