Biology:Rats in New York City

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Short description: Rodent infestation
A rat in the New York City Subway

Rats in New York City are widespread, as they are in many densely populated areas. For a long time, the number of rats in New York City was unknown, and a common urban legend declared there were up to five times as many rats as people. In 2014, however, scientists more accurately measured the entire city's rat population to be approximately only 24% of the number of humans. That would equate to approximately 2 million rats to New York's 8.4 million people at the time of the study.[1][2]

The city's rat population is dominated by the brown rat (also known as the Norway rat). The average adult body weight is 350 grams (12 oz) in males and about 250 grams (8.8 oz) in females. The adult rat can squeeze through holes or gaps 1 inch (25 mm) wide, jump a horizontal distance of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) (or vertically from a flat surface to 3 feet (0.91 m)), survive a fall from a height of almost 40 feet (12 m),[3] and tread water for three days.[4]

New York City rats carry pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in humans – especially in children. The pathogens they carry include bacteria such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff), Salmonella, E. coli, and Leptospira. Bartonella bacteria cause cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carron disease. These bacteria may be spread through contact with rat saliva, urine or feces. Rats can carry disease-causing viruses such as sapoviruses, cardioviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, hepaciviruses, and Seoul virus. Rats may carry fleas that are vectors of diseases such as bubonic plague, typhus, and spotted fever. In addition, some people have an allergic reaction to the presence of rodent hair, urine or feces.

New York City rodent complaints can be made online, or by dialing 3-1-1, and the New York City guide Preventing Rats on Your Property discusses how the New York City Health Department inspects private and public properties for rats. Property owners that fail inspections receive a Commissioner's Order and have five days to correct the problem. If, after five days, the property fails a second inspection, the owner receives a notice of violation and can be fined. The property owner is billed for any clean-up or extermination carried out by the Health Department.

Description

Species

Rarely seen in daylight, rats have been reported in New York City since early colonial days. As recently as 1944, two distinct species were prevalent: the brown rat (Norway rat) and the black rat (ship rat, roof rat).[5] Over the next few decades, the more aggressive brown variety displaced the black rats, typically by attacking and killing them, but also by out-competing them for food and shelter.[6] By 2014, the city's rat population was dominated by the brown rat.[7][8]

The brown rat is 16 to 20 inches (410 to 510 mm) long and weighs 1 to 2 pounds (450 to 910 g).[8] It is brown or gray in color with a lighter-colored belly.[8] It is nocturnal, and sleeps approximately 10 hours a day.[8][9] The black rat is between 5 to 7 inches (130 to 180 mm) long (not including the tail) and weighs between 2.5 to 8 ounces (71 to 227 g). It is usually black to light brown in color with a lighter-colored belly.

Population

A rat in a flower box

Rats are elusive by nature, and public health officials have not developed any reliable way to estimate their numbers. However, a 2014 study by Jonathan Auerbach, which was reported in the Royal Statistical Society's Significance magazine, estimated that there were closer to 2 million rats in the city.[10][11] This deposes the often-repeated statistic that there are more rats than people in the five boroughs of New York City (8.4 million in 2014), with some estimates putting the number of rats far higher at as many as five rats per person (33.6 million).[6]

In 2014, the television channel Animal Planet named New York City the "Worst Rat City in the World".[12] Compared to other cities within the United States, studies indicate New York is particularly well-suited for rats. This conclusion is based on characteristics such as human population patterns, public sanitation practices, climate, housing construction standards and other variables. Experts consider that the actual population of rats varies, depending on climate, sanitation practices, efforts to control the population, and season.[6][13]

Genetics

Studies have repeatedly failed to find restricted gene flow in Manhattan's rats due to the island's buildings.[14] However Combs et al., 2018 presents a more geographically detailed analysis.[14] They find that the island's buildings are restricting gene flow, especially in Midtown.[14]

Food and shelter

Rats only require an ounce (28 grams) of food and water a day to live.[15] The rodents primarily find food and shelter at human habitations and therefore interact with humans in various ways. In particular, the city's rats adapt to practices and habits among New Yorkers for disposing of food waste. Curbside overnight garbage disposal from residences, stores, subway and restaurants, as well as littering, contribute to the sustenance of the city's rats.[16] Rats nearly always use the same routes to their food sources.[9] Rat infestations have increased as a result of budget reductions and more wasteful disposal of food.

