Engineering:Kalvari-class submarine (2015)

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Short description: Class of submarines based on the Scorpène-class submarine


INS Kalvari (S21) at sea.jpg
Kalvari at sea
Class overview
Name: Kalvari class
Builders: Mazagon Dock Limited
Operators:  Indian Navy
Preceded by:
Succeeded by: Project 75I-class submarine
Cost:
  • ₹23,652 crore (equivalent to ₹270 billion or US$3.8 billion in 2019) for six units
  • ₹3,942 crore (equivalent to ₹46 billion or US$640 million in 2019) per unit (FY 2016)
In commission: 2017 – present
Planned: 9[1][2]
On order: 3
Completed: 6
Active: 5
General characteristics
Type: Attack submarine
Displacement:
  • Surfaced: 1,615 tonnes (1,589 long tons)
  • Submerged: 1,775 tonnes (1,747 long tons)
Length: 67.5 m (221 ft 5 in)[3]
Beam: 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)[4]
Height: 12.3 m (40 ft 4 in)[3]
Draught: 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in)[4]
Propulsion:
  • 4 x MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines[4]
  • 360 x battery cells
  • DRDO PAFC Fuel Cell AIP (Expected to be added in Fleet I submarines from 2023 onwards)
Speed:
  • Surfaced: 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)
  • Submerged: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range:
  • 6,500 nmi (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced)
  • 550 nmi (1,020 km; 630 mi) at 4 kn (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) (submerged)[5]
Endurance: 50 days[6]
Test depth: 350 metres (1,150 ft)[7]
Complement:
  • 8 officers
  • 35 sailors
Electronic warfare
& decoys:		 C303/S anti-torpedo countermeasure system[8]
Armament:
  • 6 x 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes for 18 SUT torpedoes OR
  • SM.39 Exocet anti-ship missiles
  • A3SM (MICA) anti-air missiles
  • 30 mines in place of torpedoes

The Kalvari-class submarines, formally classified as the Project-75 submarines (P-75), is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines operated by the Indian Navy (IN).[9] Currently being constructed by a syndicate of French and Indian shipyards, namely, Naval Group and Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) respectively, the class is an export derivative of the French-origin Scorpène-class submarine, originally designed by Naval Group.[10]

A namesake of the former-Foxtrot-class submarines that the IN operated between 1967 and 2010, the class was originally planned in the late-1990s as an initial phase of a 30-year long naval rearmament roadmap to replace the IN's conventional submarine fleet, namely the Sindhughosh-class and Shishumar-class submarines.[11] [12] India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) ordered an introductory batch of six submarines in 2005, at an initially-estimated cost of ₹13,000 crore (equivalent to ₹360 billion or US$5.0 billion in 2019); of the ordered six, five are currently in operational service.[13] In addition to the first batch, a proposal for the purchase of three more submarines was approved in 2023, at an estimated cost of ₹36,000 crore (US$5.0 billion).[14]

First introduced to operational service in 2017, the submarines are currently operated by the IN for a variety of missions, namely, littoral surveillance, intelligence gathering, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and minelaying operations.[9]

History

Origins

In 1997, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) - the highest-decision making body of India's Ministry of Defence (MoD), approved a proposal for the purchase of two Type 209/1500 attack submarines (SSK) for the Indian Navy (IN), at a then-estimated cost of INR ₹700 crore.[15] The two examples of the design , originally conceived by the German-based Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, were proposed to be built at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), located in Mumbai , with the assistance of a foreign naval firm in a corroborative role.[15]

In accordance with the scheme, the IN and MDL approached several naval enterprises for assistance; however, the French-based Thomson-CSF (TCSF) was the only firm willing to participate.[15] Two years later, in 1999, the MoD approved a two-phase plan to build 24 submarines over a 30-year period.[15] For the first phase, which called for the construction of SSKs at MDL, two options were proposed: the former option recommending the construction of the Type 209/1500 at MDL with the assistance of TCSF; the latter option recommending the construction of SSKs based on the newer Scorpène submarine design, conceived by the French-based Armaris (later DCNS, now Naval Group).[15] Ultimately, the IN chose the latter, reasoning that the Scorpène, which had been offered with a provision of technology transfer (TOT), was more advanced than the Type 209/1500.[15] Another reason for choosing the Scorpène design was because of the IN’s interest in acquiring submarine-launched missiles.[15] At the time, the French-designed Exocet, the US-designed Harpoon and the Russian-designed Kalibr were the only such missiles that were commercially obtainable; however, the Harpoon was unavailable to the IN and the Kalibr was incompatible with the Type 209/1500's torpedo tubes.[15] This led to the Exocet being preferred and subsequently, the Scorpène design.[15]

