Engineering:Scorpène-class submarine

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Short description: Class of submarine

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The Scorpène-class submarines are a class of diesel-electric attack submarines jointly developed by the French Naval Group (formerly DCNS) and the Spanish company Navantia. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP). It is now marketed as the Scorpène 2000.

Scorpène characteristics

The Scorpène class of submarines has three subtypes:[1]

  • CM-2000 - conventional diesel-electric version 61.7 meters long.
  • AM-2000 - air-independent propulsion (AIP) derivative.
    • MESMA AIP, length stretched to 70 meters.
  • CA-2000 - downsized version for coastal missions.
  • S-BR - Brazilian Navy[2] variant, a CM-2000 stretched to 70.62 meters to accommodate more batteries.

The Chilean and Malaysian boats are fitted with the TSM 2233 Mk 2 sonar. The class can also be fitted with a 'S-Cube' sonar suite from Thales.[3]

Air-independent propulsion

The French Module d'Energie Sous-Marine Autonome (MESMA) system is being offered by the French shipyard Naval Group for the Scorpène-class submarines. It is essentially a modified version of their nuclear propulsion system with heat being generated by ethanol and oxygen. The combustion of the ethanol and stored oxygen, at a pressure of 60 atm (6.1 MPa), generates steam which powers a conventional turbine power plant. This pressure-firing allows exhaust carbon dioxide to be expelled overboard at any depth without an exhaust compressor.

Each MESMA system costs around US$50–60 million. As installed on the Scorpènes, it requires adding a new 8.3-metre (27 ft), 305-tonne hull section to the submarines, and enables a submarine to operate for more than 21 days under water depending on speed.


Scorpène information leak

In mid-August 2016, The Australian newspaper published documents containing old technical information about the Scorpène submarines and reported that design details of the Scorpène-class submarine and other ships had been leaked.[4] The leaked information spreads over 22,400 pages and includes detailed information about the submarine's combat and stealth capabilities.[5] The leak also included information about noise levels, submarine frequencies and more.[6] Despite all the information leaks, Indian Navy Chief, Admiral Sunil Lanba, was quoted as saying that the leaks were being viewed "very seriously", but were "not a matter of much worry".[7] The report also suggested that an ex-French Navy officer working as a sub-contractor for Naval Group may have been the source of the leak, and that the leaked data may have been written in France in 2011.[8] However, on 30 August 2016, a court in New South Wales temporarily banned The Australian from releasing any more confidential data on the Indian Scorpène-class submarines.[9]

Naval Group filed a complaint against the newspaper with the Supreme Court of the State of New South Wales in Australia. The Australian court ruled in favour of Naval Group on 29 August and confirmed its decision on 1 September.[10]

Operators

Current operators

Chile

Carrera of the Chilean Navy

The Chilean Navy ordered two Scorpène-class boats, which replaced two Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist.s retired by the Chilean Navy. The Chilean Scorpène-class missing name and missing name were completed in 2005 and 2006, respectively.

Malaysia

missing name of the Royal Malaysian Navy

In 2002, Malaysia ordered two Scorpène-class boats worth €1.04 billion (about RM4.78 billion). Both boats missing name and missing name commissioned by Royal Malaysian Navy in 2009.

India

Main article: Engineering:Kalvari-class submarine (2015)
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. of the Indian Navy

In 2005, India chose the Scorpène design; purchasing six submarines for US$3 billion (US$500 million per boat). Under a technology transfer agreement, the state-owned Mazagon Docks in Mumbai was to manufacture the submarines, and deliver them between 2012 and 2016, however the project is running six years behind schedule.[11][12] Construction started on 23 May 2009.[3] In August 2016, over 20,000 confidential pages of the submarine's manual were leaked by Australian media,[13] stirring up a controversy about the impact to India's ambitions of fielding a blue-water navy.[14]

Naval Group answered that those documents were not crucial.[15] After extensive sea trials, Kalvari was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 14 December 2017.[16]

