Engineering:Borei-class submarine

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Short description: Nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine built for Russian Navy
Borey class SSBN.svg
Borei class SSBN profile (project 955)
«Александр Невский» в Вилючинске.jpg
K-550 Alexander Nevsky
Class overview
Name: Borei class
Builders: Sevmash, designed by Rubin
Operators:  Russian Navy
Preceded by: Delta IV class, Typhoon class
Subclasses: Khabarovsk-class
Cost: US$713 million[1]
Built: 1996–present
In commission: 2013–present
Planned: 14[2]
Building: 3
Completed: 7
Active: 7[3]
General characteristics
Type: nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement:
  • 14,720 t (14,488 long tons) surfaced
  • 24,000 t (23,621 long tons) submerged
Length: 170 m (557 ft 9 in)
Beam: 13.5 m (44 ft 3 in)
Draught: 10 m (32 ft 10 in)
Propulsion:
  • 1 × ОК-650V nuclear reactor
  • 1 × Steam turbine, 50,000 SHP
  • 1 × Pump-jet
Speed:
  • Submerged: 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph)[4]
  • Surfaced: 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Range: Unlimited
Test depth: 400 metres (1,300 ft)
Complement: 107 total crew
Armament:
  • 16 × RSM-56 Bulava SLBMs with 6 MIRV warheads[5] (project 955 and 955A)[6][7]
  • 8 x 533mm torpedo tubes or 6 × 533mm torpedo tubes (BOREI-A)
  • 6 x 533mm external Special Purpose External Tubes (SPETS) REPS-324 Shlagbaum anti-torpedo defense system
  • RPK-2 Viyuga anti-submarine/ship missiles

The Borei class, alternate transliteration Borey, Russian designation Project 955 Borei and Project 955A Borei-A (Russian: Борей, lit. 'Boreas', NATO reporting name Dolgorukiy), are a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being constructed by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. The class has been replacing the steadily retiring Russian Navy Delta III and Delta IV classes and fully retired (as of February 2023) Typhoon, all three classes being Soviet-era submarines.

Despite being a replacement for many types of SSBNs, Borei-class submarines are much smaller than those of the Typhoon class in both volume[8] and crew (24,000 tons submerged opposed to 48,000 tons and 107 personnel as opposed to 160 for the Typhoons). In terms of class, they are more accurately a follow-on for the Delta IV-class SSBNs.

History

The first design work on the project started in the mid-1980s and the construction of the first vessel started in 1996. Previously, a short-lived, smaller parallel design appeared in 1980s with designation Project 935 Borei II.[9] A new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) called the R-39UTTH Bark was developed in parallel. However, the work on this missile was abandoned and a new missile, the RSM-56 Bulava, was designed. The submarine needed to be redesigned to accommodate the new missile, and the design name was changed to Project 955. The vessels were developed by Rubin Design Bureau are being built by Russia's Northern shipyard Sevmash in Severodvinsk.[citation needed]

It was reported in 2013 that the arrival of the Borei class will enable the Russian Navy to resume strategic patrols in southern latitudes that had not seen a Russian missile submarine for 20 years.[10]

Launch and trials

Then President Dmitry Medvedev with the submarine Yury Dolgorukiy in the background
Yury Dolgorukiy in Severomorsk

The launch of the first submarine of the class, Yury Dolgorukiy (Юрий Долгорукий), was scheduled for 2002 but was delayed because of budget constraints. The vessel was eventually rolled out of its construction hall on 15 April 2007 in a ceremony attended by many senior military and industrial personnel.[11] Yuriy Dolgorukiy was the first Russian strategic missile submarine to be launched in seventeen years since the end of the Cold War. The planned contingent of eight strategic submarines was expected to be commissioned within the next decade, with five Project 955 planned for purchase through 2015.[12]

Yuriy Dolgorukiy was not put into the water until February 2008. By July 2009, it had yet to be armed with Bulava missiles and was therefore not fully operational, although it was ready for sea trials on 24 October 2008.[13] On 21 November 2008 the reactor on Yuriy Dolgorukiy was activated[citation needed] and on 19 June 2009, the submarine began its sea trials in the White Sea.

