Engineering:Simultaneous release

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Short description: Film release on multiple platforms at the same time

A simultaneous release, also known as a day-and-date release, is the release of a film on multiple platforms—most commonly theatrical and home video—on the exact same day, or in very close proximity to each other. This is in contrast to the industry standard of having a window of exclusivity (usually 90 days) between the theatrical and home video releases.

The concept was used by several independent films released in the 2000s. In the mid-2010s, the subscription streaming service Netflix began to perform simultaneous releases of its feature films, by means of a limited theatrical release, accompanied by international availability on the Netflix service. As of Roma in 2018, Netflix began a practice of giving its films a three-week limited release before they become available on the service, which is still shorter than standard.

Due to their disruptive nature, simultaneous releases have faced mixed reactions from the industry. Advocates have considered them a means of catering to consumer choice and improving the accessibility of film, and critics arguing that they dilute box office revenue by requiring cinemas to compete with premature availability of a film on home video, and are detrimental to the traditional movie-going experience. Most major cinema chains require films to have an exclusive theatrical window of a minimum length (which in some countries is also enforced by law), so films that pursue a simultaneous release or shorter window are typically screened at independent and art house cinemas only.

Until 2020, the only film that had been released in such a manner by a major film studio was The Interview, which resorted to simultaneous releases via cinemas and digital rentals due to unforeseen circumstances inhibiting a wide theatrical release. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the re-evaluation of alternate release models due to the closures of cinemas under public health orders.

Justification

Typically, the release of a film is governed by staggered exclusivity "windows" of specific lengths, to prevent releases of a film at different outlets from having to compete directly with each other.[1][2][3] Release windows are enforced primarily by major cinema chains, which usually requires distributors to agree to a 74-day window before a film is offered via electronic sell-through. There is usually a 90-day window between the theatrical and home video releases.[4][3][5][6]

By the 2000s, improving home cinema technology such as DVD, and the growth of piracy, gave studios an incentive to release films on home video sooner. In 2005, Disney CEO Bob Iger suggested that simultaneous releases of films at theaters and on DVD could help to counter piracy, going as far as suggesting that DVDs could be sold directly at the theater (providing an additional source of revenue to their owners).[7][3] In the late-1980's, the average length of time between theatrical and home video releases was usually six months, but some blockbuster films enjoyed windows of nine to twelve months.[8][9][3] By 2012, the average window before a home release was 112 days, which decreased to 85 by 2017.[10][11]

A simultaneous release only requires a single marketing campaign, which can be beneficial for studios with lower budgets.[12]

Notable examples

  • In 2005, British distributor Dogwoof experimented with the concept for its July 25 release EMR, with a theatrical release, a DVD, and digital purchase in partnership with British ISP Tiscali.[13]
  • The January 2006 release of Steven Soderbergh's Bubble was one of the first high-profile examples of a simultaneous and "end-to-end" film release. Bubble was financed by Mark Cuban and Todd Wagner through their studio 2929 Productions, which screened the film via their art house chain Landmark Theatres, and distributed the film on DVD. The film was also given airings on Cuban's HDNet and HDNet Movies cable networks. 2929 offered a 1% cut of revenue from DVD sales to cinemas who wanted to screen the film. Due to resistance over the model, major chains declined to screen Bubble.[12]
  • In March 2006, The Road to Guantánamo premiered on the British television network Channel 4 (who commissioned the film), and was released in selected theaters and on home media the following day. Andrew Eaton, co-founder of the film's distributor Revolution Films, explained that "with a film like this that's starting with what would traditionally be the last outlet—a television broadcast—we thought it would be better to go with everything else at once."[14]
  • In 2014, the wide release of the film The Interview —a film that satirizes the North Korean regime—was cancelled by Sony Pictures, after multiple chains pulled the film due to terrorist threats by a group that had also hacked Sony Pictures' internal servers, and was believed to have ties to North Korea.[15] Sony elected to instead offer the film for digital purchase on December 24, coupled with a limited theatrical release the next day, and streaming online for a limited time.[16][17][18]
  • In 2015, the subscription streaming service Netflix began to acquire feature films, such as Beasts of No Nation. The film was distributed by Bleecker Street in a limited release to ensure award eligibility (the Academy Awards require films to have been screened in Los Angeles for a week with at least three showings per-day, in order to be eligible for nomination. They do not mandate theatrical exclusivity or bar simultaneous releases)[19] and released on Netflix's streaming service internationally day-and-date with the theatrical release.[20][21] Since Roma in 2018, Netflix has given its feature films a limited, three-week release prior to their debut on the service.[22][23]

