Physics:Nanoinformatics

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Short description: Informatics of nanomaterials

Nanoinformatics is the application of informatics to nanotechnology. It is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding nanomaterials, their properties, and their interactions with biological entities, and using that information more efficiently. It differs from cheminformatics in that nanomaterials usually involve nonuniform collections of particles that have distributions of physical properties that must be specified. The nanoinformatics infrastructure includes ontologies for nanomaterials, file formats, and data repositories.

Nanoinformatics has applications for improving workflows in fundamental research, manufacturing, and environmental health, allowing the use of high-throughput data-driven methods to analyze broad sets of experimental results. Nanomedicine applications include analysis of nanoparticle-based pharmaceuticals for structure–activity relationships in a similar manner to bioinformatics.

Background

Context of nanoinformatics as a convergence of science and practice at the nexus of safety, health, well-being, and productivity; risk management; and emerging nanotechnology.

While conventional chemicals are specified by their chemical composition, and concentration, nanoparticles have other physical properties that must be measured for a complete description, such as size, shape, surface properties, crystallinity, and dispersion state. In addition, preparations of nanoparticles are often non-uniform, having distributions of these properties that must also be specified. These molecular-scale properties influence their macroscopic chemical and physical properties, as well as their biological effects. They are important in both the experimental characterization of nanoparticles and their representation in an informatics system.[1][2] The context of nanoinformatics is that effective development and implementation of potential applications of nanotechnology requires the harnessing of information at the intersection of safety, health, well-being, and productivity; risk management; and emerging nanotechnology.[3][4]

A graphical representation of a working definition of nanoinformatics as a life-cycle process

One working definition of nanoinformatics developed through the community-based Nanoinformatics 2020 Roadmap[5] and subsequently expanded[3] is:

  • Determining which information is relevant to meeting the safety, health, well-being, and productivity objectives of the nanoscale science, engineering, and technology community;
  • Developing and implementing effective mechanisms for collecting, validating, storing, sharing, analyzing, modeling, and applying the information;
  • Confirming that appropriate decisions were made and that desired mission outcomes were achieved as a result of that information; and finally
  • Conveying experience to the broader community, contributing to generalized knowledge, and updating standards and training.

Data representations

Although nanotechnology is the subject of significant experimentation, much of the data are not stored in standardized formats or broadly accessible. Nanoinformatics initiatives seek to coordinate developments of data standards and informatics methods.[5]

Ontologies

An overview of the eNanoMapper nanomaterial ontology

In the context of information science, an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge within a domain, using hierarchies of terms including their definitions, attributes, and relations. Ontologies provide a common terminology in a machine-readable framework that facilitates sharing and discovery of data. Having an established ontology for nanoparticles is important for cancer nanomedicine due to the need of researchers to search, access, and analyze large amounts of data.[6][7]

The NanoParticle Ontology is an ontology for the preparation, chemical composition, and characterization of nanomaterials involved in cancer research. It uses the Basic Formal Ontology framework and is implemented in the Web Ontology Language. It is hosted by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology and maintained on GitHub.[6] The eNanoMapper Ontology is more recent and reuses wherever possible already existing domain ontologies. As such, it reuses and extends the NanoParticle Ontology, but also the BioAssay Ontology, Experimental Factor Ontology, Unit Ontology, and ChEBI.[8]

File formats

Flowchart depicting the ways to identify different components of a material sample to guide the creation of an ISA-TAB-Nano Material file

ISA-TAB-Nano is a set of four spreadsheet-based file formats for representing and sharing nanomaterial data,[9][10] based on the ISA-TAB metadata standard.[11] In Europe, other templates have been adopted that were developed by the Institute of Occupational Medicine,[12] and by the Joint Research Centre for the NANoREG project.[13]

Tools

Nanoinformatics is not limited to aggregating and sharing information about nanotechnologies, but has many complementary tools, some originating from chemoinformatics and bioinformatics.[14][15]

Databases and repositories

Over the last couple of years, various databases have been made available.[16]

caNanoLab, developed by the U.S. National Cancer Institute, focuses on nanotechnologies related to biomedicine.[17] The NanoMaterials Registry, maintained by RTI International, is a curated database of nanomaterials, and includes data from caNanoLab.[18]

The eNanoMapper database, a project of the EU NanoSafety Cluster, is a deployment of the database software developed in the eNanoMapper project.[19] It has since been used in other settings, such as the EU Observatory for NanoMaterials (EUON).[20][21]

