Engineering:KAI KF-X

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Short description: Advanced multirole fighter aircraft under development by South Korea and Indonesia
KF-X
side view of a jet fighter model
KAI KF-X miniature at Seoul ADEX[expand acronym] 2017
Role Multirole fighter
Manufacturer Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)
Design group Agency for Defense Development

The KAI KF-X is a joint South Korean and Indonesian fighter aircraft development program with the goal of producing an advanced multirole fighter for the Republic of Korea Air Force and Indonesian Air Force air forces. The program is lead by South Korea, which holds 80% of shares. Indonesia joined in 2010 for 20%, and the remainder is held by private partners including manufacturer Korean Aerospace Industries (KAI). The KAI KF-X is South Korea's second domestic fighter jet development program, following the FA-50.[1]

The KF-X development program is also known as Boramae (보라매, Korean for "hawk"), and in Indonesia is sometimes referred to as IF-X. (As of September 2019) prototypes are under construction with the first of these expected to be completed by mid-2021. The first test flight is anticipated in 2022, with manufacturing scheduled to begin in 2026. South Korea expects to deploy 120 of the aircraft into service by 2032.[2][3][4][5]

Background

The KF-X advanced multirole jet fighter project, intended to produce modern warplanes to replace South Korea's aging F-4D/E Phantom II and F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft, was first announced in March 2001 by South Korean President Kim Dae-jung at a graduation ceremony of the Korea Air Force Academy .[6] Research and development (R&D) requirements were determined by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2002.[7]:18 The project was felt to be extremely ambitious, with the Korea Institute for Defense Analyses (KIDA, a defense ministry think-tank) doubtful of the country's ability to complete the complicated project.[8] The development phase had numerous delays and postponements and its economic cost was debated, but the project received renewed interest following a 2008 feasibility study and attacks by North Korea in 2010.[8][9] Although the project carried risks and the expected per-unit cost would be significantly higher than purchasing from foreign manufacturers, the development of the domestic defense industry was deemed to be of national importance and was expected to have a ripple effect on high-tech industries.[7]:22, 37

On 15 July 2010, a partnership was made with Indonesia, which would provide 20% of the funding for the KF-X project, cooperate with technological development through state-owned Indonesian Aerospace, and purchase 50 of the approximately 150–200 aircraft anticipated to be produced.[6] Turkey had also considering joining with a 20% share, but wanted more control than South Korea had offered. The South Korean government committed to 60% of the cost.[8] The remaining 20% was provided by domestic and foreign companies.[7]:18 Korean Aerospace Industries (KAI) won the production bid, and partnered with Lockheed Martin for technological support.[8] The contract formed a plan for delivery of the aircraft to begin in 2026.[10]

In Indonesia, the project is referred to as IF-X or IFX.[8][11] The Jakarta Globe reported that the completed aircraft will receive the designation F-33.[8] The project is also called Boramae,[8][7]:25 Korean for "hawk", the symbol of the Korean Air Force Academy.[12]

Design and development

The initial goal for the program was to develop a single-seat twin-engine fifth-generation jet fighter with stealth capabilities exceeding both the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon but less than those of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.[8] The Weapon Systems Concept Development and Application Research Center of Konkuk University advised that the KF-X should be superior to the F-16 Fighting Falcon, with 50% greater combat range, 34% longer airframe lifespan, better avionics, active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, more-effective electronic warfare, and data link capabilities. Their recommentations also specified approximately 50,000 pounds-force (220,000 N) of thrust from two engines, supersonic interception and cruising capabilities, and multi-role capabilities.[13] The project requirements were later downgraded by the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) to a 4.5-generation fighter with limited stealth capabilities.[8]

