Medicine:Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
| Hypoplastic right heart syndrome | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A newborn heart with hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Note the underdeveloped left side. | |
| Specialty | Cardiology |
| Duration | Lifetime |
| Diagnostic method | Fetal echocardiogram[1] |
| Treatment | Cardiac surgery[1] |
| Frequency | 60,000 cases per year, US[2] |
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect in which the structures on the right side of the heart, particularly the right ventricle, are underdeveloped. This defect causes inadequate blood flow to the lungs, and thus a cyanotic infant.
Symptoms and signs
Common symptoms include a grayish-blue (cyanosis) coloration to the skin, lips, fingernails and other parts of the body.[3][4] Other pronounced symptoms can be rapid or difficult breathing, poor feeding due to lack of energy, cold hands or feet, or being inactive and drowsy. "In a baby with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, if the natural connections between the heart's left and right sides (foramen oval and ductus arteriosus) are allowed to close, he or she may go into shock."[according to whom?] Signs of shock can include cool or clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and dilated pupils.[5]
Causes
It is mostly unknown what causes hypoplastic right heart syndrome in a given individual.[6] It is thought that a family history of similar heart defects can increase the risk, and there are some genes hypothesized to be factors.[2] However, it can also manifest in a child whose family is completely lacking in congenital heart abnormalities.
Pathogenesis
When the right side of the heart is more underdeveloped than the left side, this is known as hypoplastic right heart syndrome. HRHS is known for the pulmonary atresia valves, the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery all failing to form properly. HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side.[3]
In people with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, the heart is not able to adequately pump blood to the lungs. The result of this is an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to be circulated to the body. The severity of underdevelopment varies for each individual. A special team of pediatric cardiologists is required to develop a treatment plan.[citation needed]
Anatomy
A healthy heart has four chambers, each separated by valves that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it pumps into the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, where it then travels into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta to be circulated to the rest of the body.[7]
Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium formation, as well as septation and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems are: stenosis of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is a narrowing of the vessels, atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, tricuspid atresia, and hypoplastic left and right heart syndrome. When an individual has hypoplastic right or left heart syndrome, it means that more than one of these problems have occurred together.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
If a cardiac anomaly is suspected in a routine ultrasound during pregnancy, often a perinatologist (maternal-fetal specialist) will perform a fetal echocardiogram (noninvasive ultrasound of the fetus heart), which may be able to confirm a diagnosis of HRHS. This can help with possible options for treatment.[1][8]
Treatment
There is no cure for hypoplastic right heart syndrome. A three-stage series of surgical procedures is commonly used to treat the condition. The surgeries redirect the blood flow within the heart and allows the left ventricle to do the work for the underdeveloped right side of the heart. The three surgeries are spread out over the patients first few years of life. The first procedure, usually either the Norwood procedure or the Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt, is typically done within the first few days or weeks of life. The second procedure, called the Glenn procedure, is usually performed between four and twelve months of age. The last surgery, known as the Fontan procedure, is typically performed around the age of 18 months and older. The final result of these surgeries is to redirect the superior and inferior vena cavae into the pulmonary artery, bypassing the right atrium. [citation needed]
In a stage 1 Norwood procedure for hypoplastic right heart, the main pulmonary artery is separated from the left and right portions of the pulmonary artery and joined with the upper portion of the aorta. The proximal pulmonary artery is connected to the aortic arch, while the narrowed segment of the pulmonary trunk is repaired. An aortopulmonary shunt is created to connect the aorta to the main pulmonary artery to provide pulmonary blood flow to the lungs. The Glenn procedure disconnects the superior vena cava from the heart and connects it to the right pulmonary artery so deoxygenated blood from the upper body goes directly to the lungs. The Fontan procedure, done usually after the patient is two years old, disconnects the inferior vena cava from the heart and connects it directly with the other pulmonary artery so that deoxygenated blood from the lower body then is sent directly to the lungs.[citation needed]
Follow-up care
With a series of operations or even a heart transplant, a newborn can be treated but not be cured. Young individuals who have undergone reconstructive surgery must refer to a cardiologist who is experienced in congenital heart diseases,[9] People who have been diagnosed with HRHS must limit the physical activity they participate in to their own lowered endurance level.[10]
Prevalence
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is both less common and less severe than hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Within the United States it occurs in 1 in 60,000 births,[2] as opposed to HLHS, which occurs in 1 in 4,300 births.[3][1][11] HRHS requires prenatal diagnosis since it often necessitates immediate and emergency treatment. Pregnant women whose pregnancy is complicated with this anomaly should be referred to a level 3 hospital with pediatric cardiology and pediatric cardiothoracic surgical team.[citation needed]
It can be associated with aortic stenosis.[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS): Diagnosis & Treatment | SSM Health". https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/heart/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dimopoulos, Aggeliki (Jan 20, 2017). "Rare Copy Number Variants in a Population Based Investigation of Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome". Birth Defects Research 109 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1002/bdra.23586. PMID 28009100.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 CHD-UK, Hypoplastic Right heart Syndrome (HRHS) , 2007-2015. 25 April 2015.
- ↑ "Hypoplastic right heart syndrome". https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2922/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome.
- ↑ Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 1998-2015. 12 April 2015.
- ↑ "Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome | Winchester Hospital". https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=2013166626.
- ↑ Heart Contraction and Blood Flow . National Institutes of Health.
- ↑ Barrett, Heidi (January 11, 2016). "Hypoplasia of the Right Ventricle". https://radiologykey.com/hypoplasia-of-the-right-ventricle/.
- ↑ Reviewed by David J. Goldberg, MD, About Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), 2013-2015. Web. 12 April 2015
- ↑ American Heart Association, Single Ventricle Defects, 2015. 12 April 2015.
- ↑ "Prenatal diagnosis of an isochromosome 5p in a fetus with increased nuchal translucency thickness and pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right heart at 14 weeks". Prenat. Diagn. 24 (5): 371–4. May 2004. doi:10.1002/pd.877. PMID 15164412.
- ↑ "Aortic stenosis in hypoplastic right heart syndrome, associated with interstitial deletion of chromosome 2". Int. J. Cardiol. 62 (3): 199–202. December 1997. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(97)00255-6. PMID 9476678.
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