On 6 October 2005, India signed a series of contracts for transfer of technology to construct six submarines in Mazagon Dock Limited with Armaris, supply of equipment and services with the Government of France and supply of SM39 Exocet missiles with MBDA. DCN International was designated as the prime contractor in partnership with Navantia. Armaris was responsible for supply of combat systems and technical advisors for construction of submarines at MDL. The entire programme was valued at €2.4 billion.[16] The deal included a 30% offset clause and the submarines were to be delivered over five years starting from 2012.[16][17] The Scorpène design won the deal because of the capability to fire Exocet anti-ship missiles and an agreement on the air-independent propulsion.[18] India cancelled plans to incorporate DRDO-developed air-independent propulsion system onto the last two submarines being built due to a delay in its development.[19] A plan to buy three more submarines under the options clause was cancelled in September 2016.[20]

Steel cutting for the first submarine began on 14 December 2006 and hull construction was started on 23 May 2007.[3][21] As of August 2014, the project was running four years behind schedule.[22] The delay has been attributed to slow finalisation of contracts for procurement of sensors and propulsion system components by Mazagon Dock Limited and DCNS.[23] The first submarine, INS Kalvari (Malayalam: tiger shark), was launched on 28 October 2015 and commenced sea trials on 1 May 2016.[3]

In June 2016, a plan to arm Kalvari-class submarines with 98 Black Shark torpedoes from WASS was cancelled in response to corruption allegations against WASS's sister company, AgustaWestland.[24][25] The defense minister Manohar Parikkar under the NDA government, said that the torpedoes for the submarine will be procured from other companies.[26] SeaHake torpedoes from Germany's Atlas Elektronik and France's F21 torpedoes may be considered.[27] Indigenous torpedoes Varunastra under development by DRDO may also be used as replacements.[28] The submarines have been configured to fire Surface and Underwater Target (SUT) torpedoes for the time being.[29] Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) of the DRDO is developing an indigenous air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems which will be installed during the first refit programme from 2023.[30]

Vagsheer, the last of the six submarine started its maiden sea trials on 19 May 2023. The boat is expected to be commissioned in the early 2024.[31][32]

Ministry of Defence, Defence Procurement Board (DPB) green lighted the acquisition of 3 additional boats on 10 July 2023. Following this, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the proposal on 13 July 2023. The deal was expected to be signed during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to France on Bastille Day, 14 July 2023. However, no such deal was signed and the deal is now expected to be signed by end of 2024 with the deliveries beginning by 2031.[33][34][1][35]

Mazagon Dock submitted a bid of over ₹20,000 crore (US$2.8 billion) for 3 submarines on 11 December 2023. These submarine will feature higher indigenous content and DRDO AIP for enhanced underwater endurance.[36][37]

Design and description

The Kalvari class is capable of offensive operations across the entire spectrum of naval warfare including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.[38] It has a length of 67.5 m (221 ft 5 in), height of 12.3 m (40 ft 4 in), overall beam of 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in) and a draught of 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in). It can reach a top speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) when submerged and a maximum speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) when surfaced. The submarine has a range of 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) when surfaced.[4] Each ship is powered by four MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines, has 360 battery cells (750 kg, 1,650 lb each), for power and has a silent Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor. The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment inside the pressure hull is mounted on shock absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth.[3] Special steel was used in its construction which has high tensile strength, capable of withstanding high yield stress and hydro-static force. Each submarine has 60 km (37 mi) of cabling and 11 km (6.8 mi) of piping.[38] The class displaces 1,615 tonnes (1,589 long tons) when surfaced and 1,775 t (1,747 long tons) when submerged.[29]

This class is equipped with six 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes for a combination of 18 heavyweight wire-guided German-made Surface and Underwater Target (SUT) torpedoes and SM39 Exocet anti-ship missiles or 30 mines in place of both.[39][40] The class is also fitted with mobile C303/S anti-torpedo decoys for self-defence.[25][3] The weapon systems and sensors are integrated with Submarine Tactical Integrated Combat System (SUBTICS). It has a sonar system is capable of Low Frequency Analysis and Ranging (LOFAR) enabling long range detection and classification.[3] Each submarine has a complement of 8 officers and 35 sailors.[41]