South Korea possessed 63% of the necessary technology to produce the KF-X,[citation needed] and sought cooperation from other countries.[13] To facilitate a technology transfer, the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) proposed two primary concepts for the KF-X: C103, which resembled the F-35;[8][14] and C203, which resembled European fighters with forward canards (the design chosen would depend on whether a development deal was reached with the US or European partners).[8] The C501 (a.k.a. KFX-E) was a third design,[8] proposed by KAI[14] and supported by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA),[15] which attempted to reduce costs with a smaller, single-engine fighter, but it had inferior performance to the F-16 and was unsuitable for the large airspace of Indonesia.[8] ROKAF preferred the benefits of a twin-engine design, with better combat performance and safety, and a larger airframe with room for upgrades. These upgrades could lead to a future reclassification as a fifth-generation fighter, while the C501 was closer to fourth generation.[15][16]

In 2014, the C103 configuration was chosen and Lockheed Martin agreed to transfer two dozen F-35A technologies as part of a purchase deal. However, the US government blocked the transfer of four vital technologies: AESA radar, infrared search and track (IRST), electro-optical target tracking devices, and radio jammer technology. South Korea was thus required to develop these technologies domestically.[8] A 2015 audit estimated that 87% of technologies for the project had been secured.[7]:23 The preliminary design was finalized in June 2018.[2] In September 2019, a critical design review examined 390 technical data sets and confirmed that the KF-X was adequate to ROKAF's requirements.[5][3][4]

KAI KFX-E ADD C103 ADD / KAI C105 ADD / KAI C109
Empty weight 9,300 kg (20,500 lb) 10,900 kg (24,000 lb) 11,100 kg (24,420 lb) 11,800 kg (26,000 lb)
Max weight 20,900 kg (46,000 lb) 24,000 kg (53,000 lb) 24,500 kg (53,900 lb) 25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Internal fuel 3,600 kg (8,000 lb) 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) 5,400 kg (12,000 lb)
Wingspan 9.8 metres (32 ft) 10.7 metres (35. 2 ft) 11.0 metres (36. 08 ft) 11.2 metres (36. 75 ft)
Length 15.2 metres (50 ft) 15.7 metres (51. 3 ft) 16.0 metres (52. 49 ft) 16.9 metres (55. 4 ft)
Wing area 37.1 square metres (399 sq ft) 42.7 square metres (460 sq ft) 42.7 square metres (460 sq ft) 46.5 square metres (501 sq ft)
Engine 1 × P&W F100 or GE F110 2 × EJ200 or GE F414 2 × GE F414 2 × GE F414
Hardpoints 9 10 10 10
Weapons bay None Space provided Space provision Space provision
Estimated cost ? ? ? ?

Budget

R&D expenditures

A 2015 government audit placed the development cost of the project at 8.8 trillion South Korean won.[7]:18 In an agreement signed at the end of 2015, Indonesia agreed to provide 20% of the development costs,[10] KAI would provide an additional 20%,[citation needed] and the Korean government would support the remainder.[10][better source needed]

Calendar
Year 		Expenditures on R&D Total Ref
Korea Indonesia
2011
2012		 ₩44 bn ₩11 bn ₩55 bn [7]:21
Full Scale Development
Calendar
Year 		Expenditures on R&D Total
DOD KAI Indonesia
2015 ₩55.2 bn (US$50.9 mn)[17] ? ?
2016 ₩67 bn (US$61.8 mn)[18] ? ?
2017 ₩303 bn (US$279.6 mn)[18] ? ?
2018 ₩435.3 bn (US$401.7 mn)[19] ? ?
2019 ₩664 bn (US$595.1 mn)[20] ? ?

