Social:Timeline of governance and policy studies 2020–present

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Timeline of significant events in policy studies, governance studies, [[international relations studies and [[security studies that are related to policy (or policies) in or for multiple countries, internationally or globally.

Studies or events relating to policies within only a single country as well as reports by think tanks and other organizations that were not published in an academic journal are not included here.

Environmental policy

Funding for climate research in the natural and technical sciences versus the social sciences and humanities[1]
2020
  • February – A study reviews the literature on climate change mitigation (CCM) co-benefits, concluding that these benefits are commonly overlooked in policy-making. Such benefits include physical activity, soil and water quality, energy security and air quality. The share of studies "quantifying or monetizing co-benefits" is found to be limited, despite often equaling or exceeding CCM benefits values.[2][better source needed][3]
  • March – A study reviews and assesses climate change mitigation polices for global industry (alongside technologies).[4][5]
  • March – A study with over 3,600 signatories assesses the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, broadly describing 10 "action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation".[6][7]
  • April – A review shows that and how economic (GDP) growth contributes to biodiversity loss, despite the majority of international biodiversity and sustainability policies advocating for economic growth and outlines broad policy proposals to move beyond the growth paradigm while enhancing overall prosperity.[8][9]
  • June – A study assesses the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on institutions and policies across countries and globally based on over 3,000 studies, suggesting that the goals' impact has been "largely discursive, affecting the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development" but otherwise had "only limited transformative political impact".[10][11]
2021
  • February – A study concludes that the rates of emissions reductions need to increase by 80% beyond NDCs to meet the 2 °C upper target range of the Paris Agreement, that the probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low, estimating that with current trends the probability of staying below 2 °C of warming is 5% and if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatory systems 26%.[12][13]
  • August – A study suggests that the global policy Montreal Protocol intended to control the production of ozone-depleting substances has also substantially mitigated climate change.[14][15]
  • September – A study reports that transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence because renewable energy systems don't need fuel – they depend on trade only for the acquisition of materials and components during construction.[16][17]
    Further information: Renewable energy § Geopolitics of renewable energy
  • November – A study contributes to a disentangling of the current geopolitical and economic implications of and incentives for a swift renewable energy transition, suggesting i.a. that how fast fossil energy markets decline is primarily decided by the major energy importers China, India, Japan and the EU and that transition dynamics may reverse the free-rider problem in the case of energy sectors, specifically from strategic national standpoints which are not short-term.[18][19]
Trends in atmospheric CO
2 and global temperature change – climate policies
Updated probabilistic forecast of CO2 emissions, based on data to 2015 and the method of Raftery et al.[13]
2022
  • June – An analysis of city planning policies of 25 cities suggest that, "despite common policy rhetoric endorsing healthy and sustainable cities, there was a paucity of measurable policy targets in place to achieve these aspirations".[20][21]
  • June – A systematic review aggregates 530 policy proposals from the degrowth literature, divided into 13 policy themes, and assesses their overall precision, frequency, quality, and diversity.[22][additional citation(s) needed][23]

Policies in society

2021
  • April – A study proposes "redistributing the national carbon pricing revenues domestically as an equal-per-capita climate dividend".[24][25]
  • June – Academics argue that climate policy models need to reflect social realities and possibilities as they are built on "an oversimplified logic: that people are rational optimizers of scarce resources".[26][27]
  • October – A multilevel approach to examining climate policy support concludes anticipated policy impacts predicted policy support more strongly than perceived climate risks.[28][29]
2022

Space policy

A study outlines rationale for space governance of satellites/space debris similar to terrestrial environmental regulations.
2021
  • November – A study reports that, as plans for space exploration and commercial use expand rapidly, planetary biosecurity protocols should be substantially enhanced with sophisticated protocols – beyond goals and recommendations – being "required to prevent biological contamination of extraterrestrial environments from Earth and vice versa".[34][35]
2022

Security studies

Studies from the fields of security studies about policies.

Health policy

Health policy studies that are not substantially related to environmental issues or mainly about security.

