Medicine:Brachydactyly type D
| Brachydactyly type D | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Clubbed thumb,[1] club thumb,[2] short thumb,[3][1] potter's thumb,[1] royal thumb, murderer's thumb,[1] toe thumb,[4] hammer thumb, stubbed thumb,[5] stub thumb[6][7] |
 | |
| Unilateral brachydactyly type D in a 15-year-old female | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
Brachydactyly type D, also known as short thumb,[3][1] stub thumb,[6][7] or clubbed thumb,[6][7] is a genetic trait clinically recognised by a thumb being relatively short and round with an accompanying wider nail bed. The distal phalanx of affected thumbs is approximately two-thirds the length of full-length thumbs. It is the most common type of brachydactyly, or shortness of digits, affecting approximately 2–3% of the population, and is associated with the HOXD13 gene, located on chromosome 2q31.1.[8]
Physiology
Brachydactyly type D is a skeletal condition which exhibits a 'partial fusion or premature closing of the epiphysis with the distal phalanx of the thumb', according to Goodman et alia (1965).[7] J.K. Breithenbecher (1923) found that distal phalanges of stub thumbs were one-half the length of full-length thumbs, while R.M. Stecher (1957) claimed that it is approximately two-thirds. The condition may either be unilateral (affecting one thumb) or bilateral (affecting both).[7]
Genetics
A genetic trait, brachydactyly type D exhibits autosomal dominance and is commonly developed or inherited independently of other hereditary traits. The condition is associated with the HOXD13 gene, which is central in digital formation and growth.[6]
Various other studies supported an autosomal dominant pattern with reduced penetrance.[9]
Hereditary trait
A 1965 scientific study in Israel found that 3.05% of Israeli Arabs had one or two stub thumbs, compared with 1.57% among Ashkenazi as well as non-Ashkenazi Jews.[7] However, as the survey's Arab test persons were mainly recruited from a handful of large and closely related clans living in a particular village, said percentage should be "considered with some reservation," according to Goodman et al. (1965).
Cases of stub thumbs have also been found in Eastern Nepal for Jirel ethnic individuals from their participation in various epidemiologic studies. Some studies included taking radiographs of hands and wrists to examine their skeletal structure. Of the studied sample (which included 2,130 participants; 969 male and 1,161 female), 3.55% were found to have brachydactyly type D. [10]
Terminology
The condition is known under numerous names. The most commonly used name is clubbed thumb, or club thumb.[11][12] American researcher R.A. Hefner used the terms "short thumb" and "brachymegalodactylism" in 1924,[3] and "short thumb" has continued to be used in a few other studies since then, including the study that defined Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome in 1963.[1] "Stub thumb" is the common term preferred by the online database Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man[6] and was first used in a 1965 study.[7] Stub thumbs have also been called murderer's thumb (allegedly among fortune tellers),[7] wookie thumb, hammer thumb, bohemian thumb, toe thumb, and potter's thumb.[6]
The term "clubbed thumb" should not be confused with nail clubbing, which is a clinical sign associated with a number of diseases.[citation needed]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rubinstein, Jack H. (1963-06-01). "Broad Thumbs and Toes and Facial Abnormalities: A Possible Mental Retardation Syndrome" (in en). American Journal of Diseases of Children 105 (6): 588–608. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1963.02080040590010. ISSN 0002-922X. PMID 13983033.
- ↑ Macklin, Madge T. (December 1960). "Inheritance of Glioma: The Genetic Aspects of Cerebral Glioma and Its Relation to Status Dysraphicus". American Journal of Human Genetics 12 (4 Pt 1): 448–449. ISSN 0002-9297.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hefner, R. A. (1924-10-01). "INHERITED ABNORMALITIES OF THE FINGERSII. Short Thumbs (Brachymegalodactylism)" (in en). Journal of Heredity 15 (10): 433–439. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a102395. ISSN 0022-1503. https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/15/10/433/823838.
- ↑ Shannon-Karasik, Caroline (2018-12-05). "Apparently Megan Fox Has 'Toe Thumbs'—Do You?" (in en-US). https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a25361582/toe-thumbs/.
- ↑ Learman, Yaffa; Katznelson, Mariassa Bat-Miriam; Bonné‐Tamir, BatSheva; Engel, Joel; Hertz, Marjorie; Goodman, Richard M.; Opitz, John M. (1981). "Symphalangism with multiple anomalies of the hands and feet: A new genetic trait" (in en). American Journal of Medical Genetics 10 (3): 245–55. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320100308. ISSN 1096-8628. PMID 6272576.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "OMIM Entry - # 113200 - BRACHYDACTYLY, TYPE D; BDD". https://omim.org/entry/113200.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 GOODMAN RM; ADAM A; SHEBA C (1965). "A Genetic Study of Stub Thumbs Among Various Ethnic Groups in Israel". Journal of Medical Genetics 2 (2): 116–21. doi:10.1136/jmg.2.2.116. PMID 14295653.
- ↑ Temtamy, Samia A; Aglan, Mona S (2008-06-13). "Brachydactyly". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 3: 15. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-15. ISSN 1750-1172. PMID 18554391.
- ↑ Temtamy, Samia A; Aglan, Mona S (2008-06-13). "Brachydactyly". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 3: 15. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-15. ISSN 1750-1172. PMID 18554391.
- ↑ Williams, Kimberly D. (2013-09-10). "Non-Syndromic Brachydactyly Type D and Type E Mapped to 7p15 in Healthy Children and Adults from the Jirel Ethnic Group in Eastern Nepal". American Journal of Human Biology 25 (6): 743–750. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22441. PMID 24022874.
- ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=clubbed+thumb,club+thumb,royal+thumb,murderer%27s+thumb,toe+thumb,hammer+thumb,stubbed+thumb,stub+thumb&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cclubbed%20thumb%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Croyal%20thumb%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cmurderer%20%27s%20thumb%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctoe%20thumb%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Chammer%20thumb%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cstub%20thumb%3B%2Cc0t1;,clubbed%20thumb;,c0;.t1;,royal%20thumb;,c0;.t1;,murderer%20%27s%20thumb;,c0;.t1;,toe%20thumb;,c0;.t1;,hammer%20thumb;,c0;.t1;,stub%20thumb;,c0.
- ↑ "Google Trends". https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?geo=US&q=clubbed%20thumb%2Cclub%20thumb%2Cshort%20thumb%2Cmurderer%27s%20thumb%2Cstub%20thumb.
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