Template:Excerpt/doc

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This template is used for transcluding part of an article into another article. This template extends the capabilities of the built-in Help:Labeled section transclusion function.

Usage

Basic usage

  • {{Excerpt|Title of the article}} — Transclude the lead section of an article (see example).
  • {{Excerpt|Title of the article|Title of the section}} — Transclude a specific section excluding any subsections (see example).

Problems with references

  • Sometimes the transcluded content may contain a reference with the same name as a reference in the transcluding article. This will produce a "duplicate reference name" error. To fix it, simply rename one of the references (it doesn't matter which).
  • Sometimes the transcluded content may contain a reference whose body is somewhere else in the transcluded article. This will produce an "unknown reference" error. To fix it, simply move the body of the reference to the transcluded content.

Parameters

  • 1 or article — Title of the article to transclude. Only required parameter. If no other parameters are used, the lead section will be transcluded (see example).
  • 2 or section — Title of the section to transclude (see example).
  • fragment — Name of the fragment to transclude. Must be marked with <section begin=Name of the fragment/> and <section end=Name of the fragment/> in the transcluded article (see example).
  • nohat — Hide the hatnote "This section is an excerpt from..."
  • paragraphs — Specify the paragraphs to transclude. For example 1-3,5 will transclude paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 5. By default all paragraphs are transcluded. Notice that if the paragraph order changes in the source article, the transcluded paragraphs will change too and without any notice, so use with caution. Doesn't work with fragment.
  • files — Specify the files to transclude. For example 1-3,5 will transclude files 1, 2, 3 and 5. By default only the first file is transcluded. Doesn't work with fragment.
  • indicator — Determines whether to show a vertical bar along the excerpt to indicate where it starts and where it ends. By default none is shown. Set to yes to cause it to show.
  • references — Determines whether to transclude references or not. By default all references are transcluded. Set to no to prevent it.
  • tables — Determines whether to transclude tables or not. By default all tables are transcluded. Set to no to prevent it.
  • subsections — Use together with section to transclude the entire section including any subsections. Notice that if the transclusion is done from a section level 3, and the transcluded subsections are level 3 too, then the transcluded subsections will show with the same hierarchy as the transcluding section, which is probably not desirable, so use with caution.
  • tag — By default the excerpt is wrapped with <div> tags. Set to span to wrap it with <span> tags instead.

Replacing Template:Main

Excerpts can often be used in place of {{Main}}, after merging the content of the section into the main article. Doing so usually improves the main article as well as the section.

An efficient way to proceed is:

  1. Open the article with {{Main}} in one tab, and the main article in another.
  2. Edit both.
  3. Copy the text of the section with {{Main}} and paste it below the introduction of the main article.
  4. Delete repeated content and adjust using common sense.
  5. Save the changes in the main article with an edit summary like: Bring content from [[Some article]].
  6. Back to the section with {{Main}}, delete all content and replace it for an excerpt.
  7. Save the changes in the section with an edit summary like: Move content to [[Main article]] and leave excerpt.
  8. Check for any problems with references and fix as needed.

Compared to #section

For simple cases of transcluding sections of articles, the {{#section}}, {{#section-x}}, and {{#section-h}} (abbreviated {{#lst}}, {{#lstx}}, and {{#lsth}})) parser functions can be used instead of this template. {{#lsth:article|section}} will transclude the section of "article" with the header "section", and {{#lsth:article}} will transclude the lead section of "article". Excerpting only specific paragraphs can be done by marking up the source article with <section>...</section> tags and using {{#lst:fragmentname}} to transclude those fragments, which is equivalent to using the |fragment= parameter with this template. <lsth>...</lsth> can also be used to transclude everything but those fragments.

The text will not be trimmed of excess whitespace, there will not be a header (equivalent to |nohat=yes, and all files, templates, tables, references, and subsections will be included unless the source article is marked up with <section>...</section>, <noinclude>...</noinclude>, or <onlyinclude>...</onlyinclude> tags. Self links will appear in bold.

Examples

Lead section

{{Excerpt|Science}}
This section is an excerpt from Science[ edit ]

Science is a rigorous, systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.[1][2] Modern science is typically divided into three major branches:[3] the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies;[4][5] and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules.[6][7] There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are science disciplines,[8][9][10] because they do not rely on empirical evidence.[11][9] Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine.[12][13][14]

The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to Bronze Age Egypt and Mesopotamia from around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, were made during the Golden Age of India.[15]:{{{1}}}[16][17][18] Scientific research deteriorated in these regions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire during the early middle ages (400 to 1000 CE), but in the Medieval renaissances (Carolingian Renaissance, Ottonian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century) scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age[19] and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek manuscripts from the dying Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in the Renaissance.