Other databases include the Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology's NanoInformatics Knowledge Commons (NIKC)[22] and NanoDatabank,[23] PEROSH's Nano Exposure & Contextual Information Database (NECID),[24] Data and Knowledge on Nanomaterials (DaNa),[25] and Springer Nature's Nano database.[26]

Applications

Nanoinformatics has applications for improving workflows in fundamental research, manufacturing, and environmental health, allowing the use of high-throughput data-driven methods to analyze broad sets of experimental results.[5]

Nanoinformatics is especially useful in nanoparticle-based cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. They are very diverse in nature due to the combinatorially large numbers of chemical and physical modifications that can be made to them, which can cause drastic changes in their functional properties. This leads to a combinatorial complexity that far exceeds, for example, genomic data.[6] Nanoinformatics can enable structure–activity relationship modelling for nanoparticle-based drugs.[6] Nanoinformatics and biomolecular nanomodeling provide a route for effective cancer treatment.[27] Nanoinformatics also enables a data-driven approach to the design of materials to meet health and environmental needs.[28]

Modeling and NanoQSAR

Viewed as a workflow process,[2] nanoinformatics deconstructs experimental studies using data, metadata, controlled vocabularies and ontologies to populate databases so that trends, regularities and theories will be uncovered for use as predictive computational tools. Models are involved at each stage, some material (experiments, reference materials, model organisms) and some abstract (ontology, mathematical formulae), and all intended as a representation of the target system. Models can be used in experimental design, may substitute for experiment or may simulate how a complex system changes over time.[29]

At present, nanoinformatics is an extension of bioinformatics due to the great opportunities for nanotechnology in medical applications, as well as to the importance of regulatory approvals to product commercialization. In these cases, the models target, their purposes, may be physico-chemical, estimating a property based on structure (quantitative structure–property relationship, QSPR); or biological, predicting biological activity based on molecular structure (quantitative structure–activity relationship, QSAR) or the time-course development of a simulation (physiologically based toxicokinetics, PBTK).[30][31] Each of these has been explored for small molecule drug development with a supporting body of literature.

Particles differ from molecular entities, especially in having surfaces that challenge nomenclature system and QSAR/PBTK model development. For example, particles do not exhibit an octanol–water partition coefficient, which acts as a motive force in QSAR/PBTK models; and they may dissolve in vivo or have band gaps.[32] Illustrative of current QSAR and PBTK models are those of Puzyn et al.[33] and Bachler et al.[34] The OECD has codified regulatory acceptance criteria,[35] and there are guidance roadmaps[5][12] with supporting workshops[36] to coordinate international efforts.

Communities

Communities active in nanoinformatics include the European Union NanoSafety Cluster,[37] The U.S. National Cancer Institute National Cancer Informatics Program's Nanotechnology Working Group,[38][39] and the US–EU Nanotechnology Communities of Research.[40]

Nanoinformatics roles, responsibilities, and communication interfaces

Individuals who engage in nanoinformatics can be viewed as fitting across four categories of roles and responsibilities for nanoinformatics methods and data:[4][41][42]

  • Customers, who need either the methods to create the data, the data itself, or both, and who specify the scientific applications and characterization methods and data needs for their intended purposes;
  • Creators, who develop relevant and reliable methods and data to meet the needs of customers in the nanotechnology community;
  • Curators, who maintain and ensure the quality of the methods and associated data; and
  • Analysts, who develop and apply methods and models for data analysis and interpretation that are consistent with the quality and quantity of the data and that meet customers’ needs.

In some instances, the same individuals perform all four roles. More often, many individuals must interact, with their roles and responsibilities extending over significant distances, organizations, and time. Effective communication is important across each of the twelve links (in both directions across each of the six pairwise interactions) that exist among the various customers, creators, curators, and analysts.[4]

History

One of the first mentions of nanoinformatics was in the context of handling information about nanotechnology.[43]

An early international workshop with substantial discussion of the need for sharing all types of information on nanotechnology and nanomaterials was the First International Symposium on Occupational Health Implications of Nanomaterials held 12–14 October 2004 at the Palace Hotel, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK.[44] The workshop report[44] included a presentation on Information Management for Nanotechnology Safety and Health[45] that described the development of a Nanoparticle Information Library (NIL) and noted that efforts to ensure the health and safety of nanotechnology workers and members of the public could be substantially enhanced by a coordinated approach to information management. The NIL subsequently served as an example for web-based sharing of characterization data for nanomaterials.[46]

