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List of epidemicsPlague panel with the triumph of death. 1607–35, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin |
Duration | Human history |
---|
This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.
Pre-1500
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
Greece
|
Plague of Athens
|
unknown, possibly typhus
|
[1]
|
Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa
|
Antonine Plague
|
unknown, symptoms similar to smallpox
|
[2]
|
|
Europe
|
Plague of Cyprian
|
unknown, possibly smallpox
|
[3]
|
Europe, Egypt, West Asia
|
Plague of Justinian
|
plague
|
[4]
|
|
Rome
|
Roman Plague of 590
|
plague
|
[5]
|
|
Ctesiphon, Persia
|
|
plague
|
[6]
|
|
British Isles
|
Plague of 664
|
plague
|
[7][page needed]
|
|
British Isles
|
|
plague
|
[7][page needed]
|
|
Japan
|
|
Smallpox
|
[8][9]
|
|
Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa
|
|
plague
|
[10]
|
Europe, Asia and North Africa
|
1331–1353
|
Black Death
|
plague
|
[11]
|
1500–1699
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
Mexico
|
1545–1548
|
Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548
|
Possibly Salmonella enterica
|
[12][13][14][15]
|
Mexico
|
1576
|
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576
|
Possibly Salmonella enterica
|
[12][13][14][15]
|
|
Seneca nation
|
1592–1596
|
|
measles
|
[16]
|
|
Spain
|
1596–1602
|
|
plague
|
[17]
|
|
South America
|
1600–1650
|
|
malaria
|
|
|
England
|
1603
|
London
|
plague
|
|
|
Egypt
|
1609
|
|
plague
|
|
30–90% of population
|
Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people
|
1616–1619
|
|
Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D.
|
[18][19]
|
Italy
|
1629–1631
|
Italian plague of 1629–1631
|
plague
|
[20]
|
|
Wyandot people
|
1630
|
in Ontario
|
smallpox
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1633
|
Plymouth Colony
|
smallpox
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1634
|
Connecticut River area
|
smallpox
|
|
|
England
|
1636
|
Newcastle
|
plague
|
|
|
China
|
1641–1644
|
helped end the Ming Dynasty
|
plague
|
[21]
|
|
Spain
|
1647–1652
|
Great Plague of Seville
|
plague
|
|
|
South America
|
1648
|
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
Italy
|
1656
|
Naples
|
plague
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1657
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
measles
|
|
24,148[22]
|
Netherlands
|
1663–1664
|
Amsterdam
|
plague
|
|
Template:Sortkey[23]
|
England
|
1665–1666
|
Great Plague of London
|
plague
|
[24]
|
40,000
|
France
|
1668
|
|
plague
|
|
|
Spain
|
1676–1685
|
|
plague
|
|
76,000
|
Austria
|
1679
|
Great Plague of Vienna
|
plague
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1687
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
measles
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1690
|
New York City
|
yellow fever
|
|
18th century
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
|
Canada , New France
|
1702–1703
|
|
smallpox
|
[25]
|
|
Sweden
|
1710–1712
|
Great Northern War plague outbreak
|
plague
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1713
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
measles
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1713–1715
|
New England and the Great Lakes
|
measles
|
|
|
Canada , New France
|
1714–1715
|
|
measles
|
[26]
|
|
France
|
1720–1722
|
Great Plague of Marseille
|
plague
|
[27]
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1721–1722
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
smallpox
|
[28]
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1729
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
measles
|
|
|
Spain
|
1730
|
Cadiz
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1732–1733
|
|
influenza
|
[29]
|
|
Canada , New France
|
1733
|
|
smallpox
|
[30]
|
> 50,000
|
Balkans
|
1738
|
Great Plague of 1738
|
plague
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1738
|
South Carolina
|
smallpox
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1739–1740
|
Boston, Massachusetts
|
measles
|
|
|
Italy
|
1743
|
Messina
|
plague
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies
|
1747
|
CT, NY, PA, SC
|
measles
|
|
|
North America
|
1755–1756
|
|
smallpox
|
|
|
North America
|
1759
|
|
measles
|
|
|
North America, West Indies
|
1761
|
|
influenza
|
|
|
North America, present-day Pittsburgh area.