Rats burrow underground or create nests in suitable soft material, with a small group of rats in each nest.[9] Brown rats in New York City prefer to live at ground level or basement level.[17] They congregate in colonies of 30 to 50 rats.[9][18] Rats live 100 feet (30 m) to 400 feet (120 m) from their food source.[15]

Habits

The rat can squeeze through holes or gaps the size of a quarter (0.955 inches (24.3 mm)), because unlike many mammals its skull is not plated together so it can change the shape of its head and squeeze through a very small opening.[15][19][20] They are able to leap 4 feet (1.2 m) laterally and can fall five floors without any injuries. An adult rat can tread water for three days.[21] They typically travel tight, well-worn paths.[9] Each litter has up to a dozen pups. Rats can mate at the age of two or three months and then produce a new litter every two months.[19][21] The rats live for approximately one year,[21] mostly due to predation rather than natural lifespan. They rarely travel more than 600 feet (180 m) from where they were born.[15]

Disease, allergies, asthma, and damage

The greatest danger posed to humans from rats are the diseases that the latter can transmit.[21] City-dwelling rats carry pathogens that can cause diarrhea and vomiting in humans.[22] Disease-causing bacteria commonly carried by rats include E. coli, Clostridium difficile (C. diff), and Salmonella.[22] The bacteria can be spread by contact with rat saliva, urine or feces.[22] Viral diseases spread by rats include rat-bite fever and hemorrhagic fevers caused by Seoul hantavirus.[22]

A survey conducted by Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in 2014 studied 133 brown rats from residential buildings in Manhattan.[22] The rats carried numerous pathogens that can cause serious illness in humans, including bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli) that cause food poisoning and dermatitis, pathogens that cause fevers (such as Seoul hantavirus and Leptospira), sapoviruses, cardioviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, and hepaciviruses, including some never before seen in New York.[22][23][24][25] While at least 18 of the viruses found are known to cause disease in humans, it is unclear how infectious the rats are to residents.[24] Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit scientific organization that researches links between human health and wildlife, called the study "shocking and surprising". Given the close quarters shared by rats and New York City residents, he found it to be "a recipe for a public health nightmare".[24]

A 2015 joint study by Columbia University and Cornell University found that the rats are commonly infested with fleas, lice, and mites that carry bacteria that can cause disease in humans, including bubonic plague, typhus, and spotted fever. They found an average of five fleas per rat, a sharp increase from a 1925 study that found one out of five rats had no fleas at all.[26] Bartonella pathogens (which can cause cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carron disease) and various viruses were also found in New York City's rats in this study.[26][27] These results were confirmed by a study published in 2015 in the Journal of Medical Entomology.[23][28] A higher risk of allergies and asthma is linked to exposure to rodent hair, droppings, and urine, especially in children.[26]

The NYC Health Department recommends that people bitten by a rat seek immediate medical attention, as bacteria from the rat's teeth can cause tetanus as well as rat bite fever, which can be fatal.[29]

Control

The New York City Department of Health handles enforcement of rat infestation problems in New York City.[30] Local authorities in New York have long recognized that eliminating rats from the city is unrealistic, but have made various efforts to control their prevalence. The approach has traditionally been reactive: after receiving complaints of infestation, officials would commence control efforts at that site by placing rodent poison, traps, or contraceptives.[31][32][33]