Use during the COVID-19 pandemic

The 2020 onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the mandated closure of cinemas worldwide in order to prevent large public gatherings.[24][25][26] On March 16, DreamWorks Animation announced that its film Trolls World Tour would be given a simultaneous release as a digital rental on April 10, as part of a larger announcement that parent company Universal Pictures would also offer early rentals for several recent films still in theaters (including Emma, The Hunt, and The Invisible Man).[27] As promotional campaigns and tie-ins for the film (including corporate synergy across the properties of Universal parent company NBCUniversal) were already in progress, it would have been difficult to cleanly postpone its release.[28] The film itself had already been moved up to an Easter weekend release, replacing the James Bond film No Time to Die (which was deferred to November 2020 due to the pandemic, but ultimately delayed to October 2021)[29] on Universal's schedule.[30]

Trolls World Tour did receive theatrical screenings at around 25 drive-in theaters in the United States; Deadline Hollywood estimated that these screenings grossed $60,000 on its opening weekend (full box office numbers are not available, as Universal Pictures and Comscore suspended their reports of figures beginning March 19 and 20).[31][32] Universal announced on April 13 that Trolls World Tour was its largest-ever debut for a digital release (surpassing Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom ten-fold), with exact figures pending because they are not reported in the same manner as conventional box office figures.[33] It became the top rental on a variety of VOD services (including FandangoNow, iTunes Store, Google Play Movies/YouTube, and Vudu) over its opening weekend, with FandangoNow (majority-owned by Universal parent Comcast) announcing that the film was its most pre-ordered rental of all-time, its most-ordered rental within the first day of availability, and its most-ordered rental within the first three days of availability.[34][28] Deadline Hollywood estimated that based on its budget, the film could break-even with around $200 million in revenue if between 9–12 million rentals were purchased.[35]

On April 28, NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Shell reported to The Wall Street Journal that Trolls had reached around 5 million rentals and nearly $100 million in revenue, and stated that the company planned to release films "on both formats" as soon as cinemas reopen.[36][37]

On November 18, 2020, Warner Bros. announced that Wonder Woman 1984 would be released in U.S. cinemas on December 25 and become available day-and-date on WarnerMedia streaming service HBO Max for one month after its release at no additional charge.[38][39] On December 3, Warner Bros. subsequently announced that this model would be extended to all of the studio's 2021 releases.[40] The announcement was met with backlash across the industry, showing concerns that this would further erode the cinema industry, and that the move had been performed unilaterally without forewarning.[41][42][43][44] Disney pursued a similar strategy for selected films, with day-and-date rentals for films such as Mulan, Raya and the Last Dragon,[45] Cruella, and Black Widow available to Disney+ subscribers via the "Premier Access" feature.[46]

Restrictions began to ease in key markets such as the United States and United Kingdom over 2021. The major studios began to phase out these strategies pursuant to agreements with exhibitors; in March 2021, Warner Bros. confirmed an agreement with Cineworld that requires a 45-day exclusivity window for its releases beginning in 2022, while Universal agreed to 17-day windows with multiple chains (including shares of rental revenue).[47][48][49] In September 2021, Disney announced that it would switch back to theatrical-only releases for the remainder of its 2021 slate, citing the successful performance of Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings.[50]

Concerns over SARS-CoV-2 variants and the lack of approved COVID-19 vaccines for children at the time led to delays and simultaneous releases for several family films, such as Clifford the Big Red Dog (theaters and Paramount+), The Addams Family 2 (theaters and digital rental),[51][52] and Turning Red (Disney+, theaters in regions where Disney+ had not yet launched, as well as limited runs at selected cinemas in the U.S. and UK).[53][54] In 2022, Universal shifted several of its films to simultaneous releases on NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock, such as Marry Me, Firestarter, Halloween Ends, and Honk for Jesus. Save Your Soul.[55][56][57][58]

