Chemistry:Green death: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Aggressive solution used to test the resistance of metals to corrosion}} | {{Short description|Aggressive solution used to test the resistance of metals to corrosion}} | ||
{{For|the Doctor Who serial|The Green Death}} | |||
'''Green death''' is a solution used to test the resistance of metals and alloys to [[Chemistry:Corrosion|corrosion]]. It consists of a mixture of [[Chemistry:Sulfuric acid|sulfuric acid]], hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride and [[Chemistry:Copper(II) chloride|copper(II) chloride]] and its [[Physics:Boiling point|boiling point]] is at approximately 103 [[Celsius|°C]]. Its typical [[Chemistry:Chemical composition|chemical composition]] is given in the table hereafter:<ref name="Corrosionpedia">{{Cite web |title=What is Green Death? – Definition from Corrosionpedia |author=Corrosionpedia |work=Corrosionpedia |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1344/green-death}}</ref><ref name="Haynes">{{Cite web |title=Resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion of Hastelloy C-276 |author=Haynes International |work=Haynesintl.com |date= |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.haynesintl.com/alloys/alloy-portfolio_/Corrosion-resistant-Alloys/HASTELLOY-C-276-Alloy/resistance-to-pitting-and-crevice-corrosion}}</ref><ref name="Specialmetals">{{Cite web |title=Inconel alloy C-276 |author=Specialmetals.com |work=Specialmetals.com |date= |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-c-276.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Mottu">Mottu, Nathalie (2016). URTM66, 02/2016, Industeel ArcelorMittal.</ref> | '''Green death''' is a solution used to test the resistance of metals and alloys to [[Chemistry:Corrosion|corrosion]]. It consists of a mixture of [[Chemistry:Sulfuric acid|sulfuric acid]], hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride and [[Chemistry:Copper(II) chloride|copper(II) chloride]] and its [[Physics:Boiling point|boiling point]] is at approximately 103 [[Celsius|°C]]. Its typical [[Chemistry:Chemical composition|chemical composition]] is given in the table hereafter:<ref name="Corrosionpedia">{{Cite web |title=What is Green Death? – Definition from Corrosionpedia |author=Corrosionpedia |work=Corrosionpedia |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1344/green-death}}</ref><ref name="Haynes">{{Cite web |title=Resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion of Hastelloy C-276 |author=Haynes International |work=Haynesintl.com |date= |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.haynesintl.com/alloys/alloy-portfolio_/Corrosion-resistant-Alloys/HASTELLOY-C-276-Alloy/resistance-to-pitting-and-crevice-corrosion}}</ref><ref name="Specialmetals">{{Cite web |title=Inconel alloy C-276 |author=Specialmetals.com |work=Specialmetals.com |date= |access-date=10 September 2021 |url= https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-c-276.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Mottu">Mottu, Nathalie (2016). URTM66, 02/2016, Industeel ArcelorMittal.</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|+Chemical composition of the green death solution | |+Chemical composition of the green death solution | ||
!Reagent | ! Reagent | ||
! Formula (—) | |||
!Formula | ! Usually (wt.{{nbs}}%) | ||
(—) | ! Min (wt.{{nbs}}%) | ||
!Usually | ! Max (wt.{{nbs}}%) | ||
(wt. %) | |||
!Min | |||
(wt. %) | |||
!Max | |||
(wt. %) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Chemistry:Sulfuric acid|Sulfuric acid]] | |[[Chemistry:Sulfuric acid|Sulfuric acid]] | ||
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|1.0 | |1.0 | ||
|} | |} | ||
The chemical composition of the green death solution allows it to achieve a particularly aggressive oxidizing chloride solution.<ref name="Corrosionpedia" /> Indeed, among the four reagents, all are oxidizing species ({{Chem2|H2SO4}}, {{Chem2|Fe(3+)}}, {{Chem2|Cu(2+)}}) except hydrochloric acid (HCl) in which the chlorine atom is present in its lowest oxidation state as {{Chem2|Cl-}} anion. The chloride anions, also added to the solution as counter-ions of iron(III) and copper(II) species, are very aggressive for the localized corrosion of metals and alloys as they induce severe [[Chemistry:Pitting corrosion|pitting corrosion]] problems. The green death solution is also used to determine the critical pitting temperature (CPT) and the critical crevice temperature (CCT) of metals and [[Chemistry:Alloy|alloys]]. | |||
== Uses == | |||
The chemical composition of the green death solution allows it to achieve a particularly aggressive oxidizing chloride solution.<ref name="Corrosionpedia" /> Indeed, among the four reagents, all are oxidizing species ({{Chem2|H2SO4}}, {{Chem2|Fe(3+)}}, {{Chem2|Cu(2+)}}) except hydrochloric acid (HCl) in which the chlorine atom is present in its lowest oxidation state as {{Chem2|Cl-}} anion. The chloride anions, also added to the solution as counter-ions of iron(III) and copper(II) species, are very aggressive for the localized corrosion of metals and alloys as they induce severe [[Chemistry:Pitting corrosion|pitting corrosion]] problems. The green death solution is also used to determine the critical pitting temperature (CPT) and the critical crevice temperature (CCT) of metals and [[Chemistry:Alloy|alloys]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Latest revision as of 09:12, 2 June 2025
Short description: Aggressive solution used to test the resistance of metals to corrosion
Green death is a solution used to test the resistance of metals and alloys to corrosion. It consists of a mixture of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride and copper(II) chloride and its boiling point is at approximately 103 °C. Its typical chemical composition is given in the table hereafter:[1][2][3][4]
| Reagent | Formula (—) | Usually (wt. %) | Min (wt. %) | Max (wt. %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfuric acid | H 2SO 4 |
11.9 | 11.5 | 11.9 |
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Iron(III) chloride | FeCl 3 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Copper(II) chloride | CuCl 2 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Uses
The chemical composition of the green death solution allows it to achieve a particularly aggressive oxidizing chloride solution.[1] Indeed, among the four reagents, all are oxidizing species (H
2SO
4, Fe3+, Cu2+) except hydrochloric acid (HCl) in which the chlorine atom is present in its lowest oxidation state as Cl−
anion. The chloride anions, also added to the solution as counter-ions of iron(III) and copper(II) species, are very aggressive for the localized corrosion of metals and alloys as they induce severe pitting corrosion problems. The green death solution is also used to determine the critical pitting temperature (CPT) and the critical crevice temperature (CCT) of metals and alloys.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Corrosionpedia (14 November 2016). "What is Green Death? – Definition from Corrosionpedia". Corrosionpedia. https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1344/green-death.
- ↑ Haynes International. "Resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion of Hastelloy C-276". Haynesintl.com. https://www.haynesintl.com/alloys/alloy-portfolio_/Corrosion-resistant-Alloys/HASTELLOY-C-276-Alloy/resistance-to-pitting-and-crevice-corrosion.
- ↑ Specialmetals.com. "Inconel alloy C-276". Specialmetals.com. https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-c-276.pdf.
- ↑ Mottu, Nathalie (2016). URTM66, 02/2016, Industeel ArcelorMittal.
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