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{{Short description|Collaboration with a result open to all}}
{{Short description|Collaboration with a result open to all}}
'''Open collaboration''' is any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of [[Finance:Value (economics)|economic value]], which is made available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="Sheen S. Levine">Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263545221_Open_Collaboration_for_Innovation_Principles_and_Performance Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]</ref> It is prominently observed in open source software, but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s, [[Mailing list|mailing list]]s and online communities. Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, example including [[Software:Bitcoin|bitcoin]], TEDx, and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="kurzweilai.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations |title=Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - American'Girl Rachel And Sons The Crimson White Brothers}}</ref>
'''Open collaboration''' refers to any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who cooperate voluntarily to create a product (or service) of [[Finance:Value (economics)|economic value]], which is made freely available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="Sheen S. Levine">Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263545221_Open_Collaboration_for_Innovation_Principles_and_Performance Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]</ref> It is prominently observed in open source software, and has been initially described in [[Biography:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]'s [[GNU Manifesto]],<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003">Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. ''Research Policy'', 32, 923–943 {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.290305}}</ref> as well as Eric S. Raymond's 1997 essay, [[The Cathedral and the Bazaar]]. Beyond open source software, open collaboration is also applied to the development of other types of mind or creative works, such as information provision in [[Internet forum]]s, or the production of encyclopedic content in [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="Yochai Benkler, Benjamin Mako Hill; Aaron Shaw (2015)">Yochai Benkler, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw (2015). Peer Production: A Form of Collective
Intelligence. In Handbook of Collective Intelligence, edited by Thomas Malone and Michael Bernstein. MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.[https://mako.cc/academic/benkler_shaw_hill-peer_production_ci.pdf]</ref>
 
The organizing principle behind open collaboration is that of [[Peer production|peer production]].<ref name="Yochai Benkler (2006)">Yochai Benkler (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press,
New Haven, USA.[https://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf]</ref> Peer production communities are structured in an entirely decentralized manner, but differ from markets in that they function without price-based coordination, and often on the basis of volunteering only. Such communities are geared toward the production of openly accessible public or "common" goods, but differ from the State as well as charity groups in that they operate without a formal hierarchical structure, and rest solely on the construction of a rough, evolving consensus among participants.<ref name="Yochai Benkler (2002)">Yochai Benkler (2002). Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm. Yale law journal, pp. 369–446 [https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/354_t5aih5i1.pdf]</ref><ref name="Faraj, S. 2011">Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). [http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006214955/http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf |date=2021-10-06 }}. ''Organization Science'', 22(5), 1224-1239, {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1100.0614}}</ref>
 
This model has become increasingly important in online knowledge communities.


== Definition ==
== Definition ==
Juliet Schor noted that "a clear definition of technology-mediated open collaboration might be difficult to pin down".<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{rp|7}}


Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of [[Philosophy:Egalitarianism|egalitarianism]], [[Philosophy:Meritocracy|meritocracy]], and [[Physics:Self-organization|self-organization]].<ref name="Alabama Box Office al">{{Cite journal <!--White Brothers--> |doi= 10.1109/MS.2009.44| issn = 0740-7459| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 52–58| last1 = Riehle| first1 = D.| last2 = Ellenberger| first2 = J.| last3 = Menahem| first3 = T.| last4 = Mikhailovski| first4 = B.| last5 = Natchetoi| first5 = Y.| last6 = Naveh| first6 = B.| last7 = Odenwald| first7 = T.| title = Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges| journal = IEEE Software| date = March 2009|url=https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/open-collaboration-within-corporations-using-software-forges.pdf}}</ref> Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=Sheen S.|last2=Prietula|first2=Michael J.|date=2014|title=Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/full/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872|journal=Organization Science|volume=25|issue=5|pages=1414–1433|doi=10.1287/orsc.2013.0872|issn=1047-7039|arxiv=1406.7541|s2cid=6583883}}</ref><ref name="doi.org">Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442 Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]. ''Organization Science'', {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2013.0872}}</ref> This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on [[Social:User-generated content|user-generated content]]. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202"/>{{rp|17}}
Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of [[Philosophy:Egalitarianism|egalitarianism]], [[Meritocracy|meritocracy]], and [[Physics:Self-organization|self-organization]].<ref name="Alabama Box Office al">{{Cite journal <!--White Brothers--> |doi= 10.1109/MS.2009.44| issn = 0740-7459| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 52–58| last1 = Riehle| first1 = D.| last2 = Ellenberger| first2 = J.| last3 = Menahem| first3 = T.| last4 = Mikhailovski| first4 = B.| last5 = Natchetoi| first5 = Y.| last6 = Naveh| first6 = B.| last7 = Odenwald| first7 = T.| title = Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges| journal = IEEE Software| date = March 2009|url=https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/open-collaboration-within-corporations-using-software-forges.pdf}}</ref> Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=Sheen S.|last2=Prietula|first2=Michael J.|date=2014|title=Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/full/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872|journal=Organization Science|volume=25|issue=5|pages=1414–1433|doi=10.1287/orsc.2013.0872|issn=1047-7039|arxiv=1406.7541|s2cid=6583883}}</ref><ref name="doi.org">Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442 Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]. ''Organization Science'', {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2013.0872}}</ref> This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on [[Social:User-generated content|user-generated content]]. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{rp|17}}
 