Ships of the class

Name Pennant Yard Builder Launched Commissioned Homeport Status
Fleet I
Kalvari S21 11875 Mazagon Dock Limited 27 October 2015[3] 14 December 2017[42] Active
Khanderi[43] S22[44] 11876 12 January 2017[45] 28 September 2019[46]
Karanj S23 11877[47] 31 January 2018[48] 10 March 2021[49][50][51]
Vela[52] S24 11878[53] 6 May 2019[54] 25 November 2021 [55]
Vagir[56] S25 11879[57] 12 November 2020[56] 23 January 2023[58][59][60]
Vagsheer S26 11880 20 April 2022[61] March 2024 (expected)[62] Sea trials[32]
Fleet II
TBD Mazagon Dock Limited To be ordered[35]
TBD
TBD

Gallery

  • Khanderi at sea.

  • Vela during sea trials.

  • Vagir during its maiden sea sortie.

  • Vagsheer during its maiden sea trials.

  • DRDO AIP (Air Independent Propulsion) model for Kalvari-class submarine

  • Silhouette profile of Kalvari-class submarine.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ghosh, Sanchari (2023-07-10). "PM Modi to ink deal with France to acquire 26 Rafale-M fighters, three attack submarines". The Mint. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-ink-deal-with-france-to-acquire-26-rafale-m-fighters-three-attack-submarines-11688974992564.html. 
  2. ↑ "India Drops Plans to Add 3 More French Stealth Attack Submarines". 8 September 2016. https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/india-drops-plans-to-add-3-more-french-stealth-attack-submarines/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Curtain Raiser : Kalvari to be Commissioned Tomorrow at Mumbai". 13 December 2017. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174299. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Rahmat, Ridzwan (7 June 2017). "India's second Scorpène submarine begins sea trials". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/71202/india-s-second-scorp%E8ne-submarine-begins-sea-trials. 
  5. ↑ Saunders, Stephen, ed (2005). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2005-2006 (108th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 308. ISBN 0710626924. 
  6. ↑ "India, France to ink Scorpene deal". The Times of India. PTI. 27 September 2005. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-France-to-ink-Scorpene-deal/articleshow/1244394.cms. 
  7. ↑ "Scorpene 1000". DCNS. http://en.dcnsgroup.com/naval/products/scorpene. 
  8. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (31 January 2018). "India launches third Scorpène-class submarine". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/77488/india-launches-third-scorp%E8ne-class-submarine. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Kalvari-Class Attack Submarines, India". 28 October 2021. https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/p75-scorpene-class-attack-submarines/. 
  10. ↑ "Explained: India's Kalvari class of submarines, and its strategic significance". 19 November 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-a-look-at-kalvari-class-of-submarines-and-its-strategic-significance-7049172/. 
  11. ↑ "The Indian Navy's Potent Conventional Submarine Capability". 1 April 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/04/01/the-indian-navys-potent-conventional-submarine-capability/?sh=11e148214413. 
  12. ↑ "Explained: India's Kalvari class of submarines, and its strategic significance". 19 November 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-a-look-at-kalvari-class-of-submarines-and-its-strategic-significance-7049172/. 
  13. ↑ "The Scorpene deal". 7 October 2005. https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30206515.ece. 
  14. ↑ "Modi in France, Navy gets €10 bn boost as proposal for 26 Rafale-Ms, 3 Scorpenes cleared". 13 July 2023. https://theprint.in/defence/modi-headed-to-france-navy-gets-e10-bn-boost-as-proposal-for-26-rafale-ms-3-scorpenes-cleared/1667749/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 "UNDUE FAVOUR TO VENDOR IN ACQUISITION OF SUBMARINES - MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE (2009-10)". https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64525/1/15_Public_Accounts_10.pdf. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mohanty, Deba (2006). "India and France Ink SCORPÈNE Deal". Military Technology (Bonne: Mönch Publishing Group) 30 (2): 34–36. ISSN 0722-3226. 
  17. ↑ "Envisaging more defence ties" (in en). The Hindu Business Line. 20 February 2006. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/Envisaging-more-defence-ties/article20199367.ece. 
  18. ↑ "Exocet Missiles, AIP Swing India Submarine Order". defense-aerospace.com. 13 September 2005. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/62798/exocet-missiles,-aip-swing-india-submarine-order.html. 
  19. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (19 June 2017). "Last two Scorpene submarines from Mazgaon Docks to join Navy without AIP system" (in en-IN). The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scorpene-submarines-to-join-navy-without-aip-modules/article19104639.ece. 