Indonesian investment

On 15 July 2010, the Indonesian government agreed to fund 20% of the KF-X project cost in return for one prototype, design participation, technical data, and production sharing.[21] On 2 August 2011, a joint research center was opened in Daejeon, South Korea.[22][23]

In November 2017, Indonesia, through state-owned Indonesia Aerospace, failed to pay its share in the latest round of development costs, prompting criticism from South Korea.[8][24] As of 2019, Indonesia was renegotiating its involvement in the program.[2] FlightGlobal reported in July 2019 that Indonesia was exploring payment in Indonesia-produced armaments instead of cash.[4] By July 2019, Indonesia was approximately ₩300 billion in arrears.[25][needs update]

Project partners

While KAI was the primary builder, numerous other domestic and foreign companies were contracted to provide aircraft components or support. Several of these firms had worked with KAI on the T-50. For certain sensitive technologies, foreign companies only consulted for testing support in order to avoid arms-trading restrictions.[26][27][28]

Hanwha Techwin signed an agreement with GE to manufacture General Electric F414 engines for KF-X aircraft. According to the contract, Hanwha is to manufacture key parts, locally assemble the engines, and oversee the installation of the engine on the aircraft. The company will also support flight testing and build an extensive support system for the aircraft's operations.[29][30][31]

A Defense News report stated that the AESA radar would be a particular challenge;[32] it was developed by Hanwha Systems with assistance from other domestic firms and support from foreign companies. Elta Systems helped to test the prototype AESA,[26][33] and Saab worked with LIG Nex1 on software development and evaluation.[34][27]

In addition to working on the AESA, LIG Nex1 is to develop a radio jammer.[35][36][37]

US aerospace contractor Texstars was selected by KAI to develop canopy and windshield transparencies for KF-X. Under the contract, Texstars will work alongside KAI to provide the KF-X fighter with birdstrike resistant transparencies with high-quality optics.[38][39]

Triumph Group was selected by KAI to provide airframe mounted accessory drives (AMADs) for the KF-X. Triumph will develop and manufacture the AMADs, which transfer engine power to other systems.[40][41]

Aeronautical Systems [es] (Spanish: Compañía Española de Sistemas Aeronáuticos, CESA), a subsidiary of Héroux-Devtek, was contracted to develop the emergency braking system.[42][43]

United Technologies announced in February 2018 that it was providing the environmental control system, including cabin pressurization and liquid cooling systems, as well as the air turbine starter and flow control valve.[44][45]

Martin-Baker was contracted to provide the Mk18 ejection seat escape mechanism.[28][46]

Cobham received contracts to provide missile ejection launchers, communications antennae, external fuel tanks, and oxygen systems.[47]

Meggitt was contracted to provide a wheel braking system,[48] standby flight displays, and internal sensors including a fire detection system.[49][50][51]

MBDA was contracted to integrate the Meteor beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) onto the aircraft.[52] [53]

Elbit Systems was contracted by Hanwha Systems to provide terrain-following/terrain avoidance (TF/TA) systems for the aircraft.[54][55]

Curtiss-Wright was contracted by KAI to Provide complete flight test instrumentation (FTI) system , it is data acquisition system (DAS) for use in flight-test campaigns.[56] [57]

Prototypes

In February 2019, KAI began production work on the KF-X prototype, with six expected to be completed in 2021. These are to undergo four years of trials, and complete the development process by mid-2026.[58][59] DAPA anticipated a first test flight in 2022.[2]

Controversies

Foreign bribery allegations

In October 2009, a retired ROKAF general was arrested for leaking classified documents to Saab. The general was alleged to have been given a bribe of several hundred thousand won for copies of a number of secret documents that he had photographed. Saab officials denied any involvement.[60][61][62]

The Defense Security Command (DSC) found evidence that another foreign defense firm had also bribed a member of the Security Management Institute (SMI). President Lee Myung-bak believed that such corruption resulted in a 20% increase in the defense budget.[63][needs update]

Opposition

KIDA told a public meeting that South Korea is not technologically equipped to develop the KF-X aircraft, that the project is economically unviable and that the KF-X would not be a successful export product. It also questioned the ADD cost estimates.[64] DAPA's estimated ₩6 trillion development cost was criticized by some analysts, who said the project could cost up to ₩8.5 trillion.[65][66]

Defense researcher Lee Juhyeong held a seminar on the program, stating that the KF-X development would cost more than ₩10 trillion (US$9.2 billion) and could cost more than twice as much as an imported aircraft over the life of the program.[67]