Reception and responses

Advocates of simultaneous releases argue that they promote consumer choice, by allowing viewers to choose how and when they want to watch a film, especially if they do not have access to a cinema.[5][23] Netflix stated its model "[provides] access for people who can't always afford, or live in towns without, theaters. Letting everyone, everywhere enjoy releases at the same time. Giving filmmakers more ways to share art. These things are not mutually exclusive."[23] In April 2019, Steven Spielberg similarly stated that "everyone should have access to great stories", and that they should be able to "find their entertainment in any form or fashion that suits them".[59][60]

Film industry figures have argued that simultaneous releases can dilute box office revenue, and detract from the communal experience of movie-going.[2][3][61] Following the announcement of Bubble's simultaneous release, M. Night Shyamalan stated that the distributor's plans were "heartless and soulless and disrespectful", and argued that cable and internet companies needed to "wait their turn".[62][63] Major cinema chains often refuse to carry films that do not adhere to an industry-standard exclusivity window, which can reduce a film's ability to reach a wider audience;[3][5] IndieWire acknowledged that a peak of 500 U.S. cinemas reached by Martin Scorsese's Netflix-distributed The Irishman (relying on independent and art house cinemas) was "close to the maximum number" it could be screened at without involvement from major chains.[64][65]

In 2018, the Cannes Film Festival instituted a rule requiring all films screened to have a scheduled theatrical release in the country. Under French law at the time, theatrically released films were prohibited from being distributed on subscription video on demand services until three years after their original release. At the time, there was a proposal to shorten this to 15 months, if the service agrees to pay levies and perform investments in domestic productions.[66][67] The move came following criticism of Netflix's submissions at the 2017 festival, which raised questions over whether it was appropriate to exhibit a film intended for a simultaneous release at a festival devoted to showcasing theatrical film.[68][69][70]

Netflix's day-and-date streaming of On My Skin (2018) upon its theatrical release in Italy was widely criticized by the local film industry, who felt that Netflix's use of the publicly funded Venice Film Festival to promote its service and content (including On My Skin and Golden Lion winner Roma) was detrimental to Italian and European film. In November 2018, Italy's Minister of Culture Alberto Bonisoli announced that the industry's 105-day window between theatrical and streaming releases of a film (usually enforced via gentleman's agreement) would be enshrined in law.[71][66]

Since 2019, the Toronto International Film Festival has been restricted from scheduling films submitted by streaming services at the Scotiabank Theatre Toronto (the main venue of the event), due to theatrical windowing requirements enforced by its owner Cineplex Entertainment.[72]

The Verge felt that Trolls World Tour "could be a case study for Hollywood's digital future" even after the COVID-19 pandemic, acknowledging that although the vast majority of high-profile blockbuster films were more likely to receive a windowed release as to not erode relationships with the cinema industry (a preference endorsed by the National Association of Theatre Owners, which has led to such films having their releases repeatedly postponed, such as F9 and No Time to Die, rather than a simultaneous or straight-to-digital release), studios may be more likely to explore simultaneous releases on a case-by-case basis, especially for mid-budget films with lower revenue expectations (which could benefit from a wider multi-platform release).[73][74]

On April 28, 2020, AMC Theatres announced that it will no longer screen Universal Pictures films, in direct retaliation for Shell's comments praising simultaneous releases.[75] The studio later agreed to allow AMC a cut of revenue from premium VOD rentals in exchange for a 17-day minimum on the theatrical window.[76]

In March 2021, Disney CEO Bob Chapek argued that the shifts in distribution models for films would likely become permanent, as consumers had become "impatient" and have "had the luxury of an entire year of getting titles at home pretty much when they want them", but that "we certainly don't want to do anything like cut the legs off a theatrical exhibition run."[77]