India's Defence Procurement Board (DPB) (a part of the Ministry of Defence) green lit the acquisition of 3 additional boats on 10 July 2023. Following this, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the proposal on 13 July 2023. The deal was expected to be signed during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to France on Bastille Day, 14 July 2023. However, no such deal was signed and the deal is now expected to be signed by end of 2024 with the deliveries beginning by 2031.[17][18][19][20]

On 16 October 2025, Naval Group and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly offer evolved Scorpéne submarine to friendly foreign countries.[21][22]

Brazil

Main article: Engineering:Riachuelo-class submarine
missing name of the Brazilian Navy
missing name of the Brazilian Navy

In 2009, Brazil purchased four enlarged Scorpènes for US$10 billion with a technology transfer agreement and a second agreement to develop a French/Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine. The Brazilian submarine class was given the designation Riachuelo class. The hull of the first S-BR (S40) was laid down at Cherbourg on 27 May 2010 and is to be jumboized at the Brazilian Navy Shipyard in Sepetiba in late 2012.[23] The latter three submarines will be built there entirely, and are planned to be commissioned in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The nuclear-powered submarine missing name is under construction since 2018, with scheduled launch for 2027.[24]

The first submarine Riachuelo was launched on 14 December 2018, and began sea trials in September 2019.[25] All the submarines are built by the Brazilian defence company Itaguaí Construções Navais.

Future operators

Indonesia

As of 2021, Indonesia was considering purchasing a Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. submarine, the Scorpène variant constructed for Brazil. Talks for such a purchase started as early as 2016.[26]

On 7 June 2021, Indonesia signed a letter of intent to buy six Scorpène-class submarines and weapons packages from France.[27] On 10 February 2022, the Indonesian Minister of Defence Prabowo Subianto and his French counterpart Florence Parly witness the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Kaharuddin Djenod, CEO of PAL Indonesia and Pierre Eric Pommellet, CEO of Naval Group on cooperation in research and development between PAL Indonesia and Naval Group regarding the plan to purchase Six Scorpène submarines with AIP (Air-independent Propulsion) along with weapons and spare parts as well as training.[28][29][30] In October 2023, Naval Group renewed its proposal by offering the latest variant called Scorpene Evolved equipped with a complete lithium-ion battery (LIB) setup, enabling it to operate for 80 days without resurfacing and travel over 8,000 nautical miles. Scorpene Evolved boasts a reduced acoustic signature and can sustain its maximum speed for extended periods, distinguishing it from the previous variants. Approximately one-third of the total contract value, estimated at about $2.1 billion, will return to Indonesia through offsets and other collaboration initiatives. The offer scheme includes a whole local production.[31]

In April 2024, Naval Group confirmed that Indonesia signed a contract order for two Scorpene Evolved submarines, which will be built in Indonesia.[32][33] The contract for two submarines has entered into force on 23 July 2025.[34] Construction of the two boats at PAL Indonesia shipyard was started in late July 2025.[35]

Potential operators

Argentina

In October 2024 Argentine Minister of Defense, Luis Petri, signed a letter of agreement with French President Emmanuel Macron starting negotiations for the purchase by part of Argentina of three Scorpène submarines that would potentially equip the Argentine Navy. The agreement would involve an estimated investment of $2 billion US by Argentina.[36]

Egypt

Talks are still ongoing between Egypt and Naval Group regarding the procurement of the Scorpène 2000-class submarine along with a transfer of technology (TOT) agreement. The report also states that the deal may include four submarines, with an option for two more.[37]

Philippines

In December 2019, Secretary of National Defense of Philippines Delfin Lorenzana announced that the Scorpène-class submarine of France fits the requirements of the Philippine Navy. Lorenzana visited a Scorpène-class submarine when he visited France.[38] On 18 December 2019, Lorenzana said that the Philippines is one step closer to acquiring the French submarine after signing an agreement with France sought to enhance both country's maritime defense.[39] In January 2020, Philippine and French Navy conducted an expert exchange on a submarine to enhance members in the submarine's information about the submarine proper.[40] In July 2023, Naval Group presented its submarine package that includes a submarine base in Subic's Agila Shipyard and training of personnel, aside from getting the project funded by a long term loan arrangement.[41] The submarines are likely patterned from Brazil's Riachuelo-class variant.[42]