The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy",[20][21][22] which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century[23] as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.[24][25] The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape,[26][27] along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".[28]

New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.[29][30] Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in academic and research institutions,[31] government agencies, and companies.[32][33] The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the ethical and moral development of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and environmental protection.
Sources

  1. ↑ Wilson, E.O. (1999). "The natural sciences". Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (Reprint ed.). New York: Vintage. pp. 49–71. ISBN 978-0-679-76867-8. https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135. 
  2. ↑ Heilbron, J.L. (2003). "Preface". The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–x. ISBN 978-0-19-511229-0. "...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." 
  3. ↑ Cohen, Eliel (2021). "The boundary lens: theorising academic actitity". The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge. pp. 14–41. ISBN 978-0-367-56298-4. https://www.routledge.com/The-University-and-its-Boundaries-Thriving-or-Surviving-in-the-21st-Century/Cohen/p/book/9780367562984. Retrieved May 4, 2021. 
  4. ↑ Colander, David C.; Hunt, Elgin F. (2019). "Social science and its methods". Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1–22. 
  5. ↑ Nisbet, Robert A.; Greenfeld, Liah (October 16, 2020). "Social Science". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science. Retrieved May 9, 2021. 
  6. ↑ Löwe, Benedikt (2002). "The formal sciences: their scope, their foundations, and their unity". Synthese 133 (1/2): 5–11. doi:10.1023/A:1020887832028. 
  7. ↑ Rucker, Rudy (2019). "Robots and souls". Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite (Reprint ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 157–188. ISBN 978-0-691-19138-6. http://www.rudyrucker.com/infinityandthemind/#calibre_link-328. Retrieved May 11, 2021. 
  8. ↑ Bishop, Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-7923-1270-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=9AgrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54. Retrieved March 24, 2018. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nickles, Thomas (2013). "The Problem of Demarcation". Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 104. 
  10. ↑ Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science. 1, From Problem to Theory (revised ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6. 
  11. ↑ Fetzer, James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-4438-1946-6. 
  12. ↑ Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014). "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education". GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung 31 (2): Doc24. doi:10.3205/zma000916. PMID 24872859. 
  13. ↑ Sinclair, Marius (1993). "On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods". The International Journal of Engineering Education. https://www.ijee.ie/contents/c090593.html. Retrieved September 7, 2018. 
  14. ↑ Bunge, M (1966). "Technology as Applied Science". in Rapp, F.. Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 19–39. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2. ISBN 978-94-010-2184-5. 
  15. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226482057. 
  16. ↑ Grant, Edward (2007). "Ancient Egypt to Plato". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-521-68957-1. https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n16. 
  17. ↑ Building Bridges Among the BRICs, p. 125, Robert Crane, Springer, 2014
  18. ↑ Keay, John (2000). India: A history. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2. https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132. "The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden." 
  19. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–92. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. 
  20. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. 
  21. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. 
  22. ↑ Sease, Virginia; Schmidt-Brabant, Manfrid. Thinkers, Saints, Heretics: Spiritual Paths of the Middle Ages. 2007. Pages 80-81. Retrieved 6 Oct. 2023
  23. ↑ Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-19-956741-6. 
  24. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The legacy of ancient and medieval science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 357–368. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. 
  25. ↑ Grant, Edward (2007). "Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–322. ISBN 978-0-521-68957-1. https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran. 
  26. ↑ Cahan, David, ed (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08928-7. 
  27. ↑ Lightman, Bernard (2011). "13. Science and the Public". in Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-226-31783-0. 
  28. ↑ Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-226-18451-7. "The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life." 
  29. ↑ MacRitchie, Finlay (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Research as a Career. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-1-4398-6965-9. https://www.routledge.com/Scientific-Research-as-a-Career/MacRitchie/p/book/9781439869659. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 
  30. ↑ Marder, Michael P. (2011). "Curiosity and research". Research Methods for Science. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-0-521-14584-8. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/research-methods-for-science/1C04E5D747781B68C52A79EE86BF584B. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 
  31. ↑ de Ridder, Jeroen (2020). "How many scientists does it take to have knowledge?". What is Scientific Knowledge? An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science. New York: Routledge. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-1-138-57016-0. https://www.routledge.com/What-is-Scientific-Knowledge-An-Introduction-to-Contemporary-Epistemology/McCain-Kampourakis/p/book/9781138570153. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 
  32. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–192. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. 
  33. ↑ Szycher, Michael (2016). "Establishing your dream team". Commercialization Secrets for Scientists and Engineers. New York: Routledge. pp. 159–176. ISBN 978-1-138-40741-1. https://www.routledge.com/Commercialization-Secrets-for-Scientists-and-Engineers/Szycher/p/book/9781498730600. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 

Specific section

{{Excerpt|List of continents by population|South America}}
This section is an excerpt from List of continents by population § South America[ edit ]
Total South America
YearPop.±%
1950 113,739,000—    
1960 149,066,000+31.1%
1970 193,486,000+29.8%
1980 242,862,000+25.5%
1990 297,869,000+22.6%
2000 349,796,000+17.4%
2010 397,085,000+13.5%
2018 423,581,078+6.7%

Specific fragment

{{Excerpt|2020 Republican Party presidential primaries|fragment=declared}}

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Sources

Notes

See also

Template data

This template is used for transcluding part of an article into another article.

Template parameters

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
Article1 article

Title of the article to transclude

Example
Science
Page namerequired
Section2 section

Title of the section to transclude

Example
History
Stringoptional
Fragmentfragment

Name of the fragment to transclude

Example
definition
Stringoptional
No hatnotenohat

Whether to remove the hatnote

Example
yes
Booleanoptional
Indicatorindicator

Whether to indicate the start and finish of the excerpt

Example
yes
Booleanoptional
Paragraphsparagraphs

What paragraphs to transclude

Example
1-3,5
Stringoptional
Filesfiles

What files to transclude

Default
1
Example
1-3,5
Stringoptional
Tablestables

Determines whether to transclude tables or not

Default
yes
Example
no
Booleanoptional
Referencesreferences

Determines whether to transclude references or not

Default
yes
Example
no
Booleanoptional
Subsectionssubsections

Whether to transclude the subsections of the requested section

Example
yes
Booleanoptional
Tagtag

Allows use of "span" rather than "div" for when you don't want a line break before or after the excerpt

Default
div
Example
span
Stringoptional


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