In recent years, the city adopted a more proactive approach to rodent control known as integrated pest management, which focuses on preventive measures. Such efforts include developing a rodent control map using geotagging to focus countermeasures more systematically, instituting a "Rodent Control Academy" that trains city employees on rat behavior and control, and emphasizing building integrity and garbage disposal.[34][35][36] In 2009, the Health Department began offering a half-day course in combating rat infestations.[15][37] In 2010, the city cut its budget for rodent control programs by $1.5 million to help reduce an overall deficit of $2 billion.[38]

In 2013, it was announced that New York municipal authorities would implement a plan for mass sterilization of the city's rats, using a chemical to neutralize the reproductive systems of female rats. Bait stations loaded with the chemical were to be deployed. The chemical's effects were to gradually shrink the number of kittens a female rat can have in a litter, eventually rendering them infertile.[39]

The Upper West Side and the Upper East Side logged the most rat complaints to the Health Department from 2010 to mid-2014.[40][41] In 2014 the Health Department hired 9 new inspectors to augment its staff of 45. With $611,000 in funding, the new squad was tasked with targeting major infestations in the South Bronx and Manhattan.[33][42]

A private group, Ryders Alley Trencher-fed Society, conducts rat hunts in New York using dogs.

Tips

New York City property owners and managing agents are legally responsible for keeping their properties rat-free through maintenance measures and the use of pest control professionals.[43][44] Conditions both inside and outside of buildings, including on public property, that contribute to or allow the establishment of rat populations constitute violations of Article 151 of the Health Code.[43][44]

Maintenance measures include proper storage of garbage, removal of water sources, and elimination of environments suitable for nesting.[43][44] Garbage cans need to be rat-resistant and made out of metal rather than plastic.[15] Because rats easily chew through plastic, the Health Department recommends placing plastic garbage bags inside rat-resistant metal garbage cans.[45] Garbage should be placed out on the street close to the pickup time, rather than the night before.[15][46][45][47] It also becomes important to keep garbage that are in parks inside litter cans, and not feeding birds or any of the surrounding wildlife that could potentially attract them.[48]

New York City publishes a guide for property owners and tenants, entitled Preventing Rats on Your Property: A Guide for Property Owners and Tenants, that discusses how the Health Department inspects for rats, and how to control rats, including looking for evidence, cleaning up, starving them, shutting them out, and wiping them out.[49] The guide covers the use of traps, rat poison, and wire mesh at the base of trees, as well as the new rules for garbage pickup, with landlords bringing out garbage in the morning immediately prior to pickup rather than the night before.[42] Rodent baiting is suggested as an effective approach to wiping out rats.[49]

New York City property owners and residents are advised to watch for signs of infestation like gnawed wood and plastic and evidence of rat trails. Property should be inspected to look for entry points such as gaps around pipes.[50]

An online map created by the New York City Department of Health enables people to search specific addresses for rat issues.[51] The Village Voice asked readers to email them about incidents of rat sightings.[52]

Government complaints and inspections

New York City rodent complaints can be made online,[53] by filling out the New York City Rodent Complaint Form,[54] or by dialing 3-1-1.[55]

The New York City guide Preventing Rats on Your Property discusses how the NYC Health Department, through its Pest Control Services program, inspects private and public properties for rats.[43][49] Property owners that fail an inspection receive a Health Department Commissioner's Order and have five days to correct the problem.[43][49] If, after five days, the property fails a second inspection, the owner receives a Notice of Violation and can be fined.[49] If the Health Department feels it must itself exterminate or clean up the property, the property owner is billed (about $1,000 a day in 2004).[45][49] Unpaid charges become a priority lien against the building, preventing property owners from selling with a clean legal title.[45] Failure to comply with an order of the Commissioner is a misdemeanor, and subjects the landlord to criminal prosecution, a fine and/or imprisonment, as well as additional civil penalties.[45] The penalty for each rodent violation was as high as $2,000 in 2004.[45]