Romania

As of 2022, Romania is considering purchasing two Scorpène-class submarines from the French.[43]

Greece

In July 2025, a formal process to acquire additional four submarines was started as part of a 20 year modernization plan estimated to cost $25 billion. Type 218, Type 209NG, Scorpène-class, conventional Barracuda-class submarine (France), and Blekinge-class submarine are being considered. [44]

Failed bids

Spain

In 2003, the Spanish government ordered four Scorpène AIP submarines worth €1,756 million.[45] However, the Spanish Navy cancelled the order, and ordered four Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. submarines, instead. This has caused conflicts and controversies between Naval Group and Navantia, as the latter is still involved in the construction of the submarines sold to India, Malaysia, and Chile, while the S-80 is offered on the export market.[46] As an answer to the competition from the S-80, Naval Group designed its own enhanced version of the Scorpène called the Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist., but little is known about this design and the Scorpène is still offered by France on the export market. The dispute was settled when Navantia gave up export rights on the Scorpène class, leaving Naval Group with sole responsibility for the project.[47]

Poland

On 1 March 2011, the Naval Shipyard Gdynia of Poland and Naval Group offered a license to build a yet undisclosed number of modified Scorpène-class boats. The Scorpène design is competing with that of the German Type 214 submarine.[48] Naval Group participate in the “Orka” submarine procurement programme pursued by the Polish Navy.[49][50][51][52][53] Ultimately, Poland selected the Blekinge-class submarine[54][55][56]

Norway

In December 2016, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence announced that Norway would sign a contract for four new submarines before the end of 2019. These would either be Scorpène vessels from Naval Group or German U-boats from ThyssenKrupp. Norway would also be looking into possible cooperation on maintenance and construction with other potential buyers of the same submarines, such as Poland or the Netherlands.[57][58] In February 2017, the Norwegian Government announced that it intended to procure its new submarines from the German manufacturer, ThyssenKrupp. Norway and Germany will buy submarines together to mutualize expenses. In practice the tender was cancelled and exclusive government to government negotiations were initiated.

Units

Name Pennant no. Laid down Launched Commissioned Homeport
 Chile
missing name SS-23 18 November 1999 1 November 2003 8 September 2005 Talcahuano
missing name SS-22 November 2000 24 November 2004 20 July 2006 Talcahuano
 Malaysia
missing name - 25 April 2004 23 October 2007 January 2009 Sepanggar
missing name - 25 April 2005 October 2008 December 2009 Sepanggar
 India
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. S-21 1 April 2009 6 April 2015 [59] 14 December 2017[16][60] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. S-22 October 2011 12 January 2017[61] 28 September 2019[62][63] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. S-23 December 2012 31 January 2018[64] 10 March 2021[65] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.[66] S-24 N/A 6 May 2019[67] 25 November 2021[68] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.[66] S-25 N/A 12 November 2020[69] 23 January 2023[70][71][72] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist.[66] S-26 N/A 20 April 2022[73] 15 January 2025[74] Visakhapatnam / Mumbai
 Brazil
missing name S40 27 May 2010[23] 14 December 2018[75] 1 September 2022[76] Madeira Island, Itaguaí
missing name S41 9 September 2013[77] 11 December 2020[78] 12 January 2024[79] Madeira Island, Itaguaí
missing name S42 13 January 2015[80] 27 March 2024[81] 26 November 2025[82] Madeira Island, Itaguaí
missing name S43 2018 26 November 2025[82] 2026 (expected)[83] Madeira Island, Itaguaí
 Indonesia[35]
TBD
TBD
  • Image of Scorpène class
    Image of Scorpène class
  • Chilean Navy's Scorpène class
    Chilean Navy's Scorpène class
  • Royal Malaysian Navy's Scorpène class at a Navantia shipyard prior to delivery
    Royal Malaysian Navy's Scorpène class at a Navantia shipyard prior to delivery
  • Launching of the Brazilian submarine Riachuelo, Scorpène class
    Launching of the Brazilian submarine Riachuelo, Scorpène class
  • Launching of the Brazilian submarine Humaitá, Scorpène class
    Launching of the Brazilian submarine Humaitá, Scorpène class

Scorpène 1000

See Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist..