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries[43]
2020
  • March – A study reviews social policy experiments to improve health.[44][45]
2021
  • January – A study reviews tobacco control policies worldwide.[46][47]
  • April – A study reviews policies – such as targeted taxes or subsidies for truly healthy foods – to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating.[48][better source needed][49]
  • May – Psychiatrists report that in drug liberalization "more genuine and sounder reform concepts are needed" to "genuinely move 'drug use' from a crime to a public health issue" and that such would "require consideration of legalization and regulation frameworks".[50][51]
    Further information: Opioid epidemic and Legality of cannabis
  • June – Influence of "vested corporate interests on the activities of the World Health Organization and UN bodies" is investigated, with a study exploring "how ultra-processed food industry actors have attempted to influence [non-communicable disease] policy at WHO".[52][53]
  • November – An analysis of 194 countries concludes that aggregate policy score mean implementation of WHO-recommended population-level policies against non-communicable diseases had increased only slowly – from 39% in 2015 to 47% in 2020 – and had reversed for a third of all policies, with implementation lowest for policies relating to alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy foods.[54][55]
  • November – Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a meta-analysis investigates and compares the efficacy of public health COVID-19 mitigation policies.[56][57]
2022
  • August – An expert survey study indicates there may be substantial difference in drug policy and "professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists".[58][59]

General and other

2020
  • May – A study presents a new approach to innovation policy "in which the state is not only fixing markets but actively co-creating them", concluding i.a. that policies "that explicitly take into consideration the risk-taking entrepreneurial role of the state, can positively affect reward distributions and favor more equitable public–private partnerships".[60][61]
2021
  • June – A study introduces a typology of identified strategies used by industries to maximise the volume, credibility, reach, and use of industry-favourable science.[62][better source needed][63]
  • August – A study illustrates "how the fossil fuel industry has funded biased economic analyses to oppose climate policy".[64][65]
  • October – Researchers release a "policy sequencing" framework, in particular for policies of polycentric governance for completely halting and preventing deforestation based on data about already implemented government-designed policies, UN-decided REDD+ initiatives and voluntary private sector initiatives of recent deforestation interventions.[66][67]
2022
  • 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Scientists warn that policy-makers should not abandon sustainable farming practices to increase grain production in response to resulting food insecurity, but change "the demand side which can lead to both a more resilient and more sustainable global food system"[68] – such as limiting the import of animal feed[69] – and e.g. expanding wheat production in high-productivity areas (March).[70] A researcher outlined a number of possible major policy-based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war (June).[71] In a study, researchers argue that "expansion of the natural gas infrastructure [in Europe in response to the Russian invasion] hinders a renewable energy future and is no bridge technology".[72][73][74]
See also: Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
  • March – Wicked Problems in Public Policy is published. In the book, a researcher provides analysis and reflection about solving complex and wicked problems in terms of solution-contributions of research and analysis and approaches to solving them have developed along/within society in recent years.[75][additional citation(s) needed][76] One chapter highlights a problem of evidence-based policy approaches that "Evidence and expertise are mobilised selectively by policy actors to influence the perceived credibility of their own favoured policy options".[77]

Digital policy

Financial policies

Policies relating to anti-money laundering, tax-evasion/tax havens, sourcing of finances for policies and similar topics or fields.

2020
  • February – A study concludes that "anti-money laundering policy intervention has less than 0.1 percent impact on criminal finances, compliance costs exceed recovered criminal funds more than a hundred times over, and banks, taxpayers and ordinary citizens are penalized more than criminal enterprises". It suggests "The 'success rate' of Europe's anti-money laundering effort is puny. Likewise, globally."[80][81]

Research and development, organization and coordination

Research and development relating to policy-making or policy analysis as well as associated organizations or coordination.

2021
  • March – The Decarbonisation Policy Evaluation Tool,[82] an online interface that systematically synthesizes "in an easily searchable manner what is known – and what is not known – about the impact of different policies used to accelerate low-carbon energy transitions on a set of seven performance indicators", is introduced in a study. The study summarizes findings about outcomes and trade-offs of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments, suggesting that policies "can be designed and balanced to benefit local firms and lower-income families".[83][84]
  • August – A study concludes that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of climate change mitigation adn suggest that that the economic recovery from COVID-19 and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first trial implementations in climate-conscious technologically advanced countries. PCAs would consist of – e.g. monetary – credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels – aligned with calculated regional maximum emissions for emission-target achievement – of per capita emissions allowances.[85][86][87]