In 2014, New York City Comptroller Scott Stringer criticized the Health Department as "weak" in investigating and fixing residents' rat complaints.[22] From fiscal year 2012 to fiscal year 2013, pest complaints, including rat problems, increased 10 percent in the city, and 24 percent of the time Health Department workers failed to inspect the complaints in the 10-day target period, an audit by the comptroller found.[22] In 160 cases, the Health Department failed to carry out any field inspection.[22] Caroline Bragdon at the Department of Health said: "The inspection is only as good as the inspector on that day and time. If you feel we're really missing the boat, which sometimes we do, let your community board and elected officials know."[15]

In July 2017, the New York City government announced a $32 million rat reduction plan in which it initially aimed to reduce rat infestations by 70% by the end of 2018. The plan would alleviate rat infestations in East Village, Chinatown, and the Lower East Side in Lower Manhattan; Concourse in the Bronx; and Bedford–Stuyvesant and Bushwick in Brooklyn. These neighborhoods were chosen because they had high numbers of rat complaints in the past. The plan included installing padding or tiling on dirt floors in the basements of apartment buildings, installing solar-powered rat-proof trash cans, as well as increased trash management.[56][57][58]

Notable incidents

Rats in New York have been known to overrun restaurants after hours and crawl up sewer pipes,[21] as well as enter apartments through toilets.[4] They have attacked homeless people, eaten cadavers in the city morgue, and bitten infants and young children to get food off their faces.[6][8] Babies are frequent victims, especially if left alone with food or a bottle.[21]

The problem of rats in New York City is a longstanding one. In 1860, The New York Times reported that a newborn infant had died subsequent to rats eating part of its face and one foot.[59] The NYC Health Department undertook an anti-rat campaign in 1921 that involved rat-proofing as well as trapping and killing rats.[60]

In 2003, a fire station in Queens was condemned and demolished after rats had taken over the building.[61] In 2007, a morning news program featured a live report of a pack of rats overrunning a pair of fast food restaurants in Greenwich Village. In one of the restaurants, a KFC, numerous rats so severely infested the restaurant that they were visible in groups from the street, through the windows.[62][63]

According to New York City Health Department statistics, there were 86 rat bites reported in 2010. Many bites go unreported.[29] In 2011, a video of a rat climbing on a sleeping man's face on the subway went viral.[64] Rats are so common that ex-Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer quipped in 2013, "The rats don't scurry. They walk right up to you and say, 'How are you, Mr. Borough President?'"[46]

In 2014, New York City Councilman Mark D. Levine said at a public hearing that "We've had rats who are going into cars and eating out electrical cables. We have rats that are entering homes."[51] He described the problem as "epidemic" on some streets in Manhattan.[51] That year, YouTube videos of rats on subway tracks and in a subway car in New York City went viral, as did videos of rats in a Dunkin' Donuts in Manhattan.[65][66][67][68] In June 2014, residents at adjacent Upper West Side buildings started a rent strike, demanding an end to the rat problem.[69] Also in 2014, Allerton Coops in Bronx Park East received three Notices of Violation from the Health Department and was fined for their inadequate response to a severe rat infestation.[70][71][72]

In 2015, a YouTube video of a rat carrying a slice of pizza in the subway, dubbed "Pizza Rat", went viral.[73] The video was trending worldwide on Twitter and Facebook within 15 hours of the YouTube upload, garnered 5 million views within two days,[74] and spawned similar staged videos with trained rats such as Selfie Rat.[75]

In early 2016, another video of a rat climbing on a sleeping subway rider was uploaded to social media. The uploader was criticized for his choice to film the incident and post it online rather than intervene.[76]

In October 2020, a 33 year-old man in the Bronx fell through a sidewalk that collapsed under him into a nest of rats. [77]

