Biology:Cuphocarpus
Cuphocarpus is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. Mabberley (2008) treated it as a synonym of Polyscias,[1] but other authors still recognized it at that time. In 2010, in a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, it was shown that Cuphocarpus was biphyletic and embedded in the large genus Polyscias.[2] In an accompanying paper, Polyscias was divided into 11 subgenera, with seven species left incertae sedis.[3]
Since Cuphocarpus is no longer an accepted genus, its species will be referred to herein by their names in Polyscias. Polyscias aculeata is the type species for Cuphocarpus. [4] It is now the sole species in Polyscias subgenus Cuphocarpus. Four other species, formerly in Cuphocarpus, are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia.[3] All species that have ever been placed in Cuphocarpus are endemic to Madagascar .[5]
Polyscias inermis has been recognized by some authors, but others have regarded it as conspecific with Polyscias aculeata.[3] Polyscias aculeata (sensu lato) is indigenous to the coastal forest of eastern Madagascar. Polyscias briquetiana, Polyscias humbertiana, Polyscias leandriana, and Polyscias compacta (= Cuphocarpus commersonii) are montane species of the Madagascan interior. They were transferred from Cuphocarpus to Polyscias subgenus Maralia in 2010.[3]
Recognizing six species, Frodin and Govaerts (2003) described Cuphocarpus as "shrubs or trees, closely related to Polyscias, but fruits 1-seeded; these latter are moreover surmounted by the persistent calyptroid corolla". René Viguier thought that they were sometimes parthenocarpous.[6]
History
The genus Cuphocarpus was erected by Decaisne and Planchon in 1854.[7][8] Quattrocchi writes that the name is "from the Greek kyphos "bent, curved, humped" and carpos "fruit"".[9]
Decaisne and Planchon named only one species, Cuphocarpus aculeatus (now Polyscias aculeata). Cuphocarpus inermis (now Polyscias inermis) was added by John Gilbert Baker in 1884.[10] Hermann Harms put both of these in Polyscias in 1898, but his treatment was not followed by others.[11]
In 1966, Luciano Bernardi described four new species in Cuphocarpus.[12] When these were transferred to Polyscias in 2010, Cuphocarpus commersonii was renamed as Polyscias compacta, because the name Polyscias commersonii already existed.[3] The latter is a synonym for Polyscias paniculata,[5] a Madagascan endemic in Polyscias subgenus Grotefendia. The four species described by Bernardi are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia.
In 2003, Frodin and Govaerts stated that Cuphocarpus "is seen as biphyletic".[5] It was confirmed to be so in 2010 in a molecular phylogenetic study of nuclear and chloroplast DNA.[2] Polyscias aculeata (including Polyscias inermis) was resolved as sister to Polyscias subgenus Sciadopanax, which consists of 13 species from Africa, Madagascar , and nearby islands. Polyscias aculeata was placed in its own subgenus, Polyscias subgenus Cuphocarpus. The four species described by Bernardi are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia. This is the largest subgenus of Polyscias and will contain about 115 species, when all of the undescribed species are published.[3] Nearly all of them are restricted to Madagascar.
References
- ↑ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN:978-0-521-82071-4. (See External links below).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in Polyscias sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". Plant Diversity and Evolution (formerly Botanische Jahrbucher) 128(1-2):23-54. doi:10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0002.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of Polyscias (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". Plant Diversity and Evolution (formerly Botanische Jahrbucher) 128(1-2):55-84. doi:10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0003. (See External links below).
- ↑ Cuphocarpus In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN:978-1-84246-048-1. (See External links below).
- ↑ René Viguier. 1905. "Sur les Araliacées du groupe Polyscias". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 52():285-314. (See External links below).
- ↑ Cuphocarpus in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
- ↑ Joseph Decaisne and Jules Émile Planchon. 1854. "Equisse d'une monographie des Araliacées". Revue Horticole; résumé de tout ce qui parait d'intérresant en jardinage [etc]. Paris. series 4. 3:109.
- ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN:978-0-8493-2675-2 (vol. I). (see External links below).
- ↑ John Gilbert Baker. 1884. page 350. In: "Further Contributions to the Flora of Central Madagascar". Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. London. 21(135):317-353.
- ↑ Hermann A.T. Harms. 1898. "Araliaceae". pages 1-62. In: H.G Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III.Teil. 8. Abteilung. (volume 3, part 8). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.
- ↑ Luciano Bernardi. 1966. Berichte. Schweizerische Botanische Gesellschaft 76():352-395.
External links
- Cuphocarpus In Mabberley's Plant-Book
- Recircumscription of Polyscias by Lowry & Plunkett.2010 At Hawaii Barcoding At University of Hawaii at Hilo
- Cuphocarpus At Index Nominum Genericorum At References At NMNH Department of Botany At Research and Collections At Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
- World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae At World Checklists At kewbooks At Scientific Publications At Kew Gardens
- Sur les Araliacées du groupe Polyscias, page 285 In: volume 52 (1905) Of: Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
- Cuphocarpus At: Plant Names At: IPNI
- Cuphocarpus And Grotefendia And Palmervandenbroekia At: Names At: Tropicos At: Science and Conservation At: Missouri Botanical Garden
- CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C At: Botany & Plant Science At: Life Science At: CRC Press
- Cuphocarpus At: List of Genera At: Araliaceae At: List of families At: Families and Genera in GRIN At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants
- Polyscias aculeata At: subgenus Cuphocarpus At: Polyscias At: Araliaceae At: Apiineae At: Apiales In: ··· Embryophyta At: Streptophytina At: Streptophyta At: Viridiplantae At: Eukaryota At: Taxonomy At: UniProt
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