See also

Submarines of similar comparison

  • Type 212 submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and exclusively built for the German Navy, the Italian Navy and the Royal Norwegian Navy.
  • Type 214 submarine - A class of export-oriented diesel-electric attack-submarines, also developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently operated by the Hellenic Navy, the Portuguese Navy, the Republic of Korea Navy and the Turkish Naval Forces.
  • Type 218SG submarine - A class of extensively-customised diesel-electric attack-submarines developed ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently operated by the Republic of Singapore Navy.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A class of extensively-customised diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently operated by Israel.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A unique class of diesel-electric attack-submarines developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and currently being built for Israel.
  • S-80 Plus submarine - A class of conventionally-powered attack-submarines, currently being built by Navantia for the Spanish Navy.
  • Blekinge-class submarine is a class of submarine developed by Kockums for the Swedish Navy
  • KSS-III submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack and ballistic missile submarines, built by Hanwha Ocean and HD Hyundai Heavy Industries and operated by the Republic of Korea Navy.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines, built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A class of diesel-electric attack submarines currently being built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
  • Type 039A submarine - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines operated by the People's Liberation Army Navy (China) and being built for the navies of the Royal Thai Navy and the Pakistan Navy.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines being built for the Russian Navy.
  • Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. - A class of diesel-electric attack-submarines currently being built by CSBC for Taiwan.