References

  1. ↑ "New York Doesn't Have More Rats Than People After All". November 6, 2014. http://www.newsweek.com/rat-rodent-new-york-city-rat-new-york-city-rats-nyc-rat-282809. 
  2. ↑ Auerbach, Jonathan (October 1, 2014). "Does New York City really have as many rats as people?". Significance 11 (4): 22–27. doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2014.00764.x. 
  3. ↑ "How high can a rat jump?". https://www.reference.com/science/high-can-rat-jump-72328655f99a64e3. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "See How Easily a Rat Can Wriggle Up Your Toilet". National Geographic. August 14, 2015. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/150811-rats-toilet-swimming-vin. Retrieved December 17, 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Roof Rats: Infestation Signs, Diseases and Information". onpointwildlife. 2017-12-31. https://onpointwildlife.com/species/rats/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Wilsey, Sean (March 17, 2005). "Some of them can read". London Review of Books 27 (6): pp. 9–10. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n06/sean-wilsey/some-of-them-can-read. 
  7. ↑ Caroline Winter (October 30, 2012). "NYC Rats: Stronger Than Sandy". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-10-30/nyc-rats-stronger-than-sandy. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Robert Sullivan (2008). Rats: Observations on the History & Habitat of the City's Most Unwanted Inhabitants. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1596919174. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ULxMW8nfPMC&q=%22new+york+city%22+rats. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Ryan Bradley (April 23, 2015). "The Rat Paths of New York; How the city's animals get where they're going." The New York Times Magazine
  10. ↑ Netburn, Deborah (November 3, 2014). "Eight million rats in New York? Not even close, a new study says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-rats-in-nyc--20141103-story.html/. 
  11. ↑ Megan Gannon (November 6, 2014). "Turns out rats don't outnumber people in NYC". http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/turns-out-rats-dont-outnumber-people-in-nyc. 
  12. ↑ "Baltimore Ranks Among Worst 'Rat Cities' in the World". CBS DC. July 3, 2014. https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/07/03/baltimore-ranks-among-worst-rat-cities-in-the-world/. 
  13. ↑ Chan, Sewell (October 4, 2007). "New York Tops a List for Rat Risk Factors". The New York Times (New York). http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/new-york-tops-a-list-for-rat-risk-factors/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2
    • Combs, Matthew; Puckett, Emily E.; Richardson, Jonathan; Mims, Destiny; Munshi‐South, Jason (2017-12-12). "Spatial population genomics of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New York City". Molecular Ecology (Wiley) 27 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1111/mec.14437. ISSN 0962-1083. 
    • Fusco, Nicole A.; Carlen, Elizabeth J.; Munshi-South, Jason (2021-02-19). "Urban Landscape Genetics: Are Biologists Keeping Up with the Pace of Urbanization?". Current Landscape Ecology Reports (Springer) 6 (2): 35–45. doi:10.1007/s40823-021-00062-3. ISSN 2364-494X. 
    • Rivkin, L. Ruth; Santangelo, James S.; Alberti, Marina; Aronson, Myla F. J.; de Keyzer, Charlotte W.; Diamond, Sarah E.; Fortin, Marie‐Josée; Frazee, Lauren J. et al. (2018-12-14). "A roadmap for urban evolutionary ecology". Evolutionary Applications (Blackwell) 12 (3): 384–398. doi:10.1111/eva.12734. ISSN 1752-4571. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Emily Frost (August 1, 2014). "How To Fight a Rat Infestation on Your Block". DNAinfo New York. http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140814/upper-west-side/how-fight-rat-infestation-on-your-block. 
  16. ↑ Marshall, Lauren (November 13, 2000). "Columbia Hosts First Rat Summit; Experts Seek to Control City's Rodent Population". Columbia University Record (New York: Columbia University). http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol26/vol26_iss9/2609_CU_Rat_Summit.html. 
