Biology:Schizomyia viticola

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Schizomyia viticola
Schizomyia viticola galls.jpg
S. viticola galls.
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Cecidomyiidae
Genus: Schizomyia
Species:
S. viticola
Binomial name
Schizomyia viticola
(Osten Sacken, 1862)[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Osten Sacken, 1878[4] Osten Sacken, 1862[2]
  • Felt, 1911[5] Cecidomyia vitis lituus
  • Cecidomyia viticola Walsh & Riley, 1870[3]
  • Cecidomyia vitislituus Cecidomyia lituus

Schizomyia viticola, the grape tube gallmaker, is a species of gall midge found in the eastern United States and Canada. It produces green or bright red galls on new world grape vines.[6]

Taxonomic history and names

In 1862, Carl Robert Osten-Sacken described this species, placing it in the genus Cecidomyia. He based the description on galls on Vitis and larvae found in the vicinity of Washington, D.C.[2]

The magazine The American Entomologist had a column where readers could ask for identifications. In 1869 a reader from Piermont, New York, asked the editors about the crimson galls found on a grape leaf. The editors, Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley, responded that in unpublished manuscripts of theirs they had given the galls the name Vitis lituus and noted they were made by a gall gnat in the genus Cecidomyia.[3] This would create a specific name Cecidomyia vitis lituus, which is an unavailable name.[7][1] In 1911, Ephraim Porter Felt incorrectly referred to this species as "Cecidomyia lituus Walsh",[5][1] In 1878, Osten-Sacken noted that "the gall Vitis-lituus Riley" was the same as his C. viticola.[4]

The specific epithet viticola is a Latin noun in apposition; it consists of the word vitis "grape vine" and the suffix -cola "one who inhabits".[8][9][10] The Latin noun lituus used in its synonyms refers to a kind of curved staff or curved trumpet.[11]

Distribution

It is found throughout the eastern Nearctic.[1] The type locality is the "environs of Washington [DC]".[2]:190[1]

S. viticola has been documented in the following American states:

This species has also been documented in Ontario, Canada.[29][30][31]

There had been reports of this species being found in Japan,[32] but these are now taken to be misidentifications.[33][1]

Description

Gall

There can be up to 75 galls[23] or even 135 galls[34] on a single leaf. The galls are typically on the upper side of the leaf; their color is typically crimson, although they can be green when young or on the leaf's underside.[19] They measure approximately 7–10 millimetres (0.3–0.4 in) long.[30] The diameter of the gall at its base is 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.12 in).[35][30] They are narrow and conical, and sometimes have a slight curve at the tip.[15] The galls each contain a single chamber,[30] which is smooth inside.[23] Common names for the gall include the grape-leaf trumpet-gall,[34] the conical grape gall,[23] and the grape tube gall.[13]

Larvae

The larva measures about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. It is moderately stout, pale yellowish green. Its head is broad, broadly rounded anteriorly, almost subglobose. The antennae are moderately long, stout, and biarticulate; the basal segment is disk-like, while the apical one has a length over twice its diameter. There are conspicuous brownish spots near the latero-posterior angles of the head. Its skin is smooth with distinct segmentation. The breast-bone is weakly chitinized, minute, and reniform. The anterior margin has two small submedian teeth and more laterally there is a pair of smaller teeth. A small scattering of setae occur on the body. Its posterior extremity is bilobed: the ventral portion bears stout, submedian, chitinous, upcurved processes, and each has an indistinct basal tooth anteriorly. The extermities at its posterior extremity are prehensile. The dorsal lobe is broad and obliquely truncate as seen from the side. The face is armed with an irregular series of moderately large, conical, chitinous teeth.[36]

The larvae have also been described as pale orange.[19][2][34]

Adult

The adult is reportedly microscopic in size.[34]

Relationship with plants

Its larvae build galls on various species of the grape vine genus Vitis.[1] They have been found on leaves of V. riparia, V. labrusca, and V. vulpina.[19] Its galls have also been found on V. aestivalis var. bicolor.[15] The galls are present in July and August,[6] although have been documented as late as September 8.[14]