References

  1. ↑ "The Market for Submarines". Forecast International. August 2009. http://www.forecastinternational.com/samples/f673_completesample.pdf/. 
  2. ↑ "Novas pistas sobre o 'S-BR', o novo submarino convencional Brasileiro". www.naval.com.br. 6 May 2010. http://www.naval.com.br/blog/tag/scorpene/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Project 75 – Scorpene SSK". bharat-rakshak.com. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Scorpene.html. 
  4. ↑ Siegel, Matt; Irish, John (24 August 2016). "France's DCNS says India submarine data leak may be 'economic warfare'". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-submarines-india-australia-idUSKCN10Z04G. 
  5. ↑ Laskar, Rezaul H (24 August 2016). "Secret data on Indian Navy's Scorpene-class submarines leaked". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/secret-data-on-india-s-scorpene-class-submarines-leaked-report/story-PqS96Ob4G5tGY088F07tzH.html. 
  6. ↑ Stewart, Cameron (25 August 2016). "What the Scorpene leak reveals". The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/scorpene-leak-submarine-what-it-reveals-explained-2994954/. 
  7. ↑ "Scorpene Leak serious, not a matter of worry, says Navy Chief". The New Indian Express. http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Scorpene-Leak-serious-not-a-matter-of-worry-says-Navy-Chief/2016/08/30/article3603108.ece. 
  8. ↑ "French ex-naval officer behind Scorpene leak?". The Times of India. 25 August 2016. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/French-ex-naval-officer-behind-Scorpene-leak/articleshow/53851448.cms. 
  9. ↑ Som, Vishnu. "Scorpene Leak: 'The Australian' Can't Release Confidential Data, Says Court". NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/scorpene-leak-the-australian-cant-release-confidential-data-says-court-1451867. 
  10. ↑ Genevelle, Eric (2020). La véritable histoire des bateaux sous-marins, de 1945 à nos jours. Des auteurs des livres: AMH COM. pp. 235. ISBN 978-2-36497-046-5. 
  11. ↑ Kulkarni, Neha (7 September 2018). "Mazagon Dock to deliver second Scorpene class submarine by year end". the Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mazagon-to-deliver-second-scorpene-class-submarine-by-year-end-5344023/. 
  12. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (28 August 2014). "Defence minister Arun Jaitley reviews delayed Scorpene submarine project". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defence-minister-Arun-Jaitley-reviews-delayed-Scorpene-submarine-project/articleshow/41039868.cms. 
  13. ↑ Som, Vishnu. "The $3.5 Billion Leak: Scorpene Submarines Exposed, India Assesses Damage". NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-secret-data-on-indias-scorpene-submarine-leaked-says-report-1449447. 
  14. ↑ Joshi, Shashank (25 August 2016). "Understanding Scorpene leak: Why India's next-gen subs are now vulnerable". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-s-next-generation-of-submarines-are-now-more-vulnerable/story-goZcuLMtwDUGrqlrj4ASuM.html. 
  15. ↑ Pommier, Sébastien (25 August 2016). "Fuite de documents chez DCNS: "Nous sommes en guerre économique"" (in fr). L'Express. http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/oceanie/fuite-de-documents-chez-dcns-nous-sommes-en-guerre-economique_1824233.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Scorpene-class submarine Kalvari, built in Mazagon Dock, inducted into Navy". http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-inducts-ins-kalvari-into-indian-navy/article21618713.ece. 
  17. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (25 July 2023). "Contract for three more Scorpene submarines likely by end-2024; first delivery expected by 2031". The Hindudate=2023-07-25. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/contract-for-three-more-scorpene-submarines-likely-by-end-2024-first-delivery-expected-by-2031/article67120461.ece. 
  18. ↑ "DAC approves proposals for procurement of 26 Rafale Marine aircraft from France to boost Indian Navy's operational capabilities". PIB (Press release). 2023-07-13.
  19. ↑ Ghosh, Sanchari (2023-07-10). "PM Modi to ink deal with France to acquire 26 Rafale-M fighters, three attack submarines". The Mint. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-ink-deal-with-france-to-acquire-26-rafale-m-fighters-three-attack-submarines-11688974992564.html. 
  20. ↑ "India Likely To Buy 26 Rafales, 3 Scorpene Subs During PM's France Visit". NDTV. 2023-07-10. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-buy-26-rafales-3-scorpene-class-submarines-from-france-report-4194237. 
