Religion:Book of Gates
The Book of Gates is an ancient Egyptian funerary text dating from the New Kingdom.[1] It narrates the passage of a newly deceased soul into the next world, corresponding to the journey of the sun through the underworld during the hours of the night. The soul is required to pass through a series of 'gates' at different stages in the journey. Each gate is associated with a different goddess, and requires that the deceased recognise the particular character of that deity. The text implies that some people will pass through unharmed, but that others will suffer torment in a lake of fire.
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Categories
The most famous part of the Book of Gates today refers to the different races of humanity known to the Egyptians, dividing them up into four categories that are now conventionally labelled "Reth" (Egyptians), "Aamu" (Asiatics), "Nehesu" (Nubians), and "Themehu" (Libyans). These are depicted in procession entering the next world.[2]
The text and images associated with the Book of Gates appear in many tombs of the New Kingdom, including all the pharaonic tombs between Horemheb (d.c. 1295 BC) and Ramesses VII (d.c. 1130 BC). They also appear in the tomb of Sennedjem, a worker in the village of Deir el-Medina, the ancient village of artists and craftsmen who built pharaonic tombs in the New Kingdom.
The goddesses listed in the Book of Gates each have different titles, and wear different coloured clothes, but are identical in all other respects, wearing a five pointed star above their heads. Most of the goddesses are specific to the Book of Gates, and do not appear elsewhere in Egyptian mythology, and so it has been suggested that the Book of Gates originated merely as a system for determining the time at night, with the goddess at each gate being a representation of the main star appearing during the hour.
See also
References
- ↑ Hornung, Erik (in de). The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife. David Lorton (translator). Cornell University Press. https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb00horn.
- ↑ Wallis Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson (1905). "Chapter VI: The Gate of Teka-Hra". The Book of Gates. p. 151. http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/gate/gate20.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2015. "Four groups, each group containing four men. The first are RETH, the second are AAMU, the third axe [OCR error: are] NEHESU, and the fourth are THEMEHU. The RETH are Egyptians, the AAMU are dwellers in the deserts to the east and north-east of Egypt, the NEHESU are the black races and NEGROES, and the THEMEHU are the fair-skinned Libyans."
Further reading
- Hornung, Erik; Abt, Theodor (editors): The Egyptian Book of Gates. Translated by Erik Hornung, in collaboration with Theodor Abt. Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich 2014. ISBN:978-3-9523880-5-1
essay, "Witchcraft, Magic & Divination in Ancient Egypt", Borgouts, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, pgs. 1775+, ISBN 0-684-19722-7 (vol. 3)
External links
(Images, hieroglyphs, transcription and English translation).
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