In August 2009 it was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned, but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more.[citation needed]

On 28 September 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy completed company sea trials.[14] By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines.[citation needed] It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern Fleet and four subs in the Pacific Fleet.[15] On 9 November 2010 Yuriy Dolgorukiy passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems.[16]

Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches during the ongoing state trials in December 2010 and then in the same month conduct the first launch of the main weapon system, RSM-56 Bulava SLBM.[17] The plan was then postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in the White Sea.[18]

On 2 December 2010 the second Borei-class submarine, Alexander Nevskiy, was moved to a floating dock in Sevmash shipyard. There the final preparations took place before the submarine was launched.[19][20] The submarine was launched on 6 December 2010 and began sea trials on 24 October 2011.[21]

On 28 June 2011 a Bulava missile was launched for the first time from the Borei-class submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy. The test was announced as a success.[citation needed] After long delays finally the lead vessel, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, joined the Russian Navy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu.[citation needed] It was actively deployed in 2014 after a series of exercises.[22][23]

On 17 November 2017, the fourth Borei-class submarine and the first of the improved Project 955A, the Knyaz Vladimir was moved out of the construction hall at the SEVMASH shipyard. The submarine was launched a year later and subsequently started its factory trials.[citation needed]

On 25 October 2022, the first photo of the Generalissimus Suvorov, the sixth vessel in the class, were published while performing sea trials.[24] On 7 November, all trials were finished and she was being prepared for commissioning.[25]

Design

Cross sections

Borei class includes a compact and integrated hydrodynamically efficient hull for reduced broadband noise and the first ever use of pump-jet propulsion on a Russian nuclear submarine.[26] Russian news service TASS claimed the noise level is to be five times lower when compared to the third-generation nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines and two times lower than that of the U.S. Virginia-class submarines.[27] The acoustic signature of Borei is significantly stealthier than that of the previous generations of Russian SSBNs, but it has been reported that their hydraulic pumps become noisier after a relatively short period of operation, reducing the stealth capabilities of the submarine.[28]

The Borei submarines are approximately 170 metres (560 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter, and have a maximum submerged speed of at least 46 kilometres per hour (25 kn; 29 mph). They are equipped with a floating rescue chamber designed to fit in the whole crew.[29] Smaller than the Typhoon class, the Boreis were initially reported to carry 12 missiles but are able to carry four more due to the decrease in mass of the 36-ton Bulava SLBM (a modified version of the Topol-M ICBM) over the originally proposed R-39UTTH Bark. Cost was estimated in 2010 at some ₽23 billion (USD$734 million,[30] equivalent to US$863 million in 2020 terms[31]).[32][33] In comparison the cost of an Ohio-class SSBN was around US$2 billion per boat (1997 prices, equivalent to over US$3 billion in 2020 terms[34]).[35]

Each Borei is constructed with 1.3 million components and mechanisms. Its construction requires 17 thousand tons of metal which is 50% more than the Eiffel Tower. The total length of piping is 109 km and the length of wiring is 600 km. Ten thousand rubber plates cover the hull of the boat.[36]

Versions

Project 955A (Borei-A)

Borei-A variant

Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature[37] and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry.[38][39] Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws that allow them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise.[40] Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10[41][5] nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines.[42]

The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.[citation needed] The contract was formally signed on 28 May 2012.[citation needed]

The first 955A submarine, Knyaz Vladimir, was laid down on 30 July 2012, during a ceremony attended by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. Two additional project 955A submarines were laid down in 2014, one in late 2015, and one in late 2016.

According to Sevmash official, Vitaliy Bukovskiy, all Borei-A submarines are to be equipped with aspen banyas able to accommodate 3-4 people.[36]

Project 955B (Borei-B)

The Project 955B was expected to feature a new water jet propulsion system, an upgraded hull, and new noise reduction technology. The concept design was to be initiated by the Rubin Design Bureau in 2018 and four project 955B boats were proposed with the first unit to be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2026.[43] However, the project wasn't reportedly included in the Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 due to cost-efficiency. Instead, six more Borei-A submarines were to be built after 2023.[44][45] According to a 2018 report, Russia's State Armament Programme for 2018–2027 includes construction of two more Borei-A submarines by 2028. The construction should take place at Sevmash starting in 2024 with deliveries to the Russian Navy in 2026 and 2027 respectively.[2]