  17. ↑ "Preventing rats on your property". nyc.gov. April 22, 2022. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/pest/rodent_control.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Amy Zimmer (October 3, 2014). "How to Prevent and Fight Rodent Infestations". DNAinfo New York. http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140930/lower-east-side/how-prevent-fight-rodent-infestations. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kleinfield, N. R. (July 12, 2000). "Rats Love New York; That Doesn't Make Them Welcome". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/learning/students/pop/071200ny-rats.html. 
  20. ↑ Joel Rose (August 29, 2014). "Rats! New York City Tries To Drain Rodent 'Reservoirs'". NPR. https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/08/29/344022034/rats-new-york-city-tries-to-drain-rodent-reservoirs. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Barry Bearak (July 14, 1994). "New York Losing the Rat Race: East Side, West Side, vermin are all around the town. But budget cuts and a trash incinerator ban have made this an especially miserable summer for weary residents and wary exterminators.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-14/news/mn-15653_1_upper-east-side/2. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 Samantha Tata (October 15, 2014). "NYC's rats are crawling with diseases: study". New York's PIX11-TV. http://pix11.com/2014/10/15/nycs-rats-are-crawling-with-diseases-study/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Peyton Guyion (March 3, 2015). "Bubonic plague-carrying fleas found on New York City rats". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bubonic-plaguecarrying-fleas-found-on-new-york-city-rats-10083563.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Zimmer, Carl (October 14, 2014). "Rats and Their Alarming Bugs". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/14/science/rats-and-their-alarming-bugs.html. 
  25. ↑ Lindsay Deutsch (October 15, 2014). "Researchers uncover the disgusting truth about NYC rats". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/10/15/new-york-city-rats-carry-pathogens-bacteria/17295367/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Meredith Engel; Kerry Burke; Dareh Gregorian (March 3, 2015). "Oh rats! Study finds New York City rodents found with fleas that could carry bubonic plague, other more dangerous viruses". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/new-york-city-rats-carry-deadly-bacteria-viruses-study-article-1.2136586. 
  27. ↑ "New York City rats, fleas could carry bubonic plague". CBS News. March 3, 2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-city-rats-fleas-could-carry-bubonic-plague/. 
  28. ↑ M. J. Frye; C. Firth; M. Bhat; M. A. Firth; X. Che; D. Lee; S. H. Williams; W. I. Lipkin (March 2, 2015). "Preliminary Survey of Ectoparasites and Associated Pathogens from Norway Rats in New York City". Journal of Medical Entomology 52 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1093/jme/tjv014. PMID 26336309. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Alison Bowen (December 26, 2014). "100 New Yorkers bitten by rats each year". Metro. http://www.metro.us/local/100-new-yorkers-bitten-by-rats-each-year/tmWkhg---b7v7vm7HFGwiU/. 
  30. ↑ Sylvia Shapiro (1998). The Co-Op Bible: Everything You Need to Know About Co-ops and Condos; Getting In, Staying In, Surviving, Thriving. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312194475. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPNMU8mdSZQC&q=rats+coop+manhattan&pg=PA335. 
  31. ↑ Christine Gorman (December 15, 2008). "Mapping the Rats of New York city". Time. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1866594,00.html. 
  32. ↑ Segal, David (March 20, 2007). "New York Tackles Its Gnawing Rat Problem". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/19/AR2007031901867.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Rodents winning New York rat race, but humans fight back". Daily News (New York). June 15, 2014. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/rodents-winning-new-york-rat-race-humans-fight-back-article-1.1830758. 
  34. ↑ Christine Gorman (December 15, 2008). "Mapping the Rats in New York City". Time. http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1866594,00.html. 
  35. ↑ "NYC Rodent Control Academy". New York: City of New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/environmental/pest-rodent-academy.shtml. 
  36. ↑ "Rat Information Portal". City of New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/environmental/rat-info-portal.shtml. 