==History ==
Open collaboration is the principle underlying [[Peer production|peer production]],<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202"/>{{Rp|48}} and [[Social:Mass collaboration|mass collaboration]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} It was observed initially in open source software, and has been popularized by [[Biography:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]]'s [[GNU Manifesto]].<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202"/>{{rp|17–18}} Since then it can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003">Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. ''Research Policy'', 32, 923–943 {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.290305}}</ref> [[Mailing list|mailing list]]s,<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008">Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220521057_Knowledge_Collaboration_Among_Professionals_Protecting_National_Security_Role_of_Transactive_Memories_in_Ego-Centered_Knowledge_Networks Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks]. ''Organization Science'', 19(2), 260-276 {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1070.0315}}</ref> Internet [[Social:Community|communities]],<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011">Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). [http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities]. ''Organization Science'', 22(5), 1224-1239, {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1100.0614}}</ref> and many instances of open content, such as creative commons. It also explains some instances of [[Social:Crowdsourcing|crowdsourcing]], [[Social:Collaborative consumption|collaborative consumption]], and [[Finance:Open innovation|open innovation]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}


== Academia ==
== Academia ==
An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opensym.org/about-us/ |title=About |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration|date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."<ref name="Opensym">".
An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opensym.org/about-us/ |title=About |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration|date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."<ref name="Opensym">".
{{Cite web |url=https://opensym.org/about-us/definition/ |title=Definition of Open Collaboration |last=Kenneth Pascal |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=2018-03-26 |quote="Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."}}</ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://opensym.org/about-us/definition/ |title=Definition of Open Collaboration |last=Kenneth Pascal |website=The International Symposium on Open Collaboration |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=2018-03-26 |quote="Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."}}</ref>
Since 2011, a peer-reviewed academic journal, ''The Journal of Peer Production'' (JoPP), is dedicated to documenting and researching peer production processes. This academic community understands peer production "as a mode of commons-based and oriented production in which participation is voluntary and predicated on the self-selection of tasks. Notable examples are the collaborative development of Free Software projects and of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://peerproduction.net/about/ | title=About |website=The Journal of Peer Production }}</ref>
== Examples of open collaboration projects ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
=== [[Organization:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] projects ===
* [[Wikibooks]]
* [[Wikidata]]
* [[Wikimedia Commons]]
* Wikinews
* [[Wikipedia]]
* Wikiquote
* [[Wikisource]]
* [[Biology:Wikispecies|Wikispecies]]
* [[Social:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]]
* Wikivoyage
=== Knowledge wikis ===
* [[Citizendium]]
* [[Everipedia]]
* [[Social:FamilySearch Research Wiki|FamilySearch Research Wiki]]
* Fandom
* [[Software:LocalWiki|LocalWiki]]
* [[Scholarpedia]]
* WikiTree
=== Hardware ===
{{See also|List of open-source hardware projects}}
* [[Organization:Open Source Ecology|Open Source Ecology]]
* [[RepRap project]]
* [[WikiHouse]]
====Microcontroller boards====
* [[Software:Arduino|Arduino]]
* [[Engineering:Netduino|Netduino]]
* [[Engineering:NodeMCU|NodeMCU]]
* [[Engineering:Parallax Propeller|Parallax Propeller]]
====Single-board computers====
* [[Engineering:Maximite#Color Maximite|Color Maximite]]
* [[Software:Novena (computing platform)|Novena]]
* Parallella
====Processors====
* [[Engineering:Amber (processor core)|Amber (processor core)]]
* [[Engineering:SuperH#J Core|J Core]]
* [[Engineering:LEON|LEON]]
* OpenPOWER
* [[Engineering:OpenRISC|OpenRISC]]
* [[Engineering:OpenSPARC|OpenSPARC]]
* [[Engineering:RISC-V|RISC-V]]
* [[Engineering:ZPU (microprocessor)|ZPU (microprocessor)]]
{{col-break}}
=== Collaborative mapping ===
* OpenHistoricalMap
* [[OpenStreetMap]]
=== Music and audio projects ===
* [[Company:Discogs|Discogs]]
* [[MusicBrainz]]
* [[Social:Mutopia Project|Mutopia Project]]
* SecondHandSongs
* The Freesound Project
=== Books and text projects ===
* [[Distributed Proofreaders]]
* [[Social:LibriVox|LibriVox]]
* [[Open Library]]
=== Open data projects ===
* [[Social:OneGeology|OneGeology]]
* Open Food Facts
* [[Terms of Service; Didn't Read]]
=== Experimental collaboration ===
* [[Company:Kialo|Kialo]]
* r/place
=== Citizen science ===
* [[Biology:COVID Moonshot|COVID Moonshot]]
* [[Biology:EBird|eBird]]
* [[Software:Foldit|Foldit]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy Zoo|Galaxy Zoo]]
* [[Biology:INaturalist|iNaturalist]]
====[[Astronomy:Zooniverse|Zooniverse]] projects====
* Active Asteroids
* Backyard Worlds: Planet 9
* [[Astronomy:Disk Detective|Disk Detective]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy Zoo|Galaxy Zoo]]
* [[Astronomy:Gems of the Galaxy Zoos|Gems of the Galaxy Zoos]]
* [[Astronomy:Planet Hunters|Planet Hunters]]
* [[Astronomy:Radio Galaxy Zoo|Radio Galaxy Zoo]]
* [[Astronomy:The Daily Minor Planet|The Daily Minor Planet]]
{{col-end}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Commons-based peer production]]
* [[Peer production]] or [[Commons-based peer production]]
* Money-free market
* Money-free market
* [[Open-source model]]
* [[Open-source model]]
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[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Computer programming]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Free software]]
[[Category:Computational economics]]