|
1763
|
Native American victims of biological warfare during the Siege of Fort Pitt, part of the French and Indian War.
|
Smallpox
|
|
> 50,000
|
Russia
|
1770–1772
|
Russian plague of 1770–1772
|
plague
|
|
|
Pacific Northwest natives
|
1770s
|
|
smallpox
|
[31]
|
|
North America
|
1772
|
|
measles
|
|
Persia
|
|
plague
|
[6]
|
|
North America
|
1775
|
particularly in the Northeast
|
unknown cause
|
|
|
England
|
1775–1776
|
|
influenza
|
[32]
|
|
Spain
|
1778
|
Cadiz
|
dengue fever
|
|
|
Plains Indians
|
1780–1782
|
North American smallpox epidemic
|
smallpox
|
[33]
|
|
Pueblo Indians
|
1788
|
|
smallpox
|
|
|
United States
|
1788
|
Philadelphia and New York City
|
measles
|
|
|
New South Wales, Australia
|
1789–1790
|
amongst the Aborigines
|
smallpox
|
[34]
|
|
United States
|
1793
|
Vermont
|
influenza and epidemic typhus
|
|
|
United States
|
1793
|
Virginia
|
influenza
|
|
|
United States
|
1793–1798
|
Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences
|
yellow fever
|
[35]
|
19th century
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
|
Spain
|
1800–1803
|
|
yellow fever
|
[36]
|
|
Ottoman Empire, Egypt
|
1801
|
|
bubonic plague
|
[37]
|
|
United States
|
1803
|
New York
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
Egypt
|
1812
|
|
plague
|
|
|
Ottoman Empire
|
1812
|
Istanbul
|
plague
|
|
|
Malta
|
1813
|
|
plague
|
|
|
Romania
|
1813
|
Bucharest
|
plague
|
|
|
Ireland
|
1816–1819
|
|
typhus
|
|
> 100,000
|
Asia, Europe
|
1816–1826
|
first cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
|
United States
|
1820–1823
|
arising near Schuylkill River
|
fever[ambiguous]
|
|
|
Spain
|
1821
|
Barcelona
|
yellow fever
|
Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content
|
|
New South Wales, Australia
|
1828
|
amongst the Aborigines
|
smallpox
|
[39]
|
|
Netherlands
|
1829
|
Groningen epidemic
|
malaria
|
|
|
South Australia
|
1829
|
|
smallpox
|
[40]
|
|
Iran
|
1829–1835
|
|
bubonic plague
|
[41]
|
> 100,000
|
Asia, Europe, North America
|
1829–1851
|
second cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
|
Egypt
|
1831
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
|
Plains Indians
|
1831–1834
|
|
smallpox
|
|
|
England , France
|
1832
|
London, Paris
|
cholera
|
|
|
North America
|
1832
|
New York City , Montreal other cities
|
cholera
|
|
|
United States
|
1833
|
Columbus, Ohio
|
cholera
|
|
|
United States
|
1834
|
New York City
|
cholera
|
|
|
Egypt
|
1834–1836
|
|
bubonic plague
|
[42][43]
|
|
United States
|
1837
|
Philadelphia
|
typhus
|
|
|
Great Plains
|
1837–1838
|
1837–38 smallpox epidemic
|
smallpox
|
[44]
|
|
Dalmatia
|
1840
|
|
plague
|
|
|
South Africa
|
1840
|
Cape Town
|
smallpox
|
|
|
United States
|
1841
|
especially severe in the South
|
yellow fever
|
|
> 20,000
|
Canada
|
1847–1848
|
Typhus epidemic of 1847
|
epidemic typhus
|
[45]
|
|
United States
|
1847
|
New Orleans
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
worldwide
|
1847–1848
|
|
influenza
|
[46]
|
|
Egypt
|
1848
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
|
North America
|
1848–1849
|
|
cholera
|
|
|
United States
|
1850
|
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
North America
|
1850–1851
|
|
influenza
|
|
|
United States
|
1851
|
Illinois, the Great Plains, and Missouri
|
cholera
|
|
|
United States
|
1852
|