  21. ↑ "Mazagon Dock inks exclusive pact with France's Naval Group for foreign submarine project - CNBC TV18" (in en). 2025-10-17. https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-share-price-inks-exclusive-pact-with-frances-naval-group-for-foreign-submarine-project-19721011.htm. 
  22. ↑ "Mazagon Signs Exclusive MoU With France's Naval Group For Export Submarine Project" (in en). 2025-10-18. https://www.businessworld.in/article/mazagon-signs-exclusive-mou-with-france-s-naval-group-for-export-submarine-project-576113. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nicolas von Kospot (2 June 2010). "First Steel Cut for Brazilian Submarine Programme". www.defpro.com. http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/585/. 
  24. ↑ "O Prosub e o submarino nuclear brasileiro SN-BR" (in pt). Poder Naval. 20 February 2018. https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2018/02/20/o-prosub-e-o-submarino-nuclear-brasileiro-sn-br. 
  25. ↑ "Submarino Riachuelo inicia provas de mar" (in pt). Poder Naval. 25 September 2019. https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2019/09/25/submarino-riachuelo-inicia-provas-de-mar/. 
  26. ↑ Rahmat, Ridzwan (2 December 2020). "Indonesia in talks with Naval Group for variant of Riachuelo-class submarine" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indonesia-in-talks-with-naval-group-for-variant-of-riachuelo-class-submarine. 
  27. ↑ GDC (2021-08-02). "Indonesia signed a letter of intent to acquire 36 Rafale fighter jets from France." (in en-US). https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/08/02/indonesia-signed-a-letter-of-intent-to-acquire-36-rafale-fighter-jets-from-france/. 
  28. ↑ GDC (2022-02-13). "Indonesia Purchased Six Scorpene-Class Submarines From France" (in en-US). https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2022/02/14/indonesia-purchased-six-scorpene-class-submarines-from-france/. 
  29. ↑ Manaranche, Martin (2022-02-10). "Naval Group and PT PAL ink MoU with Submarine Deal in Sight" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/02/naval-group-and-pt-pal-ink-mou-with-submarine-deal-in-sight/. 
  30. ↑ Rachmalia, Mira. "Top RI! Bukan Cuma Rafale, Kapal Selam Scorpene Juga Diborong" (in id-ID). https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220210132635-4-314369/top-ri-bukan-cuma-rafale-kapal-selam-scorpene-juga-diborong. 
  31. ↑ Malufti, Fauzan (2024-03-29). "Indonesia Moving Closer to 'Scorpene Evolved' Submarine Deal" (in en-US). https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/03/indonesia-moving-closer-to-scorpene-evolved-submarine-deal/. 
  32. ↑ Naval Group [@navalgroup] (April 2, 2024). "Naval Group and @PTPAL_INDONESIA have signed a contract with @Kemhan_RI for two 'Scorpène® Evolved' LiB submarines, to be built in Indonesia through ToTs from Naval Group in order to strengthen the capabilities of the @_TNIAL_.". https://twitter.com/navalgroup/status/1775085360566931735. 
  33. ↑ "Naval Group and PT PAL have signed a contract with Indonesia for 2 locally built Scorpène® Evolved Full LiB submarines". https://www.naval-group.com/en/naval-group-and-pt-pal-have-signed-contract-indonesia-2-locally-built-scorpener-evolved-full-lib. 
  34. ↑ "Entry into force of the Scorpène Evolved submarines contract for Indonesia". 23 July 2025. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/07/entry-into-force-of-the-scorpene-evolved-submarines-contract-for-indonesia/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "PT PAL dan Naval Group Bangun Kapal Selam Scorpene Evolve di Dalam Negeri" (in ID). 31 July 2025. https://indonesiadefense.com/pt-pal-dan-naval-group-bangun-kapal-selam-scorpene-evolve-di-dalam-negeri/. 
  36. ↑ Rosemberg, Jaime; De Vedia, Mariano (27 November 2024). "Diplomacia y negocios: Milei acordó con Macron la compra a Francia de submarinos y buques por más de US$ 2000 millones" (in es). La Nacion. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/diplomacia-y-negocios-milei-acordo-con-macron-la-compra-a-francia-de-submarinos-y-buques-por-mas-de-nid27112024/. 
  37. ↑ Chatila, Nisreen (2023-04-23). "مصر تتجه لشراء غواصات جديدة.. هل ستختار "سكوربين 2000" أم "تايب 209"؟" (in ar). https://defensearabia.com/2023/04/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1/. 
  38. ↑ Nepomuceno, Priam (December 3, 2019). "French-made Scorpene submarine ideal for PH: Lorenzana". https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1087724. 