References

  1. ↑ Epstein, Edward Jay (2005-07-25). "Hollywood's death spiral." (in en). https://slate.com/culture/2005/07/hollywood-s-death-spiral.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kastrenakes, Jacob (2016-04-13). "Hollywood is still fighting same-day home release" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/13/11421406/hollywood-fights-screening-room-simultaneous-home-release-startup. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Pollack, Peter (2006-03-31). "Theater chain head discusses DVD release windows" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/03/6497-2/. 
  4. ↑ Lang, Brent (2018-11-16). "Studios Expected to Push for Early Home Release in 2019 (EXCLUSIVE)" (in en). https://variety.com/2018/film/news/studios-movies-early-home-release-1203030705/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Epstein, Edward Jay (2005-10-24). "Mark Cuban's distribution revolution." (in en). https://slate.com/culture/2005/10/mark-cuban-s-distribution-revolution.html. 
  6. ↑ "For the traditional theatrical window, the lines continue to blur" (in en-US). 2016-05-20. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-ca-ct-blur-releases-20160516-snap-story.html. 
  7. ↑ "Q&A with Disney CEO Robert Iger" (in en). https://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2005/12/07/Q-A-with-Disney-CEO-Robert-Iger/stories/200512070144. 
  8. ↑ "For the traditional theatrical window, the lines continue to blur" (in en-US). 2016-05-20. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-ca-ct-blur-releases-20160516-snap-story.html. 
  9. ↑ "Are Home Video Releases Coming Too Soon for Theaters?" (in en-US). 1989-10-20. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-20-ca-308-story.html. 
  10. ↑ McNary, Dave (2020-04-14). "Theater Owners Caution Studios Over Shorter Release Windows" (in en). https://variety.com/2020/film/news/theater-owners-caution-studios-shorter-release-windows-1234579912/. 
  11. ↑ Fuster, Jeremy (2020-04-14). "Shortening Theatrical Window Will Reduce Home Video Revenue, NATO Study Says" (in en-US). https://www.thewrap.com/shortening-theatrical-window-will-reduce-home-video-revenue-nato-study-says/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bylund, Anders (2006-01-12). "First simultaneous release movie opening tonight" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/01/5967-2/. 
  13. ↑ "Tiscali in multi-platform film release" (in en). 2005-07-14. https://www.marketingweek.com/tiscali-in-multi-platform-film-release/. 
  14. ↑ "Web 'first' for Guantanamo film" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2006-02-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4708148.stm. 
  15. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Perlroth, Nicole (2014-12-17). "U.S. Said to Find North Korea Ordered Cyberattack on Sony" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/asia/us-links-north-korea-to-sony-hacking.html. 
  16. ↑ Wallenstein, Andrew (2014-12-24). "What is Kernel? The Stealth Startup Sony Tapped to Stream 'The Interview' (Exclusive)" (in en). https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/what-is-kernel-the-stealth-startup-sony-tapped-to-stream-the-interview-exclusive-1201386944/. 
  17. ↑ "'The Interview' Release Back On For Christmas Day – Update". 23 December 2014. https://deadline.com/2014/12/interview-release-back-on-christmas-sony-attack-1201334389/. 
  18. ↑ Pankratz, Howard (December 23, 2014). "Alamo Drafthouse in Littleton will screen 'The Interview' starting Christmas". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_27194948/alamo-drafthouse-raises-flag-freedom-promises-show-interview. 
  19. ↑ Donnelly, Matt (April 24, 2019). "Netflix Can Chill: Academy Rules No Change in Streaming Oscar Eligibility" (in en). https://variety.com/2019/film/news/netflix-can-chill-academy-rules-no-change-in-streaming-oscar-eligibility-1203196351/. 
  20. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (2015-07-07). "Netflix Dates First Feature Film Slate With Idris Elba, Cary Fukunaga, Adam Sandler, Harvey Weinstein, Paul Reubens & Judd Apatow" (in en). https://deadline.com/2015/07/netflix-feature-films-paul-reubens-adam-sandler-judd-apatow-idris-elba-pee-wee-herman-1201471559/. 
  21. ↑ "Movie Chains Balk At Netflix's Plan For Simultaneous Release" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2015/03/07/391458598/movie-chains-balk-at-screening-new-film-while-netflix-debuts-it-online. 