Science–policy interface

2021
  • February – Scientists argue that there is a need for a "global science-policy body on chemicals and waste".[88][89]
    Further information: Waste management and Waste sorting
  • June – A study identifies 14 strategies to building trust at the interface of environmental science and policy and suggest that such is a "critical pre-condition for achieving evidence-informed policy".[90][91]
2022

See also

Fields and concepts
Methods
Topics

Topics not (yet) included


References

  1. ↑ Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020). "The misallocation of climate research funding" (in en). Energy Research & Social Science 62: 101349. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349. ISSN 2214-6296. 
  2. ↑ "Why corporate climate pledges of 'net-zero' emissions should trigger a healthy dose of skepticism". www.yahoo.com. https://www.yahoo.com/now/why-companies-net-zero-emissions-123358675.html. 
  3. ↑ Karlsson, Mikael; Alfredsson, Eva; Westling, Nils (15 March 2020). "Climate policy co-benefits: a review". Climate Policy 20 (3): 292–316. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070. ISSN 1469-3062. 
  4. ↑ "Major new study charts course to net zero industrial emissions" (in en). Resources for the Future via techxplore.com. https://techxplore.com/news/2020-04-major-net-industrial-emissions.html. 
  5. ↑ Rissman, Jeffrey; Bataille, Chris; Masanet, Eric; Aden, Nate; Morrow, William R.; Zhou, Nan; Elliott, Neal; Dell, Rebecca et al. (15 May 2020). "Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070" (in en). Applied Energy 266: 114848. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848. ISSN 0306-2619. 
  6. ↑ Widarni, Eny Lestari; Drean, Benjamin (27 July 2021) (in en). Human Capital in Agribusiness and Agriculture: Human Capital Studies in Agribusiness and Agriculture in Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa and America. BookRix. pp. 25. ISBN 978-3-7487-8994-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=xuE6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25. Retrieved 26 September 2022. 
  7. ↑ Pe'er, Guy; Bonn, Aletta; Bruelheide, Helge; Dieker, Petra; Eisenhauer, Nico; Feindt, Peter H.; Hagedorn, Gregor; Hansjürgens, Bernd et al. (June 2020). "Action needed for the EU Common Agricultural Policy to address sustainability challenges" (in en). People and Nature 2 (2): 305–316. doi:10.1002/pan3.10080. ISSN 2575-8314. PMID 32626843. 
  8. ↑ Dickie, Gloria. "Global Biodiversity Is in Free Fall" (in en). Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/global-biodiversity-is-in-free-fall/. 
  9. ↑ Otero, Iago; Farrell, Katharine N.; Pueyo, Salvador; Kallis, Giorgos; Kehoe, Laura; Haberl, Helmut; Plutzar, Christoph; Hobson, Peter et al. (July 2020). "Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth" (in en). Conservation Letters 13 (4): e12713. doi:10.1111/conl.12713. ISSN 1755-263X. PMID 32999687. 
  10. ↑ Group, Nature Publishing. "UN Sustainable Development Goals are influencing narrative, not policy" (in en). phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2022-06-sustainable-goals-narrative-policy.html. 
  11. ↑ Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne; Beisheim, Marianne; Bernstein, Steven; Chasek, Pamela; Grob, Leonie; Kim, Rakhyun E. et al. (September 2022). "Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals" (in en). Nature Sustainability 5 (9): 795–800. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00909-5. ISSN 2398-9629. 
  12. ↑ "Limiting warming to 2 C requires emissions reductions 80% above Paris Agreement targets" (in en). phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-limiting-requires-emissions-reductions-paris.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Liu, Peiran R.; Raftery, Adrian E. (9 February 2021). "Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target" (in en). Communications Earth & Environment 2 (1): 29. doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8. ISSN 2662-4435. PMID 33899003. Bibcode: 2021ComEE...2...29L. 
  14. ↑ "Saving ozone layer has given humans a chance in climate crisis – study" (in en). The Guardian. 19 August 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/19/saving-ozone-layer-has-given-humans-a-chance-in-climate-crisis-study. 