The National Cancer Institute prepared in 2009 a rough vision of, what was then still called, nanotechnology informatics,[47] outlining various aspects of what nanoinformatics should comprise. This was later followed by two roadmaps, detailing existing solutions, needs, and ideas on how the field should further develop: the Nanoinformatics 2020 Roadmap[5] and the EU US Roadmap Nanoinformatics 2030.[12]

A 2013 workshop on nanoinformatics described current resources, community needs and the proposal of a collaborative framework for data sharing and information integration.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hassellöv, Martin; Readman, James W.; Ranville, James F.; Tiede, Karen (2008-07-01). "Nanoparticle analysis and characterization methodologies in environmental risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles" (in en). Ecotoxicology 17 (5): 344–361. doi:10.1007/s10646-008-0225-x. ISSN 0963-9292. PMID 18483764. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Powers, Kevin W.; Palazuelos, Maria; Moudgil, Brij M.; Roberts, Stephen M. (2007-01-01). "Characterization of the size, shape, and state of dispersion of nanoparticles for toxicological studies". Nanotoxicology 1 (1): 42–51. doi:10.1080/17435390701314902. ISSN 1743-5390. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hoover, Mark D.; Myers, David S.; Cash, Leigh J.; Guilmette, Raymond A.; Kreyling, Wolfgang G.; Oberdörster, Günter; Smith, Rachel; Cassata, James R. et al. (2015-02-01). "Application of an Informatics-Based Decision-Making Framework and Process to the Assessment of Radiation Safety in Nanotechnology" (in en). Health Physics 108 (2): 179–194. doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000250. ISSN 0017-9078. PMID 25551501. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hoover, M.D.; Cash, L.J.; Feitshans, I.L; Hendren, C.O.; Harper, S.L. (2018). "A Nanoinformatics Approach to Safety, Health, Well-being, and Productivity". in Hull, M.S.. Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety: Risks, Regulation, and Management (3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 83–117. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813588-4.00005-1. ISBN 9780128135884. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Diana, De la Iglesia; Stacey, Harper; Mark D, Hoover; Fred, Klaessig; Phil, Lippell; Bettye, Maddux; Jeffrey, Morse; Andre, Nel et al. (2011). Nanoinformatics 2020 Roadmap. pp. 9–13. doi:10.4053/rp001-110413. https://eprints.internano.org/607/1/Roadmap_FINAL041311.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Thomas, Dennis G.; Pappu, Rohit V.; Baker, Nathan A. (February 2011). "NanoParticle Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research". Journal of Biomedical Informatics 44 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.03.001. PMID 20211274. 
  7. ↑ Maojo, Victor; Fritts, Martin; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando; De la Iglesia, Diana; Cachau, Raul E.; Garcia-Remesal, Miguel; Crespo, Jose; Mitchell, Joyce A. et al. (7 March 2012). "Nanoinformatics: developing new computing applications for nanomedicine". Computing 94 (6): 521–539. doi:10.1007/s00607-012-0191-2. PMID 22942787. 
  8. ↑ Hastings, Janna; Jeliazkova, Nina; Owen, Gareth; Tsiliki, Georgia; Munteanu, Cristian R; Steinbeck, Christoph; Willighagen, Egon (21 March 2015). "eNanoMapper: harnessing ontologies to enable data integration for nanomaterial risk assessment". Journal of Biomedical Semantics 6 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s13326-015-0005-5. PMID 25815161. 
  9. ↑ Thomas, Dennis G; Gaheen, Sharon; Harper, Stacey L; Fritts, Martin; Klaessig, Fred; Hahn-Dantona, Elizabeth; Paik, David; Pan, Sue et al. (2013). "ISA-TAB-Nano: A Specification for Sharing Nanomaterial Research Data in Spreadsheet-based Format" (in en). BMC Biotechnology 13 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-13-2. ISSN 1472-6750. PMID 23311978. 
  10. ↑ Marchese Robinson, Richard L; Cronin, Mark T D; Richarz, Andrea-Nicole; Rallo, Robert (5 October 2015). "An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6: 1978–1999. doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202. PMID 26665069. 