Critics noted that the KF-X would cost up to twice as much as a top-end F-16 model and that Japan had encountered a similar situation with its F-2.[68]

EADS funding pullout

On 23 May 2013, EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, the defense subsidiary of Airbus) offered a US$2 billion investment into the KF-X program if South Korea selected its Eurofighter Typhoon for the F-X Phase 3 fighter procurement program.[69] The F-35A was selected instead, and EADS repeated its investment offer for a split-buy of 40 Eurofighters and 20 F-35As.[70] But in September 2017, South Korea confirmed purchased of 40 F-35 fighter jets, causing EADS to withdraw its offer.[71]

Postponements and delays

The KF-X project had a history of delays and postponements since its announcement in 2001. Foreign partners were sought to share costs and guarantee purchases, and several failed attempts were made to entice Sweden, Turkey, and the United States to join the project. Design concepts and requirements frequently changed while trying to appeal to prospective partners. On 1 March 2013, following the election of President Park Geun-hye, South Korea postponed the project for 18 months, due to financial issues.[65][66]

On 8 February 2017, Indonesian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdurrahman Mohammad Fachir said that the KF-X project was further delayed because the US government had refused export licenses for four key F-35 technologies. This disapproval was reaffirmed in October 2015 talks, though the US military stated that there was an agreement to form an interagency working group on such issues and that the US Secretary of Defense would "think of ways for joint cooperation" with technology for KF-X.[72][73][74]

On 1 November 2017, state-owned Indonesia Aerospace was overdue in its funding payment, which National Assembly Defense Committee member Kim Jong-Dae said would further delay or suspend the project.[75][76] Kim said that the Indonesian government had disclosed its difficulty in paying and did not include the payment in its budget. However, DAPA stated that it was in talks with Indonesia regarding the payment, which would be discussed at a summit between leaders of the countries.[24][needs update] Indonesia stated that it was an administrative error, as it was falsely thought that the payment would be made from the "side defense budget". Parliamentary approval was required to correct the error,[77] and the payment was delivered along with a statement of hope that the program would continue without further delinquencies.[78]

Indonesian renegotiation

On 1 May 2018, it was reported that Indonesia had complaints concerning the contract rules surrounding technical benefits and export licensing. Indonesian state media announced that the defense ministry would renegotiate the joint development program in an attempt to gain a larger share of local production, as well as export rights. The Indonesian defense ministry added that it hoped that the program would continue despite setbacks.[79]

Renegotiation talks continued into 2019. According to the agenda of a January 2019 meeting, Indonesia sought to extend its involvement in the program to 2031, and was interested in making part of its payments in trade for Indonesian-produced defense equipment.[4][80] By August, Indonesia had transport aircraft on offer along with commodities.[81][25]

Specifications

Data from Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA)[82][better source needed]

General characteristics

  • Length: 16.9 m (55 ft 5 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.2 m (36 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 46.5 m2 (501 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 11,800 kg (26,015 lb)
  • Gross weight: 17,200 kg (37,920 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 25,400 kg (55,997 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Hanwha Techwin General Electric F414-KI afterburning turbofan, 57.8 kN (13,000 lbf) thrust each [83] dry, 97.9 kN (22,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.81

Armament

Avionics

  • Datalink capabilities by LIG Nex1
  • AESA radar by Hanwha Systems
  • IRST by Hanwha Systems
  • E/O Targeting System (EOTS) by Hanwha Systems
  • Radio Frequency Jammer by LIG Nex1 ALQ-200K[37]
  • MC (mission computer) by Hanwha Systems
  • SMC (stores management computer) by LIG Nex1 and Hanwha Systems
  • MFD (multi-function display) by Hanwha Systems
  • FLCC (flight control computer) by LIG Nex1
  • CNI (communication/navigation/identification system) by LIG Nex1