  15. ↑ Young, Paul J.; Harper, Anna B.; Huntingford, Chris; Paul, Nigel D.; Morgenstern, Olaf; Newman, Paul A.; Oman, Luke D.; Madronich, Sasha et al. (August 2021). "The Montreal Protocol protects the terrestrial carbon sink" (in en). Nature 596 (7872): 384–388. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03737-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34408332. Bibcode: 2021Natur.596..384Y. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531263/1/N531263PP.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Renewable energy will increase security and lower geopolitical risk, study shows" (in en). Rice University via techxplore.com. https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-renewable-energy-geopolitical.html. 
  17. ↑ Krane, Jim; Idel, Robert (1 December 2021). "More transitions, less risk: How renewable energy reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence". Energy Research & Social Science 82: 102311. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102311. ISSN 2214-6296. 
  18. ↑ Watts, Jonathan; Kirk, Ashley; McIntyre, Niamh; Gutiérrez, Pablo; Kommenda, Niko. "Half world's fossil fuel assets could become worthless by 2036 in net zero transition" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/nov/04/fossil-fuel-assets-worthless-2036-net-zero-transition. 
  19. ↑ Mercure, J.-F.; Salas, P.; Vercoulen, P.; Semieniuk, G.; Lam, A.; Pollitt, H.; Holden, P. B.; Vakilifard, N. et al. (4 November 2021). "Reframing incentives for climate policy action" (in en). Nature Energy 6 (12): 1133–1143. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00934-2. ISSN 2058-7546. Bibcode: 2021NatEn...6.1133M. 
  20. ↑ Lowe, Melanie (13 July 2022). "Australian cities failing on walkability". The Mandarin. https://www.themandarin.com.au/194561-australian-cities-failing-on-walkability/. 
  21. ↑ Lowe, Melanie; Adlakha, Deepti; Sallis, James F.; Salvo, Deborah; Cerin, Ester; Moudon, Anne Vernez; Higgs, Carl; Hinckson, Erica et al. (1 June 2022). "City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities" (in English). The Lancet Global Health 10 (6): e882–e894. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00069-9. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 35561723. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(22)00069-9/fulltext. 
  22. ↑ "New paper explores degrowth policy proposals – ESEE". https://ecolecon.eu/new-paper-explores-degrowth-policy-proposals/. 
  23. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Nick; Parrique, Timothée; Cosme, Inês (10 September 2022). "Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis" (in en). Journal of Cleaner Production 365: 132764. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764. ISSN 0959-6526. 
  24. ↑ Galey, Patrick. "Progressive climate policy can reduce extreme poverty: study" (in en). phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2021-04-fair-climate-policy-extreme-poverty.html. 
  25. ↑ Soergel, Bjoern; Kriegler, Elmar; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Bauer, Nico; Leimbach, Marian; Popp, Alexander (27 April 2021). "Combining ambitious climate policies with efforts to eradicate poverty" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 2342. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22315-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33907192. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12.2342S. 
  26. ↑ "Perspective | Better climate models would build in political and personal decisions". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/08/25/climate-models-social-policymakers/. 
  27. ↑ Peng, Wei; Iyer, Gokul; Bosetti, Valentina; Chaturvedi, Vaibhav; Edmonds, James; Fawcett, Allen A.; Hallegatte, Stéphane; Victor, David G. et al. (June 2021). "Climate policy models need to get real about people — here's how" (in en). Nature 594 (7862): 174–176. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01500-2. PMID 34103720. Bibcode: 2021Natur.594..174P. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01500-2. Retrieved 25 September 2022. 
  28. ↑ DeWeerdt, Sarah (16 November 2021). "The public prefers climate carrots to climate sticks". https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2021/11/the-public-prefers-climate-carrots-to-sticks/. 
  29. ↑ Geiger, Nathaniel; Swim, Janet K.; Benson, Lizbeth (1 December 2021). "Using the three-pillar model of sustainability to understand lay reactions to climate policy: A multilevel approach" (in en). Environmental Science & Policy 126: 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.09.023. ISSN 1462-9011. https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/0a6610db-7538-457b-8ed2-addbdf60b6ec/downloads/20481. 
  30. ↑ "How politics, society, and tech shape the path of climate change" (in en). U.C. Davis. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-politics-society-tech-path-climate.html. 