  22. ↑ Lee, Dami (2019-08-27). "Netflix will release 10 fall films in theaters before they stream" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/27/20835697/netflix-fall-movie-lineup-theatrical-release-steven-soderbergh-laundromat-martin-scorsese-irishman. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Lang, Brent (March 4, 2019). "Netflix Responds to Steven Spielberg's Push to Bar It From Oscars" (in en). https://variety.com/2019/film/news/netflix-steven-spielberg-oscars-1203154092/. 
  24. ↑ Sims, David (6 March 2020). "The James Bond Movie Was Unusually Vulnerable to the Coronavirus". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/03/coronavirus-hollywood-james-bond-movie/607528/. 
  25. ↑ Tartaglione, Nancy (18 March 2020). "Australia's Palace Cinemas To Shutter Amid Coronavirus; Long-Running Soap 'Neighbours' Takes Production Break". Deadline Hollywood. https://deadline.com/2020/03/australia-coronavirus-palace-cinemas-close-neighbours-production-break-1202886490/. 
  26. ↑ Pulver, Andrew (17 March 2020). "Cinemas across the UK to shut in response to coronavirus". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/17/cinemas-across-the-uk-to-shut-in-response-to-coronavirus-odeon-cineworld. 
  27. ↑ Fuster, Jeremy (March 16, 2020). "Universal to Release 'Trolls World Tour' for Digital Rental on Same Day as Theatrical Release". TheWrap. https://www.thewrap.com/universal-to-release-trolls-world-tour-for-digital-rental-on-same-day-as-theatrical-release/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-04-13). "'Trolls World Tour': Universal Reports Record Digital Weekend; 10x Higher Than 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Opening Day" (in en). https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-record-digital-weekend-opening-day-1202906947/. 
  29. ↑ McClintock, Pamela (21 January 2021). "James Bond: 'No Time To Die' Release Date Delayed to Fall". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/james-bond-pic-no-time-to-die-delays-release-to-fall. 
  30. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (4 March 2020). "'Trolls World Tour' Fills Easter Void Left By 'No Time To Die'" (in en). https://deadline.com/2020/03/trolls-world-tour-opening-easter-no-time-to-die-coronavirus-release-date-change-1202874398/. 
  31. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-03-20). "Comscore Pauses Weekend Box Office Reporting Amid Coronavirus Crisis" (in en). https://deadline.com/2020/03/box-office-reporting-suspended-comscore-coronavirus-1202889000/. 
  32. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-04-14). "'Trolls World Tour': Drive-In Theaters Deliver What They Can During COVID-19 Exhibition Shutdown – Easter Weekend 2020 Box Office" (in en). https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-coronavirus-box-office-vod-easter-weekend-1202907646/. 
  33. ↑ Rubin, Rebecca (2020-04-13). "Universal Says 'Trolls World Tour' Lands Biggest Digital Debut Ever" (in en). https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/trolls-world-tour-universal-digital-debut-1234578471/. 
  34. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-04-13). "'Trolls World Tour': FandangoNow Reports That Movie Posts Best Weekend For Streaming Service" (in en). https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-fandangonow-weekend-record-1202906902/. 
  35. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 10, 2020). "Will 'Trolls World Tour' Profit Off Universal's Experimental VOD (& Drive-In Theater) Model?". Deadline Hollywood. https://deadline.com/2020/04/trolls-world-tour-vod-box-office-movie-profits-universal-coronavirus-1202903913/. 
  36. ↑ "Universal's 'Trolls World Tour' Earns Nearly $100 Million in First 3 Weeks of VOD Rentals" (in en-US). 2020-04-28. https://www.thewrap.com/trolls-world-tour-earns-nearly-100-million-in-first-3-weeks-of-vod-rentals-universal-says/. 
  37. ↑ Schwartzel, Erich (2020-04-28). "WSJ News Exclusive | 'Trolls World Tour' Breaks Digital Records and Charts a New Path for Hollywood" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trolls-world-tour-breaks-digital-records-and-charts-a-new-path-for-hollywood-11588066202. 
  38. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-11-19). "'Wonder Woman 1984' HBO Max Theatrical Day & Date Release: Independent Cinema Alliance Applauds Warner Bros" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2020/11/wonder-woman-1984-hbo-max-release-independent-cinema-alliance-1234618761/. 
  39. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-11-18). "'Wonder Woman 1984' Going In Theaters & HBO Max On Christmas Day, Unprecedented For A Superhero Tentpole" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2020/11/wonder-woman-1984-going-in-theaters-hbo-max-on-christmas-day-1234618288/. 
