Chemistry:Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant
Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP) is an Iranian underground uranium enrichment facility located 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the Iranian city of Qom, near Fordow village,[1] at a former Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps base.[2][3] The site is under the control of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI).[4] It is the second Iranian uranium enrichment facility, the other one being that of Natanz. According to the Institute for Science and International Security, possible coordinates of the facility's location are: [ ⚑ ] 34°53′05″N 50°59′45″E / 34.88459°N 50.99596°E.[5]
Disclosure
Existence of the then-unfinished enrichment plant was disclosed to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) by Iran on 21 September 2009,[6] but only after the site became known to Western intelligence services. Western officials strongly condemned Iran for not disclosing the site earlier; U.S. President Barack Obama said that Fordow had been under U.S. surveillance.[7] Iran argues that this disclosure was consistent with its legal obligations under its Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA, which Iran claims requires Iran to declare new facilities 180 days before they receive nuclear material.[8] However, the IAEA stated that Iran was bound by its agreement in 2003 to declare the facility as soon as Iran decided to construct it.[9]
Capacity
In its initial declaration, Iran stated that the purpose of the facility was the production of UF6 enriched up to 5% U-235, and that the facility was being built to contain 16 cascades, with a total of approximately 3000 centrifuges. Later, in September 2011, Iran said it would move its production of 20% LEU to Fordow from Natanz,[10] and enrichment started in December 2011.[11] In January 2012, the IAEA announced that Iran had started producing uranium enriched up to 20% for medical purposes and that material "remains under the agency's containment and surveillance.”[12]
Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of April 2015, the Fordow plant was to be restructured to less intensive research use. The Fordow facility was to stop enriching uranium and researching uranium enrichment for at least fifteen years, and the facility was to be converted into a nuclear physics and technology centre. For 15 years, it would maintain no more than 1,044 IR-1 centrifuges in six cascades in one wing of Fordow. "Two of those six cascades will spin without uranium and will be transitioned, including through appropriate infrastructure modification," for stable radioisotope production for medical, agricultural, industrial, and scientific use. "The other four cascades with all associated infrastructure will remain idle." Iran is not permitted to have any fissile material in Fordow.[13][14][15]
Under the terms of the nuclear agreement with Iran, two-thirds of the centrifuges inside Fordo have been removed in recent months, along with all nuclear material. The facility is banned from any nuclear-related work and is being converted to other uses, eliminating the threat that prompted the attack plan, at least for the next 15 years.—NYT, Feb. 16, 2016[16]
In 2018, Israeli company ImageSat published satellite photographs showing renewed construction and development at the Fordow facility.[17]
On 5 November 2019, Iranian nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salehi announced that Iran will enrich uranium to 5% at Fordow.[18]
History
Google Maps satellite images for the Fordow site can be found at coordinates 34.885649,50.99669. Images zoomed to the 20 meter level show a large double fence perimeter border erected around the site with towers located every 25 meters. Six 10 meter wide entry portals to the complex are located within the fenced area, as well as several buildings, the largest of which is approximately 5,500 square metres (59,000 sq ft).
Iranian authorities state the facility is built deep in a mountain because of repeated threats by Israel to attack such facilities, which Israel believes can be used to produce nuclear weapons.[19] However, attacking a nuclear facility so close to the city of Qom which is considered so holy between Shia Muslims brings concern of a potential risk of a Shiite religious response.[20]
In November 2013, hundreds of Iranians, mostly students of Sharif University of Technology, accompanied by the head of AEOI, Ali Akbar Salehi, and several Majles (parliament) representatives formed a human chain around the Fordow uranium enrichment facility. The students were there to show their support for the Iranian nuclear program.[21][22]
In 2016, Iran stationed anti-aircraft S-300 missile system at the site.[23]
See also
- Natanz nuclear facility
References
- ↑ "Russia 'regrets' reported Iran nuclear activity in Qom facility". Haaretz. January 10, 2012. http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/russia-regrets-reported-iran-nuclear-activity-in-qom-facility-1.406555.
- ↑ Weisman, Jonathan (2009-09-25). "Iran Denounced Over Secret Nuclear Plant". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125386629947940443.
- ↑ "Underground Facilities: Intelligence and Targeting Issues". National Security Archive. March 23, 2012. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB372/.
- ↑ Iran ready to co-operate on nuclear programme, says Ahmadinejad, The Guardian
- ↑ "Satellite Imagery of Qom Enrichment Facility in Iran". Institute for Science and International Security. 2009-09-25. http://www.isis-online.org/publications/iran/Qom_Imagery_Brief_25Sept2009.pdf.
- ↑ GOV/2009/74 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- ↑ Sanger, David E.; Cooper, Helene (2009-09-25). "Iran Confirms Existence of Nuclear Plant". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/world/middleeast/26nuke.html?hp.
- ↑ Daniel Joyner (5 March 2010). "The Qom Enrichment Facility: Was Iran Legally Bound to Disclose?". JURIST. University of Pittsburgh School of Law. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2010/03/qom-enrichment-facility-was-iran.php.
- ↑ "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran". GOV/2009/74. International Atomic Energy Agency. 16 November 2009. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2009/gov2009-74.pdf.
- ↑ "| IAEA". http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2011/gov2011-54.pdf.
- ↑ "Iran enriching uranium at Fordo plant near Qom". BBC. 10 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16470100.
- ↑ "Iran enriching uranium at Fordo plant near Qom". BBC. 10 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16470100.
- ↑ "Iran's key nuclear sites", BBC News (14 July 2015).
- ↑ Eric Bradner, "What's in the Iran nuclear deal? 7 key points", CNN (2 April 2015).
- ↑ "Key Excerpts of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)", Office of the Press Secretary (14 July 2015).
- ↑ DAVID E. SANGER and MARK MAZZETTI: U.S. Had Cyberattack Plan if Iran Nuclear Dispute Led to Conflict
- ↑ "Unusual activity in Iranian uranium enrichment plant captured by Israeli satellite". https://www.jerusalemonline.com/israeli-satellite-shows-unusual-activity-in-iranian-nuclear-plant-35648/.
- ↑ Iran will enrich uranium to 5% at Fordow nuclear site -official
- ↑ Azmat Khan (January 13, 2012). "Did Santorum Suggest Iran Wants Nukes to Bring Back Messiah?". Public Broadcasting Service. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/government-elections-politics/did-santorum-suggest-iran-wants-nukes-to-bring-back-messiah/.
- ↑ Akluf Benn (September 3, 2009). "Cries of 'hold me back' may lead Israel to strike Iran". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/cries-of-hold-me-back-may-lead-israel-to-strike-iran-1.6986.
- ↑ "Iranian university students form human chain around Fordo nuclear facility". irna.ir. http://www.irna.ir/en/News/80911539/Politic/Iranian_university_students_form_human_chain_around_Fordo_nuclear_facility.
- ↑ "Farsnews". farsnews.com. http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920828001435.
- ↑ "'Iran's rapid deployment of S-300 to Fordow reveals importance of site'". http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Irans-rapid-deployment-of-S-300-to-Fordow-reveals-importance-of-site-466425.
External links
- David Albright, Frank Pabian, and Andrea Stricker: The Fordow Enrichment Plant, aka Al Ghadir: Iran’s Nuclear Archive Reveals Site Originally Purposed to Produce Weapon-Grade Uranium for 1–2 Nuclear Weapons per Year – Institute for Science and International Security, March 13, 2019
[ ⚑ ] 34°53′04″N 50°59′53″E / 34.8845°N 50.9981°E
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