  11. ↑ González-Beltrán, Alejandra; Maguire, Eamonn; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Rocca-Serra, Philippe (27 November 2014). "linkedISA: semantic representation of ISA-Tab experimental metadata". BMC Bioinformatics 15 (S14): S4. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-S14-S4. PMID 25472428. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "EU US Roadmap Nanoinformatics 2030". 2018-11-15. https://www.nanosafetycluster.eu/Nanoinformatics2030.html. 
  13. ↑ Totaro, Sara; Crutzen, Hugues; Sintes, Juan Riego (2017). Data logging templates for the environmental, health and safety assessment of nanomaterials. ISBN 978-92-79-62614-2. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC103178. Retrieved 30 May 2019. 
  14. ↑ Melagraki, Georgia; Afantitis, Antreas (February 2018). "Computational toxicology: From cheminformatics to nanoinformatics". Food and Chemical Toxicology 112: 476–477. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.014. PMID 29331732. 
  15. ↑ Panneerselvam, Suresh; Choi, Sangdun (25 April 2014). "Nanoinformatics: Emerging Databases and Available Tools". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15 (5): 7158–7182. doi:10.3390/ijms15057158. PMID 24776761. 
  16. ↑ Willighagen, Egon; Jeliazkov, Vedrin; Jeliazkova, Nina; Smeets, Bart; P. Mustad, Axel (7 October 2014) (in en). Summary of the Spring 2014 NSC Database Survey. Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1195888.v1. 
  17. ↑ Gaheen, Sharon; Hinkal, George W; Morris, Stephanie A; Lijowski, Michal; Heiskanen, Mervi; Klemm, Juli D (21 November 2013). "caNanoLab: data sharing to expedite the use of nanotechnology in biomedicine". Computational Science & Discovery 6 (1): 014010. doi:10.1088/1749-4699/6/1/014010. PMID 25364375. Bibcode: 2013CS&D....6a4010G. 
  18. ↑ Mills, Karmann; Ostraat, Michele L; Guzan, Kimberly; Murry, Damaris (September 2013). "The Nanomaterial Registry: facilitating the sharing and analysis of data in the diverse nanomaterial community". International Journal of Nanomedicine 8 (Suppl 1): 7–13. doi:10.2147/IJN.S40722. PMID 24098075. 
  19. ↑ Jeliazkova, Nina; Chomenidis, Charalampos; Doganis, Philip; Fadeel, Bengt; Grafström, Roland; Hardy, Barry; Hastings, Janna; Hegi, Markus et al. (27 July 2015). "The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6: 1609–1634. doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165. PMID 26425413. 
  20. ↑ "Echa launches EU nanomaterials observatory" (in en). Chemical Watch. 15 June 2017. https://chemicalwatch.com/56883/. 
  21. ↑ "Echa adds new databases to EU nanomaterials observatory" (in en). Chemical Watch. 12 June 2018. https://chemicalwatch.com/67635/echa-adds-new-databases-to-eu-nanomaterials-observatory. 
  22. ↑ "Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology". https://ceint.duke.edu/. 
  23. ↑ "NanoDatabank". https://nanoinfo.org/nanodatabank/. 
  24. ↑ "Nano Exposure & Contextual Information Database (NECID)". http://www.perosh.eu/research-projects/perosh-projects/necid/. 
  25. ↑ "Nanoparticles & Nanomaterials Knowledge Base". https://www.nanopartikel.info/en/. 
  26. ↑ "Springer Nature expands its nanotechnology research solution with the inclusion of over 22 million patents" (in en). EurekAlert!. 26 February 2019. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/s-sne022619.php. 
  27. ↑ Sharma, Neha; Sharma, Mala; Sajid Jamal, Qazi M.; Kamal, Mohammad A.; Akhtar, Salman (2019-04-25). "Nanoinformatics and biomolecular nanomodeling: a novel move en route for effective cancer treatment". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27 (16): 19127–19141. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05152-8. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 31025282. 
  28. ↑ Rajan, Krishnan (2018). "Data-Driven Materials Design for Health and Environmental Needs". in Hull, M.S.. Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety: Risks, Regulation, and Management (3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 119–150. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813588-4.00005-1. ISBN 978-0-12-813588-4. 
  29. ↑ Frigg, Roman; Nguyen, James (2017). "Models and representation". in Magnani, Lorenzo. Springer handbook of model-based science. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 49–102. ISBN 9783319305264. OCLC 987910975. 