  37. ↑ "An Upper West Side Condominium Battles Rat Infestation". Habitat Magazine. December 1, 2014. http://www.habitatmag.com/Publication-Content/Board-Operations/2014/2014-December/Condo-Battles-Rat-Infestation. 
  38. ↑ Carvajal, Kathy; Luke Funk (March 31, 2010). "New York City Rat Control Worries". MyFoxNews. http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/local_news/new-york-city-rat-control-worries-20100331-kc. 
  39. ↑ John Metcalfe (April 1, 2013). "The Surprisingly Gentle Science Behind New York's Plan to Sterilize Its Rats – CityLab". CityLab. http://www.citylab.com/tech/2013/04/surprisingly-gentle-science-behind-new-yorks-plan-sterilize-its-rats/5148/. 
  40. ↑ "Aww, rats! Residents near Central Park complain about rodents". New York Post. August 30, 2014. https://nypost.com/2014/08/30/aww-rats-residents-near-central-park-complain-about-rodents/. 
  41. ↑ "Central Park Rats – Upper West Side Rats". The Real Deal New York. August 31, 2014. http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/08/31/posh-central-park-neighborhoods-plagued-by-rats/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "New York City launches new attack on problem of rats". ABC7 New York. May 29, 2014. http://7online.com/health/new-york-city-launches-new-attack-on-rats/82318/. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 "Rat Information Portal". New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/environmental/responsible.shtml. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Article 151: Rodents, Insects, and other Pests". New York City Department of Health. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/about/healthcode/health-code-article151.pdf. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 "Rats: Let's Stop Them". New York City Department of Health. June 2004. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/pest/brochure_rats_200406_landlord.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Rebecca Hiscott. "City Fights Back Against Upper West Side Rat Infestation". Observer. http://observer.com/2013/08/city-fights-back-against-upper-west-side-rat-infestation/. 
  47. ↑ "New York City launches new attack on problem of rats". ABC7 New York. http://7online.com/health/new-york-city-launches-new-attack-on-rats/82318/. 
  48. ↑ "Rats - NYC Health". https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/rats.page. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 "Preventing Rats on Your Property: A Guide for Property Owners and Tenants". New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/pest/rodent_control.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Rodent Problem: Where to Look For a Mouse in the House or a Rat Infestation". Knockoutpest.com. 2012. http://www.knockoutpest.com/rodents.html. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Tina Susman (May 30, 2014). "New York City declares war on rats". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-new-york-rats-20140531-story.html. 
  52. ↑ JoAnna Klein (January 23, 2015). "Are New York City's Rats Really Partial to Chinese Food?". The Village Voice. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2015/01/nyc-rats-restaurants-map.php. 
  53. ↑ "Rodent Complaint Form". City of New York. http://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/2374/rodent-complaint. 
  54. ↑ "Rodent Complaint Form". City of New York. https://www1.nyc.gov/apps/311universalintake/form.htm?serviceName=DOHMH+Rat. 
  55. ↑ "Rats, Mice, and Other Pests". New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/environmental/rats-mice.shtml. 
  56. ↑ Goodman, J. David (2017-07-12). "Mayor Offers $32 Million Plan to Ice Some Rats. Hopefully." (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/nyregion/new-york-city-rat-problem.html. 
  57. ↑ "NYC Targets Rats in $32 Million Plan" (in en). http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nyc-rat-reduction-plan-434078963.html. 
  58. ↑ "De Blasio Administration Announces $32 Million Neighborhood Rat Reduction Plan". July 12, 2017. http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/472-17/de-blasio-administration-32-million-neighborhood-rat-reduction-plan. 