Borei-K

A proposed version armed with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs, similar to the American Ohio-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), is under consideration by the Russian Defence Ministry.[46]

Planned Successor

At the Army-2022 expo, the Rubin Design Bureau revealed a new ballistic missile submarine design, intended to replace the Borei-class. The Arcturus-class has an angled hull design, similar to the Dreadnought-class, intended to make the submarine harder to detect. The submarine will also contain 12 missile silos, and will be able to carry the Surrogat-V AUV, which is an anti-submarine warfare drone.[47] It will also have 20% less displacement compared to current ballistic missile submarines, with a planned crew of around 100 people, and being 134 meters in length.[48]

On 21 June 2023, the Rubin Design Bureau announced that the Arcturus-class would begin replacing the Borei-class from 2037 onwards.[49]

Units

# Name Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
K-535 Yury Dolgorukiy 955 2 November 1996 12 February 2008 29 December 2012[50] Northern[51] Active
K-550 Alexander Nevsky 955 19 March 2004 13 December 2010 23 December 2013[50] Pacific[33] Active
K-551 Vladimir Monomakh 955 19 March 2006 30 December 2012[citation needed] 19 December 2014[52][53] Pacific Active[54]
K-549 Knyaz Vladimir 955А[6] 30 July 2012 [55] 17 November 2017[56] 12 June 2020[57] Northern Active[58]
K-552 Knyaz Oleg 955А 27 July 2014[59][60] 16 July 2020[61] 21 December 2021[62] Pacific[63] Active[62]
K-553 Generalissimus Suvorov[64] 955А 26 December 2014[65] 25 December 2021[66] 29 December 2022[67][68][69][66] Pacific[70][71] Active[72][73]
K-554 Imperator Aleksandr III[74] 955А 18 December 2015[75] 29 December 2022[76] 11 December 2023[77] Pacific Active[78]
Knyaz Pozharskiy[79] 955А 23 December 2016[80] January 2024[81] 2024[68][81] Northern Under construction
Knyaz Potemkin[82] 955A 23 August 2021[83] 2028[68] Northern Under construction[84][85]
Dmitry Donskoy[82] 955A 23 August 2021[83][86] 2025[87] 2026[87] Northern[87] Under construction[84]
TBA 955A 2023[88] 2030[68] Pacific[68] Planned[89]
TBA 955A 2023[90] 2031[68] Northern[68] Planned[89]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "SSBN Borei Class Nuclear-Powered Submarines". Verdict Media Limited. https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/borei-class/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Источник: еще две стратегические подлодки "Борей-А" построят на "Севмаше" к 2028 году" (in ru). 30 November 2018. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5856741. 
  3. ↑ "The Alexander III and Krasnoyarsk nuclear submarines were handed over to the Navy". 2023-11-30. https://ria.ru/20231130/podlodki-1912790340.html. 
  4. ↑ "Проект 955" (in ru). http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/on_1992/955/list.htm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bulava - the lightest ballistic missile of its type". http://en15.rian.ru/img/118575033_free.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Количество шахтных пусковых установок на АПЛ проекта "Борей" будет увеличено до 20 с четвертого корабля" (in ru). 11 March 2012. http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=106382. 
  7. ↑ "Новые АПЛ "Борей-А" будут вооружены 16, а не 20 "Булавами"" (in ru). 20 February 2013. https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130220/923813018.html. 
  8. ↑ "The world's biggest submarines". 22 October 2013. http://www.naval-technology.com/features/feature-the-worlds-biggest-submarines/. 
  9. ↑ "ПРОЕКТ 935" (in ru). 3 October 2009. http://www.paralay.com/935.html. 
  10. ↑ "Russian nuclear submarines to resume patrols in southern seas". UPI. 2 June 2013. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/06/02/Russian-nuclear-submarines-to-resume-patrols-in-southern-seas/UPI-40461370149350/. 
  11. ↑ "First RF submarine hits the water; Missile defence update". 26 April 2007. http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news-cms/news/?dept=732&id=44774. 
  12. ↑ Nikolsky, Alexey (7 August 2006). "Оружия не хватит - Для переоснащения армии нет средств" (in ru). http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2006/08/07/110626. 
  13. ↑ "The new-generation head strategic nuclear-propelled sub "Yuri Dolgoruky" readied for trials". 2008-10-24. http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13207122&PageNum=0. 