  31. ↑ Moore, Frances C.; Lacasse, Katherine; Mach, Katharine J.; Shin, Yoon Ah; Gross, Louis J.; Beckage, Brian (March 2022). "Determinants of emissions pathways in the coupled climate–social system" (in en). Nature 603 (7899): 103–111. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04423-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35173331. Bibcode: 2022Natur.603..103M. 
  32. ↑ Clifford, Catherine. "Americans don't think other Americans care about climate change as much as they do" (in en). CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/24/americans-underestimate-how-much-their-peers-care-about-climate-change.html. 
  33. ↑ Sparkman, Gregg; Geiger, Nathan; Weber, Elke U. (23 August 2022). "Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half" (in en). Nature Communications 13 (1): 4779. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 35999211. 
  34. ↑ "We Need To Protect Earth (And Space) From Interplanetary Invaders" (in en). IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/we-need-to-prepare-for-international-biosecurity-61666. 
  35. ↑ Ricciardi, Anthony; Cassey, Phillip; Leuko, Stefan; Woolnough, Andrew P (17 November 2021). "Planetary Biosecurity: Applying Invasion Science to Prevent Biological Contamination from Space Travel". BioScience 72 (3): 247–253. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab115. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiab115. 
  36. ↑ "Orbital space around Earth must be protected amid rise in satellites, say scientists" (in en). The Guardian. 22 April 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/apr/22/orbital-space-earth-protected-scientists-satellites. 
  37. ↑ Lawrence, Andy; Rawls, Meredith L.; Jah, Moriba; Boley, Aaron; Di Vruno, Federico; Garrington, Simon; Kramer, Michael; Lawler, Samantha et al. (April 2022). "The case for space environmentalism" (in en). Nature Astronomy 6 (4): 428–435. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6. ISSN 2397-3366. Bibcode: 2022NatAs...6..428L. 
  38. ↑ Bernstein, Aaron S.; Ando, Amy W.; Loch-Temzelides, Ted; Vale, Mariana M.; Li, Binbin V.; Li, Hongying; Busch, Jonah; Chapman, Colin A. et al. (4 February 2022). "The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics" (in en). Science Advances 8 (5): eabl4183. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl4183. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 35119921. Bibcode: 2022SciA....8.4183B. 
  39. ↑ Aiyar, Anaka; Pingali, Prabhu (1 August 2020). "Pandemics and food systems - towards a proactive food safety approach to disease prevention & management" (in en). Food Security 12 (4): 749–756. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01074-3. ISSN 1876-4525. PMID 32837645. 
  40. ↑ Shehri, Saud Ali Al; Al-Sulaiman, A. M.; Azmi, Sarfuddin; Alshehri, Sultan S. (January 2022). "Bio-safety and bio-security: A major global concern for ongoing COVID-19 pandemic" (in en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 29 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.060. PMID 34483699. 
  41. ↑ Piper, Kelsey (5 April 2022). "Why experts are terrified of a human-made pandemic — and what we can do to stop it" (in en). Vox. https://www.vox.com/22937531/virus-lab-safety-pandemic-prevention. 
  42. ↑ "Biologists rush to re-create the China coronavirus from its genetic code" (in en). MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/15/844752/biologists-rush-to-re-create-the-china-coronavirus-from-its-dna-code/. 
  43. ↑ "Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier". Our World in Data. 26 May 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/the-link-between-life-expectancy-and-health-spending-us-focus. 
  44. ↑ "Social policies might not only improve economic well-being, but also health" (in en). Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2020-03-social-policies-economic-well-being-health.html. 
  45. ↑ Courtin, Emilie; Kim, Sooyoung; Song, Shanshan; Yu, Wenya; Muennig, Peter (June 2020). "Can Social Policies Improve Health? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of 38 Randomized Trials" (in en). The Milbank Quarterly 98 (2): 297–371. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12451. ISSN 0887-378X. PMID 32191359. 
  46. ↑ Mozes, Alan. "New Zealand aims for zero smokers in a generation. Could the plan work elsewhere?" (in en). medicalxpress.com. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-12-zealand-aims-smokers.html. 
