Biology:Dracophyllum longifolium
| Dracophyllum longifolium | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | Dracophyllum |
| Species: | D. longifolium
|
| Binomial name | |
| Dracophyllum longifolium | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Dracophyllum lyallii Hook.f. | |
Dracophyllum longifolium, commonly called inaka (from Māori), is an upright shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae that is endemic to New Zealand.
Dracophyllum longifolium grows mostly in the South Island but is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). Inaka occurs in open forests where it can grow as high as 12 metres and in sub-alpine areas it generally reaches 1–1.5 metres (3 ft 3 in–4 ft 11 in).[4][5]
Description
Dracophyllum longifolium has thin branches that become marked with rings as old leaves die. The needle-like long leaves are 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) wide and up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long with a pointed tip and are often softly coloured from green through to orange and brown.
Inaka is a long-lived plant and can survive for up to 220 years.[6]
Adult leaves
Taxonomy
Varieties
This species has the following varieties:[7]
- Dracophyllum longifolium var. longifolium
- Dracophyllum longifolium var. septentrionale
Phylogeny
Template:Dracophyllum Top CladogramIn a 1952 supplement of the Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N. Z., W. R. B. Oliver published a revised taxonomic arrangement of the genus Dracophyllum which he had first attempted in 1928. In this supplement he placed D. longifolium in a group with D. oliveri within the subgenus Oreothemanus. Oliver, however, conducted his research based purely on morphological characteristics such as growth habit, leaves, and flowers. In 2010 a team of several botanists, including Stephanus Venter, published an article on the genus Dracophyllum in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. In it they performed a cladistic analysis and produced a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Richeeae and other species using genetic sequencing. They found that only the subgenus Oreothamnus as well as the tribe Richeeae were monophyletic. The paraphylly of the genus Dracophyllum, as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea, they argued, suggested that a major taxonomic revision was required.[8][9] Stephanus Venter revised the genus in 2021, merging the genus Richea into two subgenera, named D. subg. Cystanthe and D. subg. Dracophylloides, of Dracophyllum. Though he noted that because the 2010 study was based on plastid sequence data and did not attain some species with strong enough evidence, the subgenera are instead based on morphological characteristics.[10] D. longifolium's placement can be summarised in the cladogram at right.
Conservation status
In both 2009 and 2012, D. longifolium var. longifolium was deemed to be "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System,[11] and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018.[12] However, D. longifolium var. septentrionale was classified as "At Risk - Naturally Uncommon" in 2012,[13] and in 2018.[12]
References
- ↑ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. (2018). "Dracophyllum longifolium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T49482797A135793150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T49482797A135793150.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/49482797/135793150. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Dracophyllum longifolium (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77133255-1.
- ↑ Brown, R. (1819). Roemer, J.J.. ed. "Dracophyllum longifolium". Systema Vegetabilium Edn. 16 4: 385. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/10979/?offset=#page=451&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=.
- ↑ "Dracophyllum longifolium". http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Dracophyllum-longifolium.html.
- ↑ Metcalf, Lawrie. "Dracophyllum longifolium". http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/draclong.htm.
- ↑ Scheele, Sue; Sweetapple, Peter. "Neinei and Inanga" (in en). Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/science/plants-animals-fungi/plants/ethnobotany/weaving-plants/information-sheets/neinei-and-inanga.
- ↑ Eagle, Audrey (2008) (in en). Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New Zealand volume two. Wellington: Te Papa Press. pp. 576–578. ISBN 9780909010089. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63848049.
- ↑ Wagstaff, Steven J.; Dawson, Murray I.; Venter, Stephanus; Munzinger, Jérôme; Crayn, Darren M.; Steane, Dorothy A.; Lemson, Kristina L. (2010). "Origin, diversification, and classification of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97 (2): 235–258. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732242.
- ↑ Oliver, W. R. B. (1952) (in English). A Revision of the Genus Dracophyllum: Supplement. https://archive.org/details/transactions-and-proceedings-royal-society-new-zealand-80-001-017.
- ↑ Venter, Stephanus (March 2021). "A taxonomic revision of the Australasian genera Dracophyllum and Richea (Richeeae: Styphelioideae: Ericaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 34 (2): 7 & 68–73. doi:10.1071/SB19049_CO. https://bioone.org/journals/australian-systematic-botany/volume-34/issue-2/SB19049_CO/A-taxonomic-revision-of-the-Australasian-genera-Dracophyllum-and-Richea/10.1071/SB19049_CO.full.
- ↑ "Dracophyllum longifolium var. longifolium | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1817.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla, J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.M.; Ford, K.A. et al. (2018-05-01). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017". New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22: 43, 62. OCLC 1041649797. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf.
- ↑ "Dracophyllum longifolium var. septentrionale | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=101.
Wikidata ☰ Q5304666 entry
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