These galls are usually rare in vineyards, and therefore not harmful,[29] nor are they particularly harmful towards wild plants.[15][34]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Gagné, Raymond J.; Jaschhof, Mathias (2014). A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World (3rd ed.). Washington: USDA. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-615-92644-5. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2014_World_Cecidomyiidae_Catalog_3rd_Edition.pdf#page=335. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Loew, H. (1862). "On the North American Cecidomydae". Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 6. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 202. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17046323. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Walsh, Benj. D.; Riley, Chas. V., eds (1869). "The Trumpet Grape-gall". The American Entomologist 2 (1): 28. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32620437. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Osten Sacken, C. R. (1878). Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 270 (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 7. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1329588. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Felt, E. P. (1911). "Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges". Journal of Economic Entomology 4 (5): 458. doi:10.1093/jee/4.5.451. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854736. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beutenmüller, William (1904). "The Insect-Galls of the Vicinity of New York City". The American Museum Journal 4: 118. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12267194. 
  7. ↑ Wheeler, Alfred G.; Hoebeke, E. Richard; Smith, Edward H. (2010). "Charles Valentine Riley: Taxonomic Contributions of an Eminent Agricultural Entomologist". American Entomologist 56 (1): 22. doi:10.1093/ae/56.1.14. 
  8. ↑ . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1968. p. 2079. "vitis + -cola.". 
  9. ↑ . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1968. p. 2079. "A grape-vine.". 
  10. ↑ . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1968. p. 349. "denotes one who inhabits, tills, or worships.". 
  11. ↑ . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1968. p. 1039. "1. A curved staff carried by augurs. [...] 2. A kind of war-trumpet curved at one end.". 
  12. ↑ Plant Pest Control Division (1964). "Fruit Insects". Cooperative Economic Insect Report 14 (41): 1128. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890415. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Britton, W. E. (1932). "Entomological Features of 1931". Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-First Report 1931. Bulletin. 338. New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 500. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34794436. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Britton, W. E. (1937). "Insect Record for 1936: Fruit Insects". Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-Sixth Report 1936. Bulletin. 396. New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 294. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34795750. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Cook, Mel T. (1908). "The Insect Galls of Indiana". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1907: 95–96. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14655691. 
  16. ↑ Shelford, Victor E. (1937). "Animal Communities of Swamp and Flood-Plain Forests". Animal Communities in Temperate America: As Illustrated in the Chicago Region: A Study in Animal Ecology (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 191. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6790122. 
  17. ↑ Bureau of Entomology (1929). "Fruit Insects". Insect Pest Survey Bulletin 9 (8): 329. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50353193. 
  18. ↑ Plant Pest Control Division (1964). "Fruit Insects". Cooperative Economic Insect Report 14 (31): 872. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890119. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Riley, Charles V. (1873). "The Grape-leaf Trumpet-gall—Vitis viticola O.S.". Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. 5. Jefferson City: Regan & Carter. pp. 118–119. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14961212. 
  20. ↑ Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (1939). "Fruit Insects". Insect Pest Survey Bulletin 19 (8): 496. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53109840. 
  21. ↑ Smith, John B. (1900). "Order Diptera". Insects of New Jersey. Trenton: MacCrellish & Quigley. p. 621. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24636398. 
  22. ↑ Felt, Ephraim Porter (1920). "Additions to the Collections, October 16, 1917 – October 15, 1918". Thirty-Fourth Report of the State Entomologist 1918. New York State Museum Bulletin. 231–232. p. 76. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35179791. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Felt, E. P. (1914). "Conical Grape Gall". Journal of Economic Entomology 7 (4): 339. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9534530. 
  24. ↑ Burnham, Stewart H.; Latham, Roy A. (1923). "The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner's Island, New York". Torreya 23 (1): 3. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32133463. 
  25. ↑ Sears, Paul B. (1914). "The Insect Galls of Cedar Point and Vicinity". The Ohio Naturalist 15 (2): 386–387. BHL page 50337408. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciecology/4; Pl. 21, Fig. 51. 
  26. ↑ Plant Pest Control Division (1962). "Fruit Insects". Cooperative Economic Insect Report 12 (29): 795. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43485493. 
  27. ↑ Plant Pest Control Division (1962). "Fruit Insects". Cooperative Economic Insect Report 12 (24): 623. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32000064. 
  28. ↑ Plant Pest Control Division (1963). "Grape Insects". Cooperative Economic Insect Report 13 (10): 206. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32022089. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rahemi, Alireza; Dale, Adam; Fisher, Helen; Kelly, John; Taghavi, Toktam; Singleton, Carol; Bonnycastle, Adam (2014). "Distribution of Pests on Vitis riparia in Sandy Soils of the South-Western Ontario". Journal of Plant Studies 4 (1): 21–26. doi:10.5539/jps.v4n1p21. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Jarvis, Tennyson D. (1905). "Insect Galls of Ontario". Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 36 (19): 67. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900267. 
  31. ↑ Jarvis, Tennyson D. (1908). "A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of Ontario". Entomological Society of Ontario 39: 82. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900554; Pl. O, Fig. 1. 
  32. ↑ Yukawa, Junichi; Sunose, Tsukaka (1979). "Midge Galls of Hokkaido". Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 15: 91. 
  33. ↑ Sato, Shinsuke; Yukawa, Junichi (2006). "Resurrection of Rabdophaga salicivora Shinji (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Japanese gall midge formerly misidentified as a North American species, Rabdophaga rigidae (Osten Sacken), with observations on the phylogenetic relationships of its populations in Japan and the Russian Far East". Entomological Science 9 (4): 423–424. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00188.x. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Sanderson, E. Dwight (1899). "The Grape-leaf Trumpet-Gall". American Gardening 20 (241): 543. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293102644618;view=1up;seq=391. 
  35. ↑ Thompson, Millett Taylor (1915). "Supplemental List of American Gall-Making Insects". An Illustrated Catalogue of American Insect Galls. Nassau, Rensselaer Co., NY. p. 53. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339912. "Pl. 10, Fig. 232." 
  36. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: (Felt 1914).

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q13621745 entry




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