  47. ↑ Flor, Luisa S.; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Gupta, Vinay; Ng, Marie; Gakidou, Emmanuela (February 2021). "The effects of tobacco control policies on global smoking prevalence" (in en). Nature Medicine 27 (2): 239–243. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01210-8. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 33479500. 
  48. ↑ Mitchell, Courtney (15 April 2021). "For a healthier world, target ultra-processed foods". https://www.globalfoodresearchprogram.org/for-a-healthier-world-target-ultra-processed-foods-2/. 
  49. ↑ Popkin, Barry M.; Barquera, Simon; Corvalan, Camila; Hofman, Karen J.; Monteiro, Carlos; Ng, Shu Wen; Swart, Elizabeth C.; Taillie, Lindsey Smith (1 July 2021). "Towards unified and impactful policies to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating" (in English). The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 9 (7): 462–470. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00078-4. ISSN 2213-8587. PMID 33865500. 
  50. ↑ Greer, Alissa. "Decriminalizing drug use is necessary, but won't end opioid overdose crisis" (in en). medicalxpress.com. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-decriminalizing-drug-wont-opioid-overdose.html. 
  51. ↑ Fischer, Benedikt; Boyd, Neil; Brochu, Serge (January 2022). "Proposals for Decriminalization of Illicit Drug Use: Considering a Combination of déjà-vu , Diversion and Devil-with-many-details for Health-oriented Policy Reform" (in en). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 67 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1177/07067437211019656. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 34036818. 
  52. ↑ Marteau, Theresa M.; Chater, Nick; Garnett, Emma E. (7 October 2021). "Changing behaviour for net zero 2050" (in en). BMJ 375: n2293. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2293. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 34615652. 
  53. ↑ Lauber, Kathrin; Rutter, Harry; Gilmore, Anna B. (1 June 2021). "Big food and the World Health Organization: a qualitative study of industry attempts to influence global-level non-communicable disease policy" (in en). BMJ Global Health 6 (6): e005216. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005216. ISSN 2059-7908. PMID 34117011. 
  54. ↑ "Implementation of WHO's recommended public health policies has been slow globally, says study" (in en). News-Medical.net. 20 October 2021. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211020/Implementation-of-WHOs-recommended-public-health-policies-has-been-slow-globally-says-study.aspx. 
  55. ↑ Allen, Luke N.; Wigley, Simon; Holmer, Hampus (1 November 2021). "Implementation of non-communicable disease policies from 2015 to 2020: a geopolitical analysis of 194 countries" (in English). The Lancet Global Health 9 (11): e1528–e1538. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00359-4. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 34678197. 
  56. ↑ "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing COVID-19 incidence" (in en). News-Medical.net. 23 November 2021. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211123/Effectiveness-of-public-health-measures-in-reducing-COVID-19-incidence.aspx. 
  57. ↑ Talic, Stella; Shah, Shivangi; Wild, Holly; Gasevic, Danijela; Maharaj, Ashika; Ademi, Zanfina; Li, Xue; Xu, Wei et al. (18 November 2021). "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis" (in en). BMJ 375: e068302. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 34789505. 
  58. ↑ Caldwell, Emily. "Psychiatrists disagree with US policy on psychoactive drugs" (in en). The Ohio State University via medicalxpress.com. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-psychiatrists-policy-psychoactive-drugs.html. 
  59. ↑ Levin, Adam; Nagib, Paul B; Deiparine, Selina; Gao, Thomas; Mitchell, Justin; Davis, Alan K (1 October 2022). "Inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the United States" (in en). International Journal of Drug Policy 108: 103816. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816. ISSN 0955-3959. PMID 35964449. 
  60. ↑ "The risks and rewards of public investments". https://anzsog.edu.au/research-insights-and-resources/research/the-risks-and-rewards-of-public-investments/. 
  61. ↑ Laplane, Andrea; Mazzucato, Mariana (1 December 2020). "Socializing the risks and rewards of public investments: Economic, policy, and legal issues" (in en). Research Policy 49: 100008. doi:10.1016/j.repolx.2020.100008. ISSN 0048-7333. 
  62. ↑ "Rising authoritarianism and worsening climate change share a fossil-fueled secret". news.yahoo.com. https://news.yahoo.com/rising-authoritarianism-worsening-climate-change-121726003.html. 