  14. ↑ "SSBN Yury Dolgoruky completed sea trials". 28 September 2010. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10367. 
  15. ↑ "Batch of Bulava may exceed 150 missiles". 25 October 2010. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10607. 
  16. ↑ "SSBN Yury Dolgoruky completed trials phase". 10 November 2010. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10746. 
  17. ↑ "SSBN Yury Dolgoruky to launch torpedoes for the first time". 14 October 2010. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10516. 
  18. ↑ "Названа новая дата испытаний "Булавы"" (in ru). 15 December 2010. http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=60343. 
  19. ↑ "SSBN Alexander Nevsky was moved to floating dock". 2 December 2010. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10963. 
  20. ↑ "Most Viewed" (in ru). 2010-11-15. http://www.sevmash.ru/eng/photogallery?func=special. 
  21. ↑ Podvig, Pavel (24 October 2011). "Aleksandr Nevskiy begins sea trials". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/10/aleksandr_nevskiy_begins_see_t.shtml. Retrieved 19 December 2014. 
  22. ↑ Gutterman, Steve (10 January 2013). "New Russian nuclear submarine goes into service". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-submarine-idUSBRE9090YR20130110. 
  23. ↑ "Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7%" (in ru). TASS. http://itar-tass.com/armiya-i-opk/1660936. 
  24. ↑ "Атомный подводный ракетный крейсер «Генералиссимус Суворов» на испытаниях" (in ru). October 25, 2022. https://vpk.name/news/645450_atomnyi_podvodnyi_raketnyi_kreiser_generalissimus_suvorov_na_ispytaniyah.html. 
  25. ↑ "Подводный крейсер "Генералиссимус Суворов" завершил все испытания в Белом море" (in ru). November 7, 2022. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/16262859. 
  26. ↑ "Russian Borei class submarine". http://www.russiafile.com/borei.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Russia's Borei subs doubly quiet than US Virginia class". 17 December 2018. http://tass.com/defense/1036400. 
  28. ↑ "Project "Northwind" 955 Borei". 5 May 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKNqVOHs71Q. 
  29. ↑ "Two Borei class nuclear submarines to replace old Kalmar class subs in Russia's Far East". 17 March 2015. https://tass.com/russia/783282. 
  30. ↑ "United States dollar (USD) and Russian ruble (RUB) Year 2010 Exchange Rate History". https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/exchange-rate-history/USD-RUB/2010/cbr. 
  31. ↑ "$734,120,651 in 2010 → 2021". https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/2010?amount=734120651. 
  32. ↑ (in ru)BBC News. 15 April 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_6558000/6558315.stm. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Construction of SSBN Alexander Nevsky will cost RUR 23 bln – shipbuilder". 2010-12-13. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11052. 
  34. ↑ "$2,000,000,000 in 1997 → 2021 | Inflation Calculator". https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1997?amount=2000000000. 
  35. ↑ Frost, Peter (24 April 2009). "New Sub Role Could Buoy Our Economy". Dailypress.com. http://articles.dailypress.com/2009-04-24/news/0904240025_1_newport-news-shipyard-northrop-ohio-class/2. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Бани из осины установят на подлодках проекта "Борей-А"" (in ru). 27 December 2019. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/7437399. 
  37. ↑ "Project 955A". http://www.deagel.com/Fighting-Ships/Project-955A_a000341002.aspx. 
  38. ↑ "Images of Russia's Project 955A SSBN Demonstrate Design Improvements". 19 December 2019. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/november-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5763-images-of-russia-s-project-955a-ssbn-demonstrate-design-improvements.html. 
  39. ↑ "Russia's pr.955A Borei-II SSBN". 30 April 2019. http://www.hisutton.com/Borei-A.html. 
  40. ↑ "Analysis: Russia's Project 955A SSBN Design Improvements over Project 955". 27 November 2017. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/november-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/5745-analysis-russia-s-project-955a-ssbn-design-improvements-over-project-955.html. 
  41. ↑ Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (Report). Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017. p. 33. NASIC-1031-0985-17. http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19. Retrieved 16 July 2017. 