New Orleans
|
yellow fever
|
|
1,000,000
|
Russia
|
1852–1860
|
third cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
|
Ottoman Empire
|
1853
|
what is now Yemen
|
plague
|
[47]
|
4,737
|
Copenhagen, Denmark
|
1853
|
Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
|
cholera
|
[48]
|
616
|
England
|
1854
|
Broad Street cholera outbreak
|
cholera
|
[49]
|
|
United States
|
1855
|
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
worldwide
|
1855–1960
|
Third plague pandemic
|
bubonic plague
|
[50]
|
|
Portugal
|
1857
|
Lisbon
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
Victoria, Australia
|
1857
|
|
smallpox
|
[51]
|
|
Europe, North America, South America
|
1857–1859
|
|
influenza
|
[52]
|
|
Middle East
|
1863–1879
|
fourth cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
|
Egypt
|
1865
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
|
Russia , Germany
|
1866–1867
|
|
cholera
|
|
|
Australia
|
1867
|
Sydney
|
measles
|
|
|
Iraq
|
1867
|
|
plague
|
[53]
|
|
Argentina
|
1852–1871
|
Buenos Aires
|
yellow fever
|
[54]
|
|
Germany
|
1870–1871
|
|
smallpox
|
|
40,000
|
Fiji
|
1875
|
Fiji
|
measles
|
[55]
|
|
Russian Empire
|
1877
|
Baku, now part of Azerbaijan
|
plague
|
[56]
|
|
Egypt
|
1881
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
> 9,000
|
India , Germany
|
1881–1896
|
fifth cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
3,164
|
Montreal
|
1885
|
|
smallpox
|
timeline
|
1,000,000
|
worldwide
|
1889–1890
|
1889–1890 flu pandemic
|
influenza
|
[57]
|
20th century
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
|
Congo Basin
|
1896–1906
|
|
trypanosomiasis
|
[58]
|
> 800,000
|
Europe, Asia, Africa
|
1899–1923
|
sixth cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
113
|
San Francisco
|
1900–1904
|
Third plague pandemic
|
bubonic plague
|
[59]
|
|
West Africa
|
1900
|
|
yellow fever
|
|
|
Uganda
|
1900–1920
|
|
trypanosomiasis
|
[60]
|
|
Egypt
|
1902
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
|
India
|
1903
|
|
plague
|
[61]
|
4
|
Fremantle
|
1903
|
|
bubonic plague
|
[62]
|
40,000
|
China
|
1910–1912
|
Harbin, Shenyang
|
bubonic plague
|
[63]
|
75,000,000
|
worldwide
|
1918–1920
|
Spanish flu
|
influenza
|
[64]
|
|
Russia
|
1918–1922
|
|
typhus
|
|
|
Egypt
|
1942–1944
|
|
malaria
|
[42][43]
|
|
China
|
1946
|
Harbin
|
bubonic plague
|
|
|
Egypt
|
1946
|
|
relapsing fever
|
[42][43]
|
|
Egypt
|
1947
|
|
cholera
|
[42][43]
|
2,000,000
|
worldwide
|
1957–1958
|
Asian flu
|
influenza
|
[65]
|
|
worldwide
|
1961–1975
|
seventh cholera pandemic
|
cholera
|
[38]
|
1,000,000
|
worldwide
|
1968–1969
|
Hong Kong flu
|
influenza
|
[65]
|
5
|
Netherlands
|
1971
|
Staphorst, Elspeet and Uddel
|
poliomyelitis
|
[66]
|
35
|
Yugoslavia
|
1972
|
1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia
|
smallpox
|
|
|
United States
|
1972–1973
|
London flu
|
influenza
|
[67]
|
15,000
|
India
|
1974
|
1974 smallpox epidemic of India
|
smallpox
|
|
worldwide (commenced in Congo Basin)
|
1960–present
|
HIV/AIDS pandemic
|
HIV/AIDS
|
[68]
|
|
South America
|
1990s
|
|
cholera
|
|
52
|
India
|
1994
|
1994 plague epidemic in Surat
|
plague
|
[69]
|
|
West Africa
|
1996
|
|
meningitis
|
|
|
Central America
|
2000
|
20th century
|
dengue fever
|
[70]
|
21st century
Death toll (estimate)
|
Location
|
Date
|
Article
|
Disease
|
Ref.