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

  • List of fifth generation fighter aircraft

References

  1. ↑ "KF-X Fighter: Koreas Future Homegrown Jet". https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Dominguez, Gabriel (26 September 2019). "KF-X fighter prototype to be rolled out in first half of 2021, DAPA confirms". Jane's 360. Jane's Defence Weekly. https://www.janes.com/article/91535/kf-x-fighter-prototype-to-be-rolled-out-in-first-half-of-2021-dapa-confirms. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Korean fighter project enters prototype production phase". 28 September 2019. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/911261.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Waldron, Greg (27 September 2019). "K-FX CDR sets stage for prototype production". Singapore. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/k-fx-cdr-sets-stage-for-prototype-production-461123/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "S. Korea to produce prototype indigenous combat jet by 2021". Seoul: Yonhap. 26 September 2019. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190926006300325. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Priyambodo, RH (11 July 2011). "RI sending KFX jet-fighter production team to South Korea". Jakarta. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. https://archive.is/20180126193256/https://en.antaranews.com/news/73621/ri-sending-kfx-jet-fighter-production-team-to-south-korea. Retrieved 26 January 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 "한국형 전투기 개발 계획： KF-X 사업(보라매사업)-pdf" (in ko). 국회입법조사처. 2015-09-10. http://www.nars.go.kr/fileDownload2.do?doc_id=1K_SBBWWOAq&fileName=(%ED%98%84%EC%95%88%EB%B3%B4%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%9C%20263%ED%98%B8-20150910)%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%98%95%20%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%20%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D%EF%BC%9A%20KF-X%20%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85(%EB%B3%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85).pdf. Retrieved 2017-12-21. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 "KF-X Fighter: Korea's Future Homegrown Jet". Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. https://archive.is/20180126193017/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/. Retrieved 26 January 2018. 
  9. ↑ "S. Korea considers building own stealth fighter jets". 27 December 2010. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2010/12/27/16/0301000000AEN20101227003200315F.HTML. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "South Korea and KAI to sign formal contract on KF-X development program next week". airrecognition.com. 2015-12-24. http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2236:south-korea-and-kai-to-sign-formal-contract-for-the-kf-x-development-program-next-week&catid=10082&Itemid=1081. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  11. ↑ "PT. Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero)". https://www.indonesian-aerospace.com/techdev/index/set/kfxifx. 
  12. ↑ "Boramae Park" (in en). https://en.trippose.com/tour/boramae-park. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Turkey could join Korea's fighter plan". koreatimes.co.kr. 8 September 2010. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/09/116_72755.html. Retrieved 21 January 2017. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Waldron, Greg (29 October 2013). "PICTURES: KAI shows off two designs for KFX fighter". http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-kai-shows-off-two-designs-for-kfx-fighter-392262/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kang, Seung-woo (3 March 2014). "Design of long-delayed KF-X still in debate". Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/03/180_152615.html. 
  16. ↑ "Seoul speeds up fighter jet development plan". Korea Herald. 8 July 2014. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140708000771. 