  42. ↑ "Новые АПЛ "Борей-А" будут вооружены 16, а не 20 "Булавами"" (in ru). 20 February 2013. https://ria.ru/20130220/923813018.html. 
  43. ↑ "Источник: сдача ВМФ первой подлодки типа "Борей-Б" запланирована на 2026 год" (in ru). 25 December 2017. http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4840412. 
  44. ↑ "Russia to build 6 more Borei-A strategic nuclear-powered submarines — source". 21 May 2018. http://tass.com/defense/1005356. 
  45. ↑ "Russia Drops Plans For Upgraded Borei-Class Ballistic Missile Sub". 22 May 2018. https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/russia-drops-plans-for-upgraded-borei-class-ballistic-missile-sub/. 
  46. ↑ "Источник: РФ может построить две атомные подлодки "Борей-К" с крылатыми ракетами". 20 April 2019. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6356693. 
  47. ↑ "Russia Reveals Radical New Stealth Missile Submarine". 16 August 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/russia-reveals-radical-new-stealth-missile-submarine/. 
  48. ↑ "Глава ЦКБ МТ "Рубин" рассказал о революционной концепции подлодки "Арктур"" (in ru). 21 June 2023. https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD1/. 
  49. ↑ "В конструкторском бюро назвали сроки появления в ВМФ новых атомных подлодок" (in ru). 21 June 2023. https://ria.ru/20230621/podlodki-1879469485.html. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines - Project 955". http://russianships.info/eng/submarines/project_955.htm. 
  51. ↑ ""Юрий Долгорукий" вошел в состав 31-й дивизии подлодок Северного флота" (in ru). 10 January 2013. http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130110/917627314.html. 
  52. ↑ LaGrone, Sam (11 December 2014). "Russia Accepts Third Borei-class Boomer". http://news.usni.org/2014/12/11/russia-accepts-third-borei-class-boomer/. 
  53. ↑ "Vladimir Monomakh Third Borey Class SSBN Joined Russian Navy". 24 December 2014. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/december-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/2286-vladimir-monomakh-third-borey-class-ssbn-joined-russian-navy.html. 
  54. ↑ "Russian Navy nuclear-powered sub makes salvo launch of Bulava missiles". https://tass.com/defense/1234343. 
  55. ↑ "АПЛ "Князь Владимир", четвертую подводную лодку типа "Борей", заложат 30 июля на "Севмаше"" (in ru). 19 July 2012. http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=117869. 
  56. ↑ "Russia floats out 4th Borei-class strategic nuclear submarine". 17 November 2017. http://tass.com/defense/976205. 
  57. ↑ "В День России в состав Военно-Морского Флота торжественно принят новейший ракетный подводный крейсер стратегического назначения проекта "Борей-А" "Князь Владимир"" [On Russia Day, "Knyaz Vladimir", the newest Borei-A strategic missile submarine was solemnly admitted to the Navy]. Ministry of Defence of Russia (Press release) (in русский). 12 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  58. ↑ "Впервые в Главном военно-морском параде примут участие сразу три атомные подводные лодки : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12370373@egNews. 
  59. ↑ "Russia's Sevmash shipyards lays down three new submarines". 27 July 2014. http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/742490. 
  60. ↑ "Russia's Sevmash shipyard lays down 5th Borey class SSBN and 4th Yasen class SSN". 27 July 2014. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1917-russias-sevmash-shipyard-lays-down-5th-borey-class-ssbn-and-4th-yasen-class-ssn.html. 
  61. ↑ "Первый серийный ракетоносец проекта "Борей-А" "Князь Олег" спустили на воду" (in ru). 16 July 2020. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/8986283. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "ТАСС". https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/13260729. 
  63. ↑ "Putin joins video linkup ceremony of delivering latest nuclear subs to Russian Navy". https://tass.com/defense/1378805. 
  64. ↑ Nilsen, Thomas (4 December 2018). "Russia launches upgraded nuclear-armed sub from northwestern base". https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2018/12/04/russia-submarine-borey-arctic-northern-fleet-defence-nuclear-warhead-weapon-severodvinsk/. 
  65. ↑ "Новому подводному крейсеру типа "Борей" присвоено имя "Генералиссимус Суворов"" (in ru). 26 December 2014. https://tass.ru/spb-news/1674233. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Russia launches new Borei-A class ballistic missile sub". https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/12/russia-launches-new-borey-class-ballistic-missile-sub. 