  59. ↑ "Rats at Bellevue Hospital.; The Case of the New-born Child Gnawed by Vermin – Investigation by the Commissioners of Public Charities—How the Hospital is Overrun". The New York Times. June 23, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/1860/04/27/news/rats-bellevue-hospital-case-new-born-child-gnawed-vermin-investigation.html. 
  60. ↑ Quarterly Bulletin (New York (N.Y.). Dept. of Health). 1921–22. 1921. https://books.google.com/books?id=InxNT1p5USMC&q=new+york+city+rats+coop&pg=PA58. 
  61. ↑ Cilgann, Corey (August 7, 2003). "A Detested Emblem of Decay Is Scurrying Back. Ah, Rats!". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/07/nyregion/a-detested-emblem-of-decay-is-scurrying-back-ah-rats.html. 
  62. ↑ Chan, Sewell (December 5, 2006). "In Epic Battle, the Rat Patrol Adjusts Its Aim and Digs In". The New York Times (New York). https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/05/nyregion/05rats.html. 
  63. ↑ Sikuver, Caleb (February 23, 2007). "Taco Bell Rats are Stars for a Day". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2007/02/23/news/companies/taco_bell/index.htm. 
  64. ↑ Josh Sanburn (January 14, 2011). "Shocking NYC Subway Rat Video: Some Say It's Staged, But New Yorkers Know Better". Time. http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/14/shocking-nyc-subway-rat-video-some-say-its-staged-but-new-yorkers-know-better/. 
  65. ↑ Andrew Ramos (August 18, 2014). "WATCH: Massive NYC subway rat attacks straphanger". New York's PIX11/WPIX-TV. http://pix11.com/2014/08/18/watch-massive-nyc-subway-rat-attacks-straphanger/. 
  66. ↑ Christopher Mathias (April 9, 2014). "This Is What Happens When A Rat Rides The New York City Subway (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/08/rat-subway-video_n_5112089.html. 
  67. ↑ Sarah Boboltz (May 15, 2014). "Subway Rats Are Actually The Ultimate New Yorkers, So Stop Hating". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/15/subway-rats-new-yorkers_n_5269329.html. 
  68. ↑ Michael Walsh; Lee Moran (April 3, 2014). "Rats scurry through food at Dunkin' Donuts in Manhattan (VIDEO)". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/rats-scurry-food-dunkin-donuts-manhattan-video-article-1.1744275. 
  69. ↑ Ransom, Jan (July 1, 2014). "Upper West Siders reaffirm rent strike, protesting rodents, 'slum' conditions". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/upper-west-siders-rat-chet-protest-article-1.1851561. 
  70. ↑ Cunningham, Jennifer H. (April 15, 2015). "City steps in to save Allerton Coops from rat plague; The Health Department has launched an aggressive extermination campaign to rid the Allerton Coops of the large rodents menacing residents. Tenants say landlord Chaim Schweid, and property management company Bronx Park East LLC, have failed to tackle the ongoing severe infestation". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/city-working-stem-rat-plague-bronx-allerton-coops-article-1.1756147. 
  71. ↑ Cunningham, Jennifer H. (April 2, 2014). "Bronx's Allerton Coops under siege by large rats". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-allerton-coops-siege-large-rats-article-1.1742050. 
  72. ↑ Cunningham, Jennifer H. (February 12, 2014). "Tenants of the Allerton Coops say their complex is overrun with drug dealers, poorly maintained". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/tenants-allerton-coops-complex-overrun-drug-dealers-poorly-maintained-article-1.1610477. 
  73. ↑ Respers France, Lisa (September 22, 2015). "Pizza Rat: Our newest obsession". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/22/living/pizza-rat-feat/index.html. 
    • See also: New York City rat taking pizza home on the subway (Pizza Rat). 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  74. ↑ "The three stages of going viral in 2015, according to the Pizza Rat meme". The Washington Post. September 22, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/22/the-three-stages-of-going-viral-in-2015-according-to-the-pizza-rat-meme/. 
  75. ↑ Template:ReplyAll
  76. ↑ "Rat filmed climbing on sleeping commuter on New York subway". Daily Telegraph. March 30, 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/viral-video/12207250/Rat-filmed-climbing-on-sleeping-commuter-on-New-York-subway.html. 
  77. ↑ "New York Nightmare: Man Falls Through Sidewalk Into Rat-Filled Chasm". https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/nyregion/rats-sinkhole-sidewalk-bronx.html. 

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