  17. ↑ "2015년도 국방예산 37조 4,560억 원으로 확정" (in ko). bemil.chosun.com. http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10067&num=797. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "2017년도 국방예산 40조 3,347억 원으로 확정" (in ko). bemil.chosun.com. http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10067&num=964. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  19. ↑ "신정부 첫 해, 국방예산 7.0% 증액된 43.2조원 확정 / 국방부 제공" (in ko). bemil.chosun.com. http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10067&pn=1&num=1035. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  20. ↑ "국방예산, 전년대비 8.2% 증가한 46.7조원으로 확정" (in ko). bemil.chosun.com. http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10067&num=1150. Retrieved 2019-01-23. 
  21. ↑ Indonesia-Korsel Kembangkan Jet KF-X – KOMPAS.com . Internasional.kompas.com (2010-07-15). Retrieved on 2011-04-26.
  22. ↑ "Indonesia, South Korea Launch Stealth Jet Project". Straits Times Indonesia. 2 August 2011. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/indonesia-south-korea-launch-stealth-jet-project/456655. 
  23. ↑ "South Korea, Indonesia to establish KF-X research centre". 2 August 2011. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/08/02/360258/south-korea-indonesia-to-establish-kf-x-research-centre.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kim Hyo-jin (1 November 2017). "Indonesia factor may postpone KF-X project". Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/356_238625.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Jung Da-min (29 July 2019). "Cost-sharing problem emerges over fighter jet project". koreatimes. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/07/205_273060.html. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Korea turns to Israeli contractor for KF-X jet radar: source". Koreaherald. 2017-03-23. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170523000869. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Jeong, Jeff (March 21, 2018). "Saab ready to offer radar tech for new Seoul fighter". https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/03/22/saab-ready-to-offer-radar-tech-for-new-seoul-fighter-if-it-lands-maritime-patrol-aircraft-deal/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Martin-Baker " MARTIN-BAKER WINS KF-X EJECTION SEAT COMPETITION " Martin-Baker, Mar 23, 2018.
  29. ↑ Hanwha Techwin " Hanwha Techwin Signs Agreement with GE to Locally Manufacture F414 Engines for KF-X Aircrafts" [sic] hanwha.com, July 12, 2016.
  30. ↑ GE Aviation " GE Aviation's F414 engine selected to power South Korea's KF-X fighter jet " geaviation.com, May 26, 2016.
  31. ↑ Hyunjoo Jin in SEOUL, Reuters "South Korea picks GE to supply engines for homegrown fighter jets" reuters.com, MAY 26, 2016.
  32. ↑ Jeong, Jeff (25 October 2015). "Seoul Debates Best Strategy To Acquire AESA Radar". Defense News. https://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/10/25/seoul-debates-best-strategy-to-acquire-aesa-radar/. 
  33. ↑ Jeong, Jeff (June 2018). "South Korea unveils first images of KF-X design with European missiles". https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/06/29/south-korea-unveils-first-images-of-kf-x-design-with-european-missiles/. 
  34. ↑ defenseworld.net " Saab To Support S Korean KF-X Fighter Jet's AESA Radar Development" www.defenseworld.net, Dec 23, 2017.
  35. ↑ "Electronic Warfare" LigNex1, Aug 2019.
  36. ↑ "LigNex1 Avionics" LigNex1, Aug 2019.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "LigNex1 Electronic Warfare"" (in ko). 9 Aug 2019. http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10158&num=5647. 
  38. ↑ Courtney Sturniolo, TEXAS "Texstars to develop canopy and windshield transparencies for the KF-X fighter" Texstars LLC, January 25, 2017.
  39. ↑ Ryan Maass, upi.com " KAI taps Texstars to develop KF-X fighter transparencies " upi.com, JAN. 25, 2017.
  40. ↑ Triumph Group " Triumph Awarded Contract with Korea Aerospace Industries For KF-X Airframe Mounted Accessory Drive " Triumph Group, March 01, 2017.
  41. ↑ Ryan Maass, upi.com " KAI picks Triumph Group for KF-X airframe component " upi.com, MARCH 3, 2017.
  42. ↑ CESA "CESA signs a contract with KAI for the execution of the KF-X Arrestor Hook System" Compañía Española de Sistemas Aeronáuticos (es), July 18, 2017.