  20. ↑ Miglani, Sanjeev (22 September 2016). "India shelves plan to expand French submarine order after data breach". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-france-submarines-idUSKCN1182F6. 
  21. ↑ Bhatt, Arunkumar (24 May 2007). "Scorpene construction work begins in Mumbai" (in en-IN). The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Scorpene-construction-work-begins-in-Mumbai/article14767981.ece. 
  22. ↑ Pandit, Ranjat (28 August 2014). "Defence minister Arun Jaitley reviews delayed Scorpene submarine project". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defence-minister-Arun-Jaitley-reviews-delayed-Scorpene-submarine-project/articleshow/41039868.cms. 
  23. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (19 June 2013). "Indian Scorpene delivery faces further delays". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly (Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group) 50 (28): 16. ISSN 2048-3430. 
  24. ↑ Unnithan, Sandeep (1 June 2016). "Contract for 98 Black Shark torpedoes scrapped, Indian nuclear submarine programme further delayed". India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/torpedo-hits-nuclear-indian-submarine-programme-11707-2016-06-01. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bedi, Rahul (3 May 2016). "India's first Scorpene boat begins sea trials without primary weapons". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/59944/india-s-first-scorpene-boat-begins-sea-trials-without-primary-weapons. 
  26. ↑ "Manohar Parrikar interview: 'I believe in performance, not dressing up'". The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manohar-parrikar-agustawestland-bjp-two-years-anniversary-rafale-deal-defence-minister-defence-procurement-2815916/. 
  27. ↑ "India Has Alternative For Finmeccanica Torpedoes Says Parrikar". 2016-05-29. http://businessworld.in/article/India-Has-Alternative-For-Finmeccanica-Torpedos-Says-Parrikar/29-05-2016-98541/. 
  28. ↑ "DRDO gets nod to make torpedoes for Indian submarines". 30 June 2016. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/555157/drdo-gets-nod-make-torpedoes.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bedi, Rahul (14 December 2017). "Indian Navy commissions first licence-built Scorpène-class submarine". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/76404/indian-navy-commissions-first-licence-built-scorp%E8ne-class-submarine. 
  30. ↑ "DRDO system to help Indian Navy's Scorpene submarines stay hidden for longer periods" (in en). https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/drdo-system-to-help-indian-navys-scorpene-submarines-stay-hidden-for-longer-periods20200210142542/. 
  31. ↑ "Last submarine of Kalvari class launched - Vagsheer, Yard-11880.jpg" (Press release). PIB. 2023-05-19.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "First sea sortie of sixth scorpene submarine Vaghsheer". Lokmat Times. 2023-05-19. https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/first-sea-sortie-of-sixth-scorpene-submarine-vaghsheer/. 
  33. ↑ Peri, Dinakar. "Contract for three more Scorpene submarines likely by end-2024; first delivery expected by 2031". The Hindudate=2023-07-25. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/contract-for-three-more-scorpene-submarines-likely-by-end-2024-first-delivery-expected-by-2031/article67120461.ece. 
  34. ↑ "DAC approves proposals for procurement of 26 Rafale Marine aircraft from France to boost Indian Navy's operational capabilities". PIB (Press release). 2023-07-13.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "India Likely To Buy 26 Rafales, 3 Scorpene Subs During PM's France Visit". NDTV. 2023-07-10. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-buy-26-rafales-3-scorpene-class-submarines-from-france-report-4194237. 
  36. ↑ "MDL Submits Bid For Over Rs 20,000 Cr Project To Build 3 New Kalvari Class Submarines". ANI (Business World). 2023-12-13. https://www.businessworld.in/article/MDL-Submits-Bid-For-Over-Rs-20-000-Cr-Project-To-Build-3-New-Kalvari-Class-Submarines/13-12-2023-502074/. 
  37. ↑ @CNBC_Awaaz (2023-12-11). "मझगांव डॉक में आज करीब 3% की तेजी। कंपनी को #ONGC से 1145 करोड़ का ऑर्डर मिला । ऑर्डर और आगे के ग्रोथ पर बात कंपनी के डायरेक्टर Commander Jasbir Singh से ।" (in Hindi). https://twitter.com/CNBC_Awaaz/status/1734141929879900564. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Maiden Sea Trial of Kalvari – First Scorpene Class Submarine". 1 May 2016. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=143613. 
  39. ↑ Bonsignore, Luca (2005). ""Carrera": The first real Spanish export-submarine floated". Naval Forces (Aldershot: Monch Publications) 26 (1): 135. ISSN 0722-8880. "18 torpedoes and missiles can be carried otherwise 30 mines.". 