  63. ↑ Legg, Tess; Hatchard, Jenny; Gilmore, Anna B. (23 June 2021). "The Science for Profit Model—How and why corporations influence science and the use of science in policy and practice" (in en). PLOS ONE 16 (6): e0253272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253272. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 34161371. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1653272L. 
  64. ↑ "How a 50-year-old PR strategy influenced the Supreme Court's EPA decision" (in en-us). Grist. 6 July 2022. https://grist.org/economics/supreme-court-epa-decision-bruce-harrison-public-relations/. 
  65. ↑ Franta, Benjamin (7 June 2022). "Weaponizing economics: Big Oil, economic consultants, and climate policy delay". Environmental Politics 31 (4): 555–575. doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.1947636. ISSN 0964-4016. 
  66. ↑ "Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation" (in en). Stanford University. https://phys.org/news/2021-10-reveal-sequence-policies-essential-deforestation.html. 
  67. ↑ Furumo, Paul R.; Lambin, Eric F. (27 October 2021). "Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation" (in en). Global Sustainability 4. doi:10.1017/sus.2021.21. ISSN 2059-4798. 
  68. ↑ "Food crisis due to Ukraine war calls for demand-side action: less animal products, less waste, and greening EU agricultural policy — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research" (in en). Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/food-crisis-due-to-ukraine-war-calls-for-action-less-meat-less-waste-and-greening-eu-agricultural-policy. 
  69. ↑ "Auswirkungen des Ukraine-Kriegs auf Ernährungssicherheit" (in en). Science Media Centre Germany. https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/rapid-reaction/details/news/auswirkungen-des-ukraine-krieg-auf-ernaehrungssicherheit/. 
  70. ↑ Bentley, Alison (22 March 2022). "Broken bread — avert global wheat crisis caused by invasion of Ukraine" (in en). Nature 603 (7902): 551. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00789-x. PMID 35318475. Bibcode: 2022Natur.603..551B. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00789-x. Retrieved 18 April 2022. 
  71. ↑ Creutzig, Felix (June 2022). "Fuel crisis: slash demand in three sectors to protect economies and climate" (in en). Nature 606 (7914): 460–462. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01616-z. PMID 35764814. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01616-z. Retrieved 22 July 2022. 
  72. ↑ "Energiewende: Effizientere Solarmodule könnten Gasimporte ersetzen – und der Landwirtschaft helfen" (in de). National Geographic. 27 July 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.de/umwelt/2022/07/energiewende-effizientere-solarmodule-koennten-gasimporte-ersetzen-und-der-landwirtschaft-helfen. 
  73. ↑ "Why natural gas is not a bridge technology" (in en). techxplore.com. https://techxplore.com/news/2022-07-natural-gas-bridge-technology.html. 
  74. ↑ Kemfert, Claudia; Präger, Fabian; Braunger, Isabell; Hoffart, Franziska M.; Brauers, Hanna (July 2022). "The expansion of natural gas infrastructure puts energy transitions at risk" (in en). Nature Energy 7 (7): 582–587. doi:10.1038/s41560-022-01060-3. ISSN 2058-7546. Bibcode: 2022NatEn...7..582K. 
  75. ↑ "After half a century of 'wicked' policy problems, are we any better at managing them?". 7 April 2022. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2022/04/07/after-half-a-century-of-wicked-policy-problems-are-we-any-better-at-managing-them/. 
  76. ↑ Head, Brian W. (2022) (in en). Wicked Problems in Public Policy: Understanding and Responding to Complex Challenges. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0. ISBN 978-3-030-94579-4. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0. 
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External links

  • Datasets published during the decade:
    • U.S. military interventions (1776–2019): Kushi, Sidita; Toft, Monica Duffy (8 August 2022). "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019". Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221117546. 
    • Organized violence (1989–2019): Pettersson, Therése; Öberg, Magnus (July 2020). "Organized violence, 1989–2019" (in en). Journal of Peace Research 57 (4): 597–613. doi:10.1177/0022343320934986. ISSN 0022-3433. 
    • Conflict events worldwide (1468BC–2022): Miller, Charles; Bakar, K. Shuvo (15 August 2022). "Conflict Events Worldwide Since 1468BC: Introducing the Historical Conflict Event Dataset" (in en). Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221119085. ISSN 0022-0027. 




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