  39. ↑ Sadongdong, Marin (December 18, 2019). "PH a step closer to acquiring first submarine". https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/12/18/ph-a-step-closer-to-acquiring-first-submarine/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=29ccabf785bc6e8f0abddca9c37355fbf8173668-1588822265-0-AYgUif5kGkwCE_U0xt2-yuALJeJw2qdTkDuUpsok2iuOV5clir3emoWlLfkitxW6tBV_D2phbSggvbu9tih7QxgdgjSx2VqgG1exiv_jFlYvkqIUuLnO34lowMm2m0OTzQD3pkX6vNY_mnAseudANRrnJgxijkuiA5vZng8VSA8jXsIIA1g2yaPlSMEi2gRaf3viSQ0WZbCYF9Oz1iTkKQ29jSEtHZOkHLl-lNSaLcpnDm7Bd4Apvj2XEvWfR70ONdigOeW8HkOGkiv6G0RujXA6AxY90MDZKxH58sNkVcPbrihmg8FL8hKQ3RYj-x2bvBrs3m0JMPgECsYTXJtYgp-AQY_mfcYJAbIaJlRF7IkW. 
  40. ↑ Tiamzon, Gaile (January 13, 2020). "France, PHL navies hold expert exchange on submarine" (in en-US). https://www.mintfo.com/news/france-phl-navies-hold-expert-exchange-on-submarine/15660/. 
  41. ↑ Mangosing, Frances (17 July 2023). "France ramps up naval ties with PH". https://globalnation.inquirer.net/216555/france-ramps-up-naval-ties-with-ph. 
  42. ↑ "Updates on the Philippine Navy's Submarine Acquisition Project". 28 August 2023. https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2023/07/updates-on-phil-navy-sub-acquisition.html. 
  43. ↑ "Romania's Submarine Ambitions" (in en). 20 July 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/07/romanias-submarine-ambitions-which-impact-for-the-black-sea-region/. 
  44. ↑ Brahy, Jérôme. "Greece to obtain first strategic sea-to-land strike capability with purchase of four new submarines" (in en-gb). https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2025/greece-to-obtain-first-strategic-sea-to-land-strike-capability-with-purchase-of-four-new-submarines. 
  45. ↑ "Scorpene Basic-AIP". http://www.deagel.com/Conventional-Attack-Submarines/Scorpene-Basic-AIP_a000425003.aspx. 
  46. ↑ "Scorpène: DCNS et Navantia en instance de divorce". Mer et Marine. http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=108546. 
  47. ↑ Ruello, Alain. "Sous-marins : DCNS et Navantia reprennent leur liberté" (in fr). Les Echos. http://www.lesechos.fr/12/11/2010/lesechos.fr/020927714393_sous-marins---dcns-et-navantia-reprennent-leur-liberte.htm. 
  48. ↑ Sowula, Sławomir (March 2011). "Gdyńska stocznia chce budować okręty podwodne" (in pl). Gazeta Wyborcza (2011–03–03). http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,100896,9192983,Gdynska_stocznia_chce_budowac_okrety_podwodne.html. Retrieved 24 October 2015. 
  49. ↑ Dura, Maksymilian (August 8, 2023). "Polish "Orka" Submarine Procurement Gains Weight (and Bids)". https://defence24.com/industry/polish-orka-submarine-procurement-gains-weight-and-bids. 
  50. ↑ "Poland decides to restart ORKA submarine acquisition program". July 18, 2023. https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/poland-decides-to-restart-orka-submarine-acquisition-program. 
  51. ↑ Grotnik, Tomasz (June 1, 2023). "Orka reactivation - Which submarines for Poland?". https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/06/orka-reactivation-which-submarines-for-poland/. 
  52. ↑ Adamowski, Jaroslaw (September 12, 2023). "Asian, European players compete for Polish submarine order". https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2023/09/12/asian-european-players-compete-for-polish-submarine-order/. 
  53. ↑ https://defence-industry.eu/swedens-saab-a26-submarines-chosen-by-poland-in-key-decision-on-future-naval-capability/
  54. ↑ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-26/poland-picks-sweden-to-deliver-three-submarines-in-defense-push
  55. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/poland-chooses-sweden-supply-it-with-three-submarines-2025-11-26/
  56. ↑ https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2025/sweden-and-saab-selected-for-polands-new-submarines
  57. ↑ "Nye ubåter - status desember 2016". Norwegian government. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/forsvar/innsikt/ubater/nyeubaterstatus/id2522100/. 
  58. ↑ "Dette kan avgjøre ubåtkjøpet". aldrimer.no. 9 January 2017. https://www.aldrimer.no/dette-kan-avgjore-ubatkjopet/. 
  59. ↑ "New India submarine enters water". BBC News. 6 April 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32193746. 
  60. ↑ "Scorpenes no more". https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20170327-indian-navy-scorpene-submarines-france-986031-2017-03-18. 
  61. ↑ "Second Scorpene class submarine Khanderi to be launched on Jan 12". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/second-scorpene-class-submarine-khanderi-to-be-launched-on-jan-12/articleshow/56421928.cms. 
  62. ↑ "India's second Scorpene-class sub INS Khanderi's induction delayed" (in en). The Week. 16 May 2019. https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/05/16/India-second-Scorpene-class-sub-INS-Khanderi-induction-delayed.html. 
  63. ↑ "Aero India 2019: India to receive second Scorpene-class submarine by April 2019". Jane's Navy International. 21 February 2019. https://www.janes.com/article/86770/aero-india-2019-india-to-receive-second-scorpene-class-submarine-by-april-2019. 