|
|
Nigeria
|
2001
|
|
cholera
|
[71]
|
|
South Africa
|
2001
|
|
cholera
|
[72]
|
775
|
Asia
|
2002–2003
|
SARS
|
SARS coronavirus
|
|
|
Algeria
|
2003
|
|
plague
|
[73]
|
|
Afghanistan
|
2004
|
|
leishmaniasis
|
[74]
|
|
Bangladesh
|
2004
|
|
cholera
|
[75]
|
|
Indonesia
|
2004
|
|
dengue fever
|
|
|
Senegal
|
2004
|
|
cholera
|
[76]
|
|
Sudan
|
2004
|
|
Ebola
|
|
|
Mali
|
2005
|
|
yellow fever
|
[77]
|
19
|
Singapore
|
2005
|
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore
|
dengue fever
|
[78]
|
|
Luanda, Angola
|
2006
|
|
cholera
|
[79]
|
|
Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
|
2006
|
|
plague
|
|
|
India
|
2006
|
|
malaria
|
[80]
|
> 50
|
India
|
2006
|
2006 dengue outbreak in India
|
dengue fever
|
[81]
|
|
India
|
2006
|
Chikungunya outbreaks
|
Chikungunya virus
|
[82]
|
> 50
|
Pakistan
|
2006
|
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan
|
dengue fever
|
[83]
|
|
Philippines
|
2006
|
|
dengue fever
|
|
|
Democratic Republic of Congo
|
2007
|
Mweka ebola epidemic
|
Ebola
|
[84]
|
|
Ethiopia
|
2007
|
|
cholera
|
[85]
|
49
|
India
|
2008
|
|
cholera
|
[86]
|
10
|
Iraq
|
2007
|
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak
|
cholera
|
[87]
|
|
Nigeria
|
2007
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
[88]
|
|
Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico
|
2007
|
|
dengue fever
|
[89]
|
|
Somalia
|
2007
|
|
cholera
|
[90]
|
|
Uganda
|
2007
|
|
Ebola
|
|
|
Vietnam
|
2007
|
|
cholera
|
[91]
|
|
Brazil
|
2008
|
|
dengue fever
|
|
|
Cambodia
|
2008
|
|
dengue fever
|
[92]
|
|
Chad
|
2008
|
|
cholera
|
[93]
|
|
China
|
2008
|
|
hand, foot and mouth disease
|
|
|
Madagascar
|
2008
|
|
bubonic plague
|
[94]
|
|
Philippines
|
2008
|
|
dengue fever
|
[95]
|
|
Vietnam
|
2008
|
|
cholera
|
[96]
|
4,293
|
Zimbabwe
|
2008–2009
|
2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
|
cholera
|
|
18
|
Bolivia
|
2009
|
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic
|
dengue fever
|
|
49
|
India
|
2009
|
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak
|
hepatitis B
|
|
|
Queensland, Australia
|
2009
|
|
dengue fever
|
[97]
|
|
worldwide
|
2009
|
Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s
|
mumps
|
|
|
Worldwide
|
2009
|
2009 flu pandemic
|
influenza
|
[98]
|
931
|
West Africa
|
2009–2010
|
2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak
|
meningitis
|
[99]
|
14,286
|
worldwide
|
2009
|
2009 flu pandemic
|
influenza
|
[100][101]
|
9,985 (May 2017)
|
Hispaniola
|
2010–present
|
Haiti cholera outbreak
|
cholera
|
[102][103]
|
> 4,500 (February 2014)
|
Congo
|
2011–present
|
|
measles
|
[104][105]
|
170
|
Vietnam
|
2011–present
|
|
hand, foot and mouth disease
|
[106][107]
|
> 350
|
Pakistan
|
2011–present
|
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan
|
dengue fever |
|
847 (as of 10 January 2013)
|
Darfur Sudan
|
2012
|
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan
|
yellow fever
|
[108]
|
449 (as of 11 June 2015)
|
Worldwide
|
2012–present
|
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak
|
Middle East respiratory syndrome
|
[109]
|
≫ 11,300
|
West Africa
|
2013–2016
|
Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
|
Ebola virus disease
|
[110][111]
|
183
|
Americas
|
2013–2015
|
2013–14 chikungunya outbreak
|
Chikungunya
|
[112]
|
40
|
Madagascar
|
2014–present
|
2014 Madagascar plague outbreak
|
Bubonic plague
|
[113]
|
36
|
India
|
2014–present
|
2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak
|
primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A
|
[114]
|
2,035
|
India
|
2015–present
|
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak
|
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
|
[115][116][117]
|
|
worldwide
|
2015–present
|
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic
|
Zika virus |
|
Hundreds (as of 1 April 2016)
|
Africa
|
2016
|
2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola
|
yellow fever
|
[118]
|
1,614 (as of 4 July 2017)
|
Yemen
|
2016–present
|
2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak
|
cholera
|
|
64 (as of 16 August 2017)
|
India
|
2017–present
|
2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak
|
Japanese encephalitis
|
|
12 (as of May 2018)
|
India
|
2018–present
|
2018 Nipah virus outbreak
|
Nipah virus infection
|
|
References
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- ↑ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
- ↑ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN:978-0-670-03855-8.
- ↑ Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007
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- ↑ The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746–747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire
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tag; no text was provided for refs named 1911e
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- ↑ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
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- ↑ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-06-25. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm.
- ↑ "2009 Swine-Flu Death Toll 10 Times Higher Than Thought". http://www.livescience.com/41539-2009-swine-flu-death-toll-higher.html. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ↑ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report[full citation needed]
- ↑ https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/03/21/292225770/lack-of-working-sewers-allows-haitis-cholera-outbreak-to-persist[full citation needed]
- ↑ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=5132&cat=press-release. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ↑ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". http://www.msf.org/article/democratic-republic-congo-more-measles-vaccinations-needed. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ↑ Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
- ↑ Nguyen, Ngoc TB; Pham, Hau V.; Hoang, Cuong Q.; Nguyen, Tien M.; Nguyen, Long T.; Phan, Hung C.; Phan, Lan T.; Vu, Long N. et al. (2014). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". BMC Infectious Diseases 14: 341. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-341. PMID 24942066.
- ↑ Yuill, Thomas M.; Woodall, John P.; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak—Darfur Sudan and Chad". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17 (7): e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
- ↑ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ↑ Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ↑ Gignoux, Etienne; Idowu, Rachel; Bawo, Luke; Hurum, Lindis; Sprecher, Armand; Bastard, Mathieu; Porten, Klaudia (2015). "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia". Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (12): 2265–2267. doi:10.3201/eid2112.150756. PMID 26583831. PMC 4672419. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/15-0756_article.
- ↑ "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=343&Itemid=40931&lang=es.
- ↑ "Plague – Madagascar". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/csr/don/21-november-2014-plague/en/. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ↑ "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/460129/odisha-grapples-jaundice-outbreak.html. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ↑ Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/swine-flu-deaths-at-1895-cases-near-32k-mark/. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ↑ "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31547455. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ↑ "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-5-more-lives-toll-mounts-to-387-in-gujarat-115031500609_1.html. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ↑ "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". International Society for Infectious Diseases. http://www.promedmail.org/post/4123983. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
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Further reading