  40. ↑ Alexander, Julia (2020-12-03). "Warner Bros. will release all of its new 2021 movies simultaneously on HBO Max" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/3/22150605/hbo-max-warner-bros-movies-2021-simultaneous-release-matrix-godzilla-suicide-squad-space-jam. 
  41. ↑ "Christopher Nolan Rips HBO Max as "Worst Streaming Service," Denounces Warner Bros.' Plan". 8 December 2020. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christopher-nolan-rips-hbo-max-as-worst-streaming-service-denounces-warner-bros-plan. 
  42. ↑ "'Dune' Producer Legendary Entertainment May Sue Warner Bros. Over HBO Max Deal" (in en-US). 2020-12-07. https://variety.com/2020/film/news/legendary-entertainment-warner-bros-hbo-max-deal-dune-godzilla-1234847605/. 
  43. ↑ Dave McNary (2020-12-09). "Directors Guild Criticizes Warner Bros. Over HBO Max Deal" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/2020/film/news/directors-guild-warner-bros-hbo-max-deal-1234849614/. 
  44. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-12-03). "AMC Boss Adam Aron Slams Warner Bros HBO Max 2021 Theatrical Window Concept: Studio Sacrificing "Considerable" Profit" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2020/12/amc-responds-to-hbo-max-warner-bros-theatrical-model-2021-suicide-squad-matrix-4-dune-1234650125/. 
  45. ↑ Alexander, Julia (December 10, 2021). "Disney to release Raya and the Last Dragon on Disney Plus and in theaters on the same day" (in en). Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/10/22168472/disney-plus-raya-last-dragon-pixar-premier-access-streaming. 
  46. ↑ Rubin, Rebecca (March 23, 2021). "'Black Widow,' 'Cruella' to Debut on Disney Plus and in Theaters as Disney Shifts Dates for Seven Films". https://variety.com/2021/film/news/disney-postpones-black-widow-shang-chi-1234935874/. 
  47. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 23, 2021). "Regal Cinemas To Reopen In April; Parent Cineworld & Warner Bros Reach Multi-Year Deal To Show WB Films In U.S. & UK". https://deadline.com/2021/03/cineworld-regal-warner-bros-deal-theatrical-windows-us-cinemas-reopening-1234719255/. 
  48. ↑ Gruenwedel, Eric (2021-05-13). "Regal Owner, Universal Pictures Ink Shortened Theatrical Window Pact" (in en-GB). Media Play News. https://www.mediaplaynews.com/regal-owner-universal-pictures-ink-shortened-theatrical-window-pact/. 
  49. ↑ Tartaglione, Nancy (2021-05-14). "Regal Parent Cineworld & Disney Agree On Theatrical Deal For U.S. & UK" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2021/05/regal-cineworld-disney-theatrical-deal-us-uk-1234756230/. 
  50. ↑ Whitten, Sarah (September 10, 2021). "Disney's remaining 2021 films will all have exclusive theatrical releases". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/10/disney-says-eternals-west-side-story-will-be-released-to-theaters-only.html. 
  51. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (2021-08-26). "'Clifford The Big Red Dog' Showing Up At Paramount CinemaCon Presentation" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2021/08/clifford-the-big-red-dog-cinemacon-screening-1234822581/. 
  52. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2021-08-20). "'The Addams Family 2' Going Theatrical-PVOD Day & Date" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2021/08/the-addams-family-2-going-theatrical-pvod-day-date-1234819111/. 
  53. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 7, 2022). "Pixar's 'Turning Red' Skips Theaters & Heads To Disney+". https://deadline.com/2022/01/turning-red-skips-theaters-disney-premiere-1234906438/. 
  54. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2022-03-13). "'The Batman' Climbs To $238M+ US Today After Super Second Weekend Hold; Eyes Half Billion WW This Week – Sunday Update". https://deadline.com/2022/03/the-batman-weekend-box-office-1234976639/. 
  55. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 13, 2021). "Jennifer Lopez & Owen Wilson Romantic Comedy Marry Me Going Theatrical Day & Date On Peacock". https://deadline.com/2021/12/jennifer-lopez-owen-wilson-romantic-comedy-marry-me-going-theatrical-day-date-on-peacock-1234890052/. 
  56. ↑ Shanfeld, Ethan (February 9, 2022). "Firestarter Remake with Zac Efron Debuts Trailer, Sets Day-and-Date Release on Peacock". Variety. https://variety.com/2022/film/news/firestarter-remake-zac-efron-trailer-peacock-1235175887/. 
  57. ↑ Rubin, Rebecca (August 23, 2022). "'Halloween Ends' to Debut Simultaneously in Theaters and on Peacock". Variety. https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/halloween-ends-release-peacock-1235348282/. 