  67. ↑ "Shipbuilders to deliver strategic nuclear-powered sub to Russian Navy in 2023". https://tass.com/defense/1381841. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 "Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.01.2022" (in ru). 1 January 2022. https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/257030.html#cutid1. 
  69. ↑ "Russian Project 955A submarine Generalissimo Suvorov to start sea trials in 2022". 24 September 2021. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/september/10735-russian-project-955a-submarine-generalissimo-suvorov-to-start-sea-trials-in-2022.html. 
  70. ↑ "Northern Fleet gets priority in receiving new ballistic missile subs". https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/05/northern-fleet-gets-priority-receiving-new-ballistic-missile-subs. 
  71. ↑ https://flotprom.ru/2021/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8841/
  72. ↑ "Подводный крейсер "Генералиссимус Суворов" впервые вышел на испытания в море" (in ru). 19 July 2022. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/15259657. 
  73. ↑ "Nuclear submarine armed with Bulava missiles joins Russian Navy — defense chief" (in en). 21 December 2022. https://tass.com/defense/1553993. 
  74. ↑ "Очередной "Борей" назван в честь Александра III" (in ru). 6 July 2015. http://flot.com/2015/200007/. 
  75. ↑ "АПЛ "Император Александр III" проекта "Борей" заложена на "Севмаше"" (in ru). 18 December 2015. https://ria.ru/20151218/1344345534.html. 
  76. ↑ "На воду спустили атомный подводный крейсер "Император Александр III"" (in ru). 29 December 2022. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/16713917. 
  77. ↑ "В Северодвинске ввели в строй две атомные подлодки" (in ru). 11 December 2023. https://flot.com/2023/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8279/. 
  78. ↑ "The Alexander III and Krasnoyarsk nuclear submarines were handed over to the Navy". 2023-11-30. https://ria.ru/20231130/podlodki-1912790340.html. 
  79. ↑ "Восьмой ракетоносец серии "Борей" "Князь Пожарский" заложат в июле 2016 года - источник" (in ru). 3 July 2015. http://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=381824. 
  80. ↑ "На Севмаше заложена атомная подводная лодка "Князь Пожарский"" [Nuclear submarine "Prince Pozharskiy" laid down at Sevmash]. Sevmash (Press release). 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "ТАСС: восьмой "Борей" выведут из эллинга до конца января" (in ru). 10 January 2024. https://flotprom.ru/2024/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%881/. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Новые подлодки проекта "Борей-А" получат имена "Дмитрий Донской" и "Князь Потемкин"" (in ru). 12 January 2021. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10443709. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "Russian shipbuilders to lay keel of six warships and submarines on August 9–10 — source". https://tass.com/defense/1321251. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Почему Россия усиливает морскую компоненту стратегических ядерных сил?" (in ru). 10 March 2020. https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2880010.html. 
  85. ↑ "Минобороны заказало еще две стратегические атомные подлодки "Борей-А"" (in ru). January 12, 2021. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/744812. 
  86. ↑ "Putin launches construction of six warships for Russian Navy" (in en). 23 August 2021. https://tass.com/defense/1329121. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 "Источник: новый ракетоносец проекта 955А "Дмитрий Донской" спустят на воду через два года" (in ru). 21 June 2023. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/18074507. 
  88. ↑ "Two Project 955A Borei-A class ballistic missile submarines will be laid down in 2023". 28 December 2021. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11177-two-project-955a-borei-a-class-ballistic-missile-submarines-will-be-laid-down-in-2023.html. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Construction of two Borei-class missile carriers will begin at Sevmash in 2023" (in ru). 25 December 2021. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/13298525. 
  90. ↑ "Two Project 955A Borei-A class ballistic missile submarines will be laid down in 2023". 28 December 2021. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11177-two-project-955a-borei-a-class-ballistic-missile-submarines-will-be-laid-down-in-2023.html. 

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