Religion:Religious instinct
Religious instinct[1] has been hypothesized by some scholars as a part of human nature.[2][3][4][5] Support for such a position being found in the fact that (as Talcott Parsons put it) "there is no known human society without something which modern social scientists would classify as religion".[6]
Theologians, however, have questioned the utility of an approach to religion by way of a so-called instinct;[7] psychologists have disputed the existence of any such specific instinct;[8] while others would point to the advance of secularization in the modern world as refuting the assumption of a specific religious instinct inevitably leading to the establishment of religion as a fundamental human institution.[9]
Observations
There are no religious rituals observed in animals, including our close relatives, chimpanzees and other apes, although chimps were observed to have sometimes collective excitements for no reason.[10]
Archaeologists have established the existence of burial rituals among Neanderthals some 50,000 years ago:[11] their appearance has sometimes been taken as evidence of the human capacity to transform instinct, rather than to be driven by it.[12]
Freud and Jung
Sigmund Freud saw human weakness and helplessness as a fundamental force behind the establishment of religion,[13] a view which might seem to draw support from the Inglehart–Welzel thesis that links the insecurities of traditional economies to a search for spiritual certainty, the affluence of modernization to a declining stress on religion.[14]
Carl Jung (1875–1961) theorized the existence of a collective unconscious, as a residue of what has been learned in humankind's evolution and ancestral past, which contains the instinctual potential for creativity as well as the spiritual heritage of mankind, and which unconsciously dictates our behavior.[15]
While he recognized in man a genetic predisposition to order experience in mythological, religious or symbolic terms,[16] Jung reserved judgement as to what bearing this had for the truth-value of religion.[17]
He never ceased however to stress the important challenge all such factors presented to any shallowly rationalistic world-view.[18]
Criticism
Émile Durkheim saw the social, not the instinctual side of mankind, as the key to their religious experience.[19]
See also
References
- ↑ Thomas John Hardy (1913). The religious instinct. Longmans, Green, and Co.. https://archive.org/details/religiousinstinc00hardrich.
- ↑ John Roberts Dummelow (1920). A commentary on the Holy Bible. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-533770-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgAAAAAMAAJ&q=religious+instinct&pg=PR101.
- ↑ "The Faith Instinct". Incubator.rockefeller.edu. http://incubator.rockefeller.edu/?p=31.
- ↑ Carolyn See (December 25, 2009). "Book review: The Faith Instinct by Nicholas Wade". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/24/AR2009122402776.html.
- ↑ "Do humans have a 'religion instinct'?" – BBC.
- ↑ Introduction, Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. xxvii
- ↑ Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (1996) pp. 111–2
- ↑ J. B. Pratt, The Religious Consciousness (2004) p. 69
- ↑ Peter L. Berger, A Rumour of Angels (1973) pp. 13–4
- ↑ anth.uconn.edu
- ↑ Philip Zaleski; Carol Zaleski (2006). Prayer: A History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-77360-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=SDHsE_Efy0EC&q=NEANderthal+religious+rituals&pg=PA16.
- ↑ Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (1993) p. 104
- ↑ S. Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 203
- ↑ R. F. Foster, Luck of the Irish (2008) p. 66
- ↑ Locke, John (2010-10-02). "Jung's Thoughts on God: The Religious Depths of Our Psyches (Jung on the Hudson Book Series) by Donald Dyer - Powell's Books". Powells.com. http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780892540495.
- ↑ R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 405
- ↑ Carl Jung, Man and his Symbols (1978) pp. 75–82
- ↑ Jung 1978, pp. 90–3
- ↑ E. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1971) p. 418
External links
- "Human instincts, normal and pathological: the religious instinct", Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 26-August-2005, Vol 118 No 1221
- The Psychology of Religion, Joseph McCabe
- "The Religious Instinct", Henry Rutgers Marshall, Mind, Vol. 6, No. 21 (Jan., 1897), pp. 40–58
- "Book Review: An Asian Theology of Liberation", Nancy Bowell, Buddhist-Christian Studies, Volume 12., January 1993
- The Function of Religion
- The Psychology of Religion
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