Astronomy:Slack water
Slack water, also known as 'the stand of the tide', is a short period in a body of tidal water when the water is completely unstressed, and there is no movement either way in the tidal stream, and which occurs before the direction of the tidal stream reverses.[1] Slack water can be estimated using a tidal atlas or the tidal diamond information on a nautical chart.[2] The time of slack water, particularly in constricted waters, does not occur at high and low water,[3] and in certain areas, such as Primera Angostura, the ebb may run for up to three hours after the water level has started to rise, and the flood may run for three hours after the water has started to fall. Thornton Lecky, writing in 1884, illustrates the phenomenon with an inland basin of infinite size, connected to the sea by a narrow mouth. Since the level of the basin is always at mean sea level, the flood in the mouth starts at half tide, and its velocity is at its greatest at the time of high water, with the strongest ebb occurring conversely at low water.[4]
Implications for seafarers
For scuba divers, the absence of a flow means that less effort is required to swim, and there is less likelihood of drifting away from a vessel or shore. Slack water following high tide can improve underwater visibility, as the previously incoming tide brings clear water with it. Following low tide, visibility can be reduced as the ebb draws silt, mud, and other particulates with it. In areas with potentially dangerous tides and currents, it is standard practice for divers to plan a dive at slack times.
For any vessel, a favourable flow will improve the vessel's speed over the bottom for a given speed in the water. Difficult channels are also more safely navigated during slack water, as any flow may set a vessel out of a channel and into danger.
Combined tidal stream and current
In many locations, in addition to the tidal streams there is also a current causing the tidal stream in the one direction to be stronger than, and last for longer than the stream in the opposite direction six hours later. Variations in the strength of that current will also vary the time when the stream reverses, thus altering the time and duration of slack water. Variations in wind stress also reflect directly on the height of the tide, and the inverse relationship between the height of the tide and atmospheric pressure is well understood (1 cm change in sea level for each 1 mb change in pressure) while the duration of slack water at a given location is inversely related to the height of the tide at that location.
Misconceptions
Slack water is a much misused term, often used to describe a period of equilibrium between two opposing streams when the water is anything but slack, but highly stressed. Although there may be no flow in either direction there may be many eddies, and since this so-called slack water occurs before high water while the tide is still rising, the tide may continue to rise even after the direction of the stream has reversed. Conversely, since it occurs after low water while the tide is rising, the tide may also continue to rise during this so-called low water slack period. Such conditions typically occur at river mouths, or in straits open at both ends where their entrances have markedly different physical characteristics. Examples include The Rip between Point Nepean and Point Lonsdale at the entrance to Port Philip Bay, Victoria, Australia; the Menai Strait between Anglesey and Wales; or the Strait of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.
Slack water may also be misused to refer to a process in caves. This occurs when a stream cave, or fluviokarst, is completely filled with water during flooding.
Dodge tides
Some localities have unusual tidal characteristics, such as Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, where the amplitudes of the main semi-diurnal tide constituents are almost identical. At neap tides the semi-diurnal tide is virtually absent, resulting in the phenomenon known as a "dodge tide"[5][6]—a day-long period of slack water—occurring twice a month; this effect is accentuated near the equinoxes when the diurnal component also vanishes, resulting in a period of 2–3 days of slack water.[7][8][9]
See also
Stability theory, a main mathematical concept considering forces in equilibrium.
References
- ↑ The American Practical Navigator, Chapter 9:Tides and Tidal Currents, page 139. Accessed 3 September 2011.
- ↑ Sport Diving, British Sub Aqua Club, ISBN:0-09-163831-3, page 167
- ↑ The American Practical Navigator, Chapter 9:Tides and Tidal Currents, pp.141-142. Accessed 19 December 2013.
- ↑ Squire Thornton Stratford Lecky; William Allingham (1918). Wrinkles in Practical Navigation. G. Philip & son. p. 285. https://books.google.com/books?id=dmbOAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ Australian Government > Bureau of Meteorology > National Tidal Unit Glossary Accessed 13 March 2015.
- ↑ Australian Government > Bureau of Meteorology > Dodge tide Accessed 13 March 2015.
- ↑ Bye, J. A. T. (1976): Physical oceanography of Gulf St Vincent and Investigator Strait. In: Twidale, C. R., Tyler, M. J. & Webb, B. P. (Eds.), Natural history of the Adelaide Region. Royal Society of SA Inc., Adelaide.
- ↑ Bye, J.A.T. & Kämpf, J. (2008): Physical oceanography. In: Shepherd, S.A., Bryars, S., Kirkegaard, I.R., Harbison, P. & Jennings, J. T. (Eds.): Natural history of Gulf St Vincent. Royal Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide.
- ↑ The American Practical Navigator, Chapter 9:Tides and Tidal Currents, pages 134-5. Accessed 3 September 2011.
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