  43. ↑ Esther Apesteguía – fly-news.es "CESA will develop the emergency braking system of the South Korean fighter KF-X" fly-news.es, July 18, 2017.
  44. ↑ Grevatt, Jon (6 February 2018). "Singapore Airshow 2018: UTAS secures work on KFX programme". Singapore. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180206174518/http://www.janes.com/article/77643/singapore-airshow-2018-utas-secures-work-on-kfx-programme. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  45. ↑ Insinna, Valerie (5 February 2018). "United Technologies announces role on South Korea's KF-X fighter jet program". Singapore. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. https://archive.today/20180207125124/https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/singapore-airshow/2018/02/05/united-technologies-announces-role-on-korea-aerospace-industries-kf-x-program/. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  46. ↑ Dario Leone, theaviationgeekclub.com " Martin-Baker's Mk18 ejection seat for KF-X " theaviationgeekclub.com, April 1 2018.
  47. ↑ "Cobham lands KF-X fighter jet Oxygen System contract". 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180503093813/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/avril/4224-cobham-lands-kf-x-fighter-jet-oxygen-system-contract.html. Retrieved 3 May 2018. 
  48. ↑ "Meggitt selected for KF-X advanced total braking system". 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180503093813/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/avril/4229-meggitt-selected-for-kf-x-advanced-total-braking-system.html. Retrieved 3 May 2018. 
  49. ↑ "Meggitt signs official contract for supply of fire detection systems to KF-X jet fighter". 18 July 2018. https://www.meggitt.com/news/multiple-contracts-for-kf-x-jet-fighter/. 
  50. ↑ "Contract from KAI for development of an Engine Vibration Monitoring Unit". 10 September 2018. https://www.meggitt.com/news/korea-aerospace-industries-and-meggitt-sign-contract-for-development-of-an-engine-vibration-monitoring-unit/. 
  51. ↑ "Meggitt to develop engine vibration monitoring unit for KF-X jet". 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20180912163831/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/meggitt-engine-vibration-monitoring-unit/. Retrieved 13 September 2018. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "MBDA Missile Systems". https://www.mbda-systems.com/press-releases/south-korea-to-integrate-mbdas-meteor-missile-onto-kf-x-fighter-aircraft/. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "MBDA Awarded Contract onto South Korea's KAI KF-X Fighter Aircraft". https://defpost.com/mbda-awarded-contract-to-integrate-meteor-bvr-air-to-air-missile-onto-south-koreas-kai-kf-x-fighter-aircraft/. 
  54. ↑ "Elbit Systems Awarded $43 Million Contract to Equip Next-Gen Korean Fighter Jets in Development with TF/TA Systems". https://elbitsystems.com/pr-new/elbit-systems-awarded-43-million-contract-to-equip-next-gen-korean-fighter-jets-in-development-with-tf-ta-systems/. 
  55. ↑ "Elbit Systems to provide TF/TA systems for RoKAF's future KF-X fighter aircraft". https://www.janes.com/article/94194/elbit-systems-to-provide-tf-ta-systems-for-rokaf-s-future-kf-x-fighter-aircraft. 
  56. ↑ "Curtiss-Wright Selected by KAI to Provide Complete Data Acquisition System". https://www.curtisswrightds.com/news/press-release/cw-selected-by-kai-for-kfx-aircraft-program.html. 
  57. ↑ "Curtiss-Wright to provide data acquisition system for Korean 5th generation fighter aircraft testing". https://www.aerospacetestinginternational.com/uncategorized/curtiss-wright-to-provide-data-acquisition-system-for-korean-5th-generation-fighter-aircraft-testing.html/. 
  58. ↑ Grevatt, Jon (18 February 2019). "KAI reaches early production milestone on KFX". Jane's 360. Jane's Defence Industry. https://www.janes.com/article/86534/kai-reaches-early-production-milestone-on-kfx. 
  59. ↑ Malyasov, Dylan (15 February 2019). "South Korea begins building prototype of next-generation fighter aircraft". https://defence-blog.com/news/south-korea-begins-building-prototype-of-next-generation-fighter-aircraft.html. 
  60. ↑ "Korean anhölls för läcka till Saab – rapport" (in se). 16 October 2009. http://svt.se/2.22620/1.1731852/korean_anholls_for_lacka_till_saab. 