  64. ↑ "Third Scorpene submarine 'Karanj' Launched at Mazagon Docks". http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176011. 
  65. ↑ "INS Karanj, 3rd Scorpene-Class Submarine Commissioned Into Indian Navy". 2021-03-10. https://www.india.com/news/india/ins-karanj-third-scorpene-class-submarine-commissioned-into-indian-navy-4480691/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "INS Karanj boosts Navy's firepower". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-karanj-boosts-navys-firepower/article22613449.ece?homepage=true. 
  67. ↑ "INS Vela: Indian Navy's 4th Scorpene-class made in India submarine launched". Financial Express. 6 May 2019. https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/ins-vela-indian-navys-4th-scorpene-class-made-in-india-submarine-launched-extensive-trials-planned/1569295/. 
  68. ↑ @livefist (2021-11-15). "Indian Navy to commission fourth Scorpene submarine VELA into service on Nov 25". https://twitter.com/livefist/status/1460190610699141127. 
  69. ↑ "Indian Navy gets fifth Scorpene-class submarine 'INS Vagir'" (in en). 12 November 2020. https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indian-navy-gets-fifth-scorpene-class-submarine-ins-vagir/680844. 
  70. ↑ "INS Vagir, 5th submarine of Kalvari class, commissioned into Indian Navy". 23 January 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ins-vagir-5th-submarine-of-kalvari-class-commissioned-into-indian-navy-101674446874240.html. 
  71. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel; Bedi, Rahul (10 March 2021). "Indian Navy commissions third Kalvari (Scorpène)-class submarine". Janes. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-navy-commissions-third-kalvari-scorpene-class-submarine. 
  72. ↑ "Mazagon Dock to deliver second Scorpene class submarine by year end". The Indian Express. 7 September 2018. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mazagon-to-deliver-second-scorpene-class-submarine-by-year-end-5344023/. 
  73. ↑ "Launch of Sixth Scorpene Submarine 'Vagsheer' at Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL), Mumbai" (Press release). PIB. 2022-04-20.
  74. ↑ "Navy gets 'hunter-killer' submarine, warships; PM says emerging as maritime power" (in en). 2025-01-15. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-maharashtra-ins-surat-ins-nilgiri-ins-vaghsheer-iskcon-temple-2664948-2025-01-15. 
  75. ↑ "Brazil launches first of 5 navy attack submarines". EFE. 14 December 2018. https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/brazil-launches-first-of-5-navy-attack-submarines/50000262-3843389. 
  76. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named S-BR
  77. ↑ "Cortada a primeira chapa do segundo submarino do PROSUB, o futuro 'Humaitá'" (in pt). Poder Naval. 9 September 2013. https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2013/09/09/cortada-a-primeira-chapa-do-segundo-submarino-do-prosub-o-futuro-humaita. 
  78. ↑ "Submarino Humaitá (S 41) – Falta muito pouco para ser lançado ao mar" (in pt). 2 December 2020. https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/naval/submarino-humaita-s-41-falta-muito-pouco-para-ser-lancado-ao-mar. 
  79. ↑ "Vídeo: Cerimônia de Mostra de Armamento do Submarino 'Humaitá' – S41" (in pt). Poder Naval. 12 January 2024. https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2024/01/12/video-cerimonia-de-mostra-de-armamento-do-submarino-humaita-s41/. 
  80. ↑ "Nuclep entrega nova seção do Submarino Tonelero". ABINDE. 28 June 2017. https://abimde.org.br/pt-br/noticias/nuclep-entrega-nova-secao-do-submarino-tonelero/. 
  81. ↑ "Tonelero: saiba como é o submarino lançado por Lula e Macron no RJ". G1. 27 March 2024. https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2024/03/27/tonelero-saiba-como-e-o-submarino-que-sera-lancado-por-lula-e-macron-no-rj.ghtml. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Marinha recebe o 3º e submarino convencional, lança o 4º e faz a transição para construir o nuclear" (in pt). 26 November 2025. https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/marcelo-godoy/marinha-recebe-o-3-e-submarino-convencional-lanca-o-4-e-faz-a-transicao-para-construir-o-nuclear/. 
  83. ↑ "La Marina de Brasil ya está lista para poner a flote al cuarto de sus nuevos submarinos de ataque clase Riachuelo" (in es). 25 November 2025. https://www.zona-militar.com/2025/11/25/la-marina-de-brasil-ya-esta-lista-para-poner-a-flote-al-cuarto-de-sus-nuevos-submarinos-de-ataque-clase-riachuelo/. 

Further reading

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