  40. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel (22 September 2017). "MDL delivers first of six Scorpène-class submarines to Indian Navy". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/74325/mdl-delivers-first-of-six-scorp%E8ne-class-submarines-to-indian-navy. 
  41. ↑ "Road to development in the 21st century goes through the Indian ocean – Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister". http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174311. 
  42. ↑ Shukla, Tarun (14 December 2017). "INS Kalvari, India's first Scorpene submarine, commissioned by Narendra Modi". Livemint. http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uPIyd9PAN0KhwVJPbXHmOK/PM-Modi-commissions-Scorpeneclass-submarine-INS-Kalvari-int.html. 
  43. ↑ "INS Khanderi: A Scorpene class submarine, handed over to Navy". 2019-09-20. https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ins-khanderi-a-scorpene-class-submarine-handed-over-to-navy-1568961057-1. 
  44. ↑ "Submarines Active | Indian Navy". Indian Navy. https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/submarines-active. 
  45. ↑ "Second Scorpene class submarine Khanderi to be launched on Jan 12". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/second-scorpene-class-submarine-khanderi-to-be-launched-on-jan-12/articleshow/56421928.cms. 
  46. ↑ "Rajnath commissions INS Khanderi attack submarine" (in en). 28 September 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajnath-commissions-ins-khanderi-attack-submarine/articleshow/71345516.cms. 
  47. ↑ "Third Scorpene-class submarine to be launched" (in en). Deccan Herald. 29 January 2018. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/656564/third-scorpene-class-submarine-launched.html. 
  48. ↑ "Third Scorpene submarine 'Karanj' Launched at Mazagon Docks". 2018-01-31. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176011. 
  49. ↑ "INS Karanj - third Kalvari class Submarine commissioned at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai". PIB. 10 March 2021. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1703732. 
  50. ↑ Sharma, Manasvi Shanker (11 March 2021). "India commissions third Kalvari-class submarine" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-commissions-third-kalvari-class-submarine. 
  51. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel; Bedi, Rahul. "Indian Navy commissions third Kalvari (Scorpène)-class submarine" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-navy-commissions-third-kalvari-scorpene-class-submarine. 
  52. ↑ Mahale, Ajeet (2018-01-31). "INS Karanj boosts Navy's firepower". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-karanj-boosts-navys-firepower/article22613449.ece. 
  53. ↑ "Launch of Fourth Scorpene Class Submarine - Vela". 6 May 2019. https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/launch-fourth-scorpene-class-submarine-vela. 
  54. ↑ "INS Vela: Indian Navy's 4th Scorpene-class made in India submarine launched". The Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/ins-vela-indian-navys-4th-scorpene-class-made-in-india-submarine-launched-extensive-trials-planned/1569295/. 
  55. ↑ "Navy commissions submarine INS Vela". https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-commissions-submarine-ins-vela/articleshow/87903126.cms. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Desk, India com News (2020-11-12). "Indian Navy's Fifth Scorpene-Class Submarine INS Vagir Launched" (in en). https://www.india.com/news/india/scorpene-class-submarine-ins-vagir-launched-4208068/. 
  57. ↑ @navalgroup_IN (12 November 2020). "INS Vagir-fifth Kalvari class submarine in collaboration with navalgroup launched today". https://twitter.com/navalgroup_IN/status/1326750164812402689. 
  58. ↑ "INS Vagir, 5th submarine of Kalvari class, commissioned into Indian Navy". 23 January 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ins-vagir-5th-submarine-of-kalvari-class-commissioned-into-indian-navy-101674446874240.html. 
  59. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel; Bedi, Rahul (10 March 2021). "Indian Navy commissions third Kalvari (Scorpène)-class submarine". Janes. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-navy-commissions-third-kalvari-scorpene-class-submarine. 
  60. ↑ Baggonkar, Swaraj (20 February 2022). "India's ₹43,000 crore submarine project P-75I faces multiple delays". The Hindu Business Line. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/indias-43000-crore-submarine-project-p-75i-faces-multiple-delays/article65068198.ece. 
  61. ↑ "LAUNCH OF SIXTH SCORPENE SUBMARINE 'VAGSHEER' AT MAZAGON DOCK LIMITED (MDL), MUMBAI" (Press release). PIB. 2022-04-20.
  62. ↑ "India Launches Its Sixth And Final Scorpene Submarine". 20 April 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/04/india-launches-its-sixth-and-final-scorpene-submarine/. 



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