  61. ↑ "Saab suspected of bribes in South Korean jet deal". http://www.swedishwire.com/business/1089-saab-suspected-of-bribes-in-south-korean-jet-deal. 
  62. ↑ Military Aviation News: Saab being investigated in South Korea over KF-X info leak . Alert 5 (2009-10-07). Retrieved on 2011-04-26.
  63. ↑ Jung Sung-li (6 October 2009). "Probe Into Foreign Defense Firms May Widen". Korea Times. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/10/205_53010.html. 
  64. ↑ "List Of KF-X Opponents Grows" (in en). http://aviationweek.com/awin/list-kf-x-opponents-grows. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 [1] "Indonesia to co-develop $8 billion South Korea fighter jet project" Reuters, October 6, 2014
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Post, The Jakarta. "From Super Jet Fighter Project To Lame Duck". The Jakarta Post.com. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/16/from-super-jet-fighter-project-lame-duck.html. Retrieved 8 November 2017. 
  67. ↑ "List Of KF-X Opponents Grows" (in en). http://aviationweek.com/awin/list-kf-x-opponents-grows. 
  68. ↑ "Warplanes: South Korean Stealth". https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20160210.aspx. 
  69. ↑ EADS "Invests 2 Trillion KRW In the KF-X to Develop the Korean Indigenous Fighter Jet Together" – Infolotnicze.pl, May 23, 2013
  70. ↑ EADS open to S. Korea's split purchase of Eurofighters with F-35s – Yonhapnews.co.kr, 11 December 2013
  71. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "South Korea to sign deal this month to buy 40 F-35 jets for $7...". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-airforce-orders/south-korea-to-sign-deal-this-month-to-buy-40-f-35-jets-for-7-billion-sources-idUSKCN0HJ0P620140924. 
  72. ↑ "Korean-Indonesian fighter project hits licensing delays | Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/67575/korean-indonesian-fighter-project-hits-licensing-delays. 
  73. ↑ "Pentagon says no to 4 KF-X technologies" koreajoongangdaily.com, Oct 17,2015.
  74. ↑ "Who is responsible for troubled KF-X?" koreaherald.com, Nov 27, 2015.
  75. ↑ Kim Hyo-jin "Indonesia factor may postpone KF-X project" The Korea Times, 1 November 2017.
  76. ↑ "KF-X Fighter: Koreas Future Homegrown Jet". Defense Industry Daily. https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/kf-x-paper-pushing-or-peer-fighter-program-010647/. 
  77. ↑ Ameidyo Daud " Minta Tambah Anggaran Pesawat Tempur, Sri Mulyani Tegur Kemenhan" KATADATA.CO.ID, 19 Oktober 2017.
  78. ↑ Garda Zaimalistiqom " Program Pesawat IF-X TNI AU Segera Terealisasi" GARDANASIONAL, 6 Februari 2018.
  79. ↑ Jeong, Jeff (8 May 2018). "Is South Korea's future fighter jet partnership with Indonesia falling apart?". Seoul. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. https://archive.today/20180510160731/https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2018/05/07/is-south-koreas-future-fighter-jet-partnership-with-indonesia-falling-apart/. Retrieved 10 May 2018. 
  80. ↑ Rahmat, Ridzwan (28 January 2019). "South Korean officials arrive in Jakarta to renegotiate KFX-IFX fighter aircraft programme". Jane's 360. Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20190825060731/https://www.janes.com/article/85988/south-korean-officials-arrive-in-jakarta-to-renegotiate-kfx-ifx-fighter-aircraft-programme. 
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  84. ↑ Jeff Jeong , defensenews " South Korea plans to locally develop missile for homemade future jet " defensenews.com, July 10, 2018.
  85. ↑ Franz-Stefan Gady, thediplomat " South Korea to Develop Air-Launched Indigenous Long-Range Bunker Buster Cruise Missile " thediplomat.com, July 12, 2018.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "South Korea Plans Meteor, IRIS-T Integration On KF-X". Aviation Week. 2017-07-27. http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/south-korea-plans-meteor-iris-t-integration-kf-x. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "KF-X 미사일 '중복계약'..". fnnews. 2017-05-29. http://www.fnnews.com/news/201705291729155054. Retrieved 2017-12-20. 

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