  58. ↑ Jackson, Angelique (March 4, 2022). "'Honk for Jesus. Save Your Soul' Set for Labor Day Opening in Theaters and on Peacock". Variety. https://variety.com/2022/film/news/honk-for-jesus-save-your-soul-release-peacock-1235196488/. 
  59. ↑ Barnes, Brooks (April 23, 2019). "Blockbuster Battle Between Steven Spielberg and Netflix Fizzles" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/business/media/steven-spielberg-netflix-academy-awards.html. 
  60. ↑ Bradley, Laura (24 April 2019). "Spielberg Would Like to Be Excluded from This Netflix-Hating Narrative" (in en). https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/04/steven-spielberg-netflix-oscars-theaters. 
  61. ↑ "Christopher Nolan Joins James Cameron in Opposing $50 Home Movie Service" (in en). 16 March 2016. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christopher-nolan-joins-james-cameron-876298. 
  62. ↑ "Director Warns of Big Screens' Extinction" (in en-US). 2005-10-28. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-28-fi-night28-story.html. 
  63. ↑ eug; eug (2005-10-29). "Breaking Windows" (in en). https://www.indiewire.com/2005/10/breaking-windows-176594/. 
  64. ↑ Sims, David (2019-08-28). "Why Big Theater Chains Won't Show Martin Scorsese's Netflix Epic" (in en-US). https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/netflixs-irishman-wont-be-shown-major-theaters-martin-scorsese/596989/. 
  65. ↑ Brueggemann, Tom (2019-12-01). "'Harriet,' 'Jojo Rabbit,' and 'Parasite' Reap Holiday Box Office Bounty" (in en). https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/holiday-box-office-harriet-jojo-rabbit-two-popes-1202193331/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Italy Enacts Theatrical Window Law Following Netflix Controversy" (in en). 14 November 2018. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/italy-write-theatrical-windows-local-films-law-netflix-controversy-1161208. 
  67. ↑ Keslassy, Elsa (2018-03-09). "Proposals to Shorten Windowing in France Unveiled" (in en). https://variety.com/2018/film/news/proposals-shorten-windowing-france-unveiled-1202722537/. 
  68. ↑ Statt, Nick (April 11, 2018). "Netflix pulls out of Cannes Film Festival following competition ban". https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/11/17225898/netflix-cannes-film-festival-competition-ban-streaming-services. 
  69. ↑ Tiffany, Kaitlyn (May 19, 2017). "Netflix booed at Okja's Cannes premiere". https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15662542/netflix-cannes-film-festival-booed-okja-premiere. 
  70. ↑ Tiffany, Kaitlyn (May 10, 2017). "Netflix's first two films at Cannes could be its last". https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/10/15608978/netflix-cannes-film-festival-new-rule-theater-release-france. 
  71. ↑ "Italian Filmmakers, Exhibitors Slam Venice Biennale as Netflix "Marketing Vehicle"" (in en). 10 September 2018. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/italian-filmmakers-exhibitors-slam-venice-biennale-as-netflix-marketing-vehicle-1141612. 
  72. ↑ Lindahl, Chris (2019-09-07). "TIFF Confirms Cineplex Policy Banning Netflix and Amazon From Primary Screening Venue" (in en). https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/netflix-amazon-streaming-theater-operators-tiff-1202171757/. 
  73. ↑ Alexander, Julia (2020-03-18). "Trolls World Tour could be a case study for Hollywood's digital future" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21184030/universal-trolls-world-tour-hunt-coronavirus-birds-of-prey-warner-bros-disney-paramount-vod-digital. 
  74. ↑ Barnes, Brooks; Sperling, Nicole (2020-03-16). "Studio's Movies in Theaters Will Be Offered for In-Home Rental" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/business/media/coronavirus-universal-home-movies.html. 
  75. ↑ Alexander, Julia (2020-04-28). "AMC Theaters will no longer play Universal movies after Trolls World Tour's on-demand success" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/28/21240637/amc-theaters-universal-trolls-world-tour-disney-warnermedia-digital-streaming. 
  76. ↑ Lang, Brent; Rubin, Rebecca (July 28, 2020). "Universal, AMC Theatres Forge Historic Deal Allowing Theatrical Releases to Debut on Premium VOD Early". https://variety.com/2020/film/news/universal-amc-theatres-historic-deal-windows-1234718737/. 
  77. ↑ "Disney CEO Suggests There's No 'Going Back' to Pre-COVID Film Releases" (in en-US). 2021-03-02. https://www.thewrap.com/disney-ceo-suggests-theres-no-going-back-to-pre-covid-film-releases/. 



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