{{Sourceattribution|Open collaboration|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Open collaboration}}

Latest revision as of 10:35, 26 May 2026

Short description: Collaboration with a result open to all

Open collaboration refers to any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who cooperate voluntarily to create a product (or service) of economic value, which is made freely available to contributors and noncontributors alike."[1] It is prominently observed in open source software, and has been initially described in Richard Stallman's GNU Manifesto,[2] as well as Eric S. Raymond's 1997 essay, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Beyond open source software, open collaboration is also applied to the development of other types of mind or creative works, such as information provision in Internet forums, or the production of encyclopedic content in Wikipedia.[3]

The organizing principle behind open collaboration is that of peer production.[4] Peer production communities are structured in an entirely decentralized manner, but differ from markets in that they function without price-based coordination, and often on the basis of volunteering only. Such communities are geared toward the production of openly accessible public or "common" goods, but differ from the State as well as charity groups in that they operate without a formal hierarchical structure, and rest solely on the construction of a rough, evolving consensus among participants.[5][6]

This model has become increasingly important in online knowledge communities.

Definition

Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of egalitarianism, meritocracy, and self-organization.[7] Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."[8][9] This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on user-generated content. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.[10]: 17 

Academia

An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).[11] As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."[12]

Since 2011, a peer-reviewed academic journal, The Journal of Peer Production (JoPP), is dedicated to documenting and researching peer production processes. This academic community understands peer production "as a mode of commons-based and oriented production in which participation is voluntary and predicated on the self-selection of tasks. Notable examples are the collaborative development of Free Software projects and of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia."[13]

Examples of open collaboration projects

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance
  2. ↑ Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. Research Policy, 32, 923–943 doi:10.2139/ssrn.290305
  3. ↑ Yochai Benkler, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw (2015). Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence. In Handbook of Collective Intelligence, edited by Thomas Malone and Michael Bernstein. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[1]
  4. ↑ Yochai Benkler (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.[2]
  5. ↑ Yochai Benkler (2002). Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm. Yale law journal, pp. 369–446 [3]
  6. ↑ Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities . Organization Science, 22(5), 1224-1239, doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
  7. ↑ Riehle, D.; Ellenberger, J.; Menahem, T.; Mikhailovski, B.; Natchetoi, Y.; Naveh, B.; Odenwald, T. (March 2009). "Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges". IEEE Software 26 (2): 52–58. doi:10.1109/MS.2009.44. ISSN 0740-7459. https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/open-collaboration-within-corporations-using-software-forges.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, Michael J. (2014). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science 25 (5): 1414–1433. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/full/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. 
  9. ↑ Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance. Organization Science, doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
  10. ↑ Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020). Collaborative Society. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-35645-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ. 
  11. ↑ "About". 15 June 2010. http://www.opensym.org/about-us/. 
  12. ↑ ". Kenneth Pascal (12 April 2013). "Definition of Open Collaboration". https://opensym.org/about-us/definition/. ""Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."" 
  13. ↑ "About". http://peerproduction.net/about/. 



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