  30. ↑ Peters, Sheila Annie. (2011). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulations : Principles, Methods, and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470484067. OCLC 794619804. 
  31. ↑ Fujita, Toshio; Winkler, David A. (2016-02-22). "Understanding the Roles of the "Two QSARs"". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 56 (2): 269–274. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00229. ISSN 1549-960X. PMID 26754147. 
  32. ↑ Kaweeteerawat, Chitrada; Ivask, Angela; Liu, Rong; Zhang, Haiyuan; Chang, Chong Hyun; Low-Kam, Cecile; Fischer, Heidi; Ji, Zhaoxia et al. (2015-01-20). "Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in Escherichia coli correlates with conduction band and hydration energies". Environmental Science & Technology 49 (2): 1105–1112. doi:10.1021/es504259s. ISSN 1520-5851. PMID 25563693. Bibcode: 2015EnST...49.1105K. 
  33. ↑ Puzyn, Tomasz; Rasulev, Bakhtiyor; Gajewicz, Agnieszka; Hu, Xiaoke; Dasari, Thabitha P.; Michalkova, Andrea; Hwang, Huey-Min; Toropov, Andrey et al. (2011). "Using nano-QSAR to predict the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles". Nature Nanotechnology 6 (3): 175–178. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.10. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 21317892. Bibcode: 2011NatNa...6..175P. 
  34. ↑ Bachler, Gerald; von Goetz, Natalie; Hungerbühler, Konrad (2013). "A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles". International Journal of Nanomedicine 8: 3365–3382. doi:10.2147/IJN.S46624. ISSN 1178-2013. PMID 24039420. 
  35. ↑ "Guidance Document on the Validation of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship [(Q)SAR Models"]. Organization for Co-operation and Development. 2007. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/guidance-document-on-the-validation-of-quantitative-structure-activity-relationship-q-sar-models_9789264085442-en;jsessionid=ew6oWnz7_fLRGYZrVf4TmNcO.ip-10-240-5-180. 
  36. ↑ Winkler, David A.; Mombelli, Enrico; Pietroiusti, Antonio; Tran, Lang; Worth, Andrew; Fadeel, Bengt; McCall, Maxine J. (2013-11-08). "Applying quantitative structure-activity relationship approaches to nanotoxicology: current status and future potential". Toxicology 313 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.005. ISSN 1879-3185. PMID 23165187. 
  37. ↑ "About the NanoSafety Cluster". https://www.nanosafetycluster.eu/. 
  38. ↑ "Nanotechnology Working Group". https://nciphub.org/groups/nanowg. 
  39. ↑ "Nanotechnology Working Group". https://wiki.nci.nih.gov/display/ICR/Nanotechnology+Working+Group. 
  40. ↑ "US–EU Nanotechnology Communities of Research" (in en-US). https://us-eu.org/. 
  41. ↑ Hendren, Christine Ogilvie; Powers, Christina M.; Hoover, Mark D.; Harper, Stacey L. (2015). "The Nanomaterial Data Curation Initiative: A collaborative approach to assessing, evaluating, and advancing the state of the field". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6: 1752–1762. doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.179. ISSN 2190-4286. PMID 26425427. 
  42. ↑ Woodall, George M.; Hoover, Mark D.; Williams, Ronald; Benedict, Kristen; Harper, Martin; Soo, Jhy-Charm; Jarabek, Annie M.; Stewart, Michael J. et al. (2017). "Interpreting Mobile and Handheld Air Sensor Readings in Relation to Air Quality Standards and Health Effect Reference Values: Tackling the Challenges". Atmosphere 8 (10): 182. doi:10.3390/atmos8100182. ISSN 2073-4433. PMID 29093969. Bibcode: 2017Atmos...8..182W. 
  43. ↑ Porter, Alan L.; Youtie, Jan; Shapira, Philip; Schoeneck, David J. (3 August 2007). "Refining search terms for nanotechnology". Journal of Nanoparticle Research 10 (5): 715–728. doi:10.1007/s11051-007-9266-y. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Mark, David, ed (2004). Nanomaterials: A risk to health at Work? Report of Presentations at Plenary and Workshop Sessions and Summary of Conclusions from the First International Symposium on Occupational Health Implications of Nanomaterials held 12-14 October 2004 at the Palace Hotel, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. Buxton, UK: Health and Safety Laboratory. https://www.hsl.gov.uk/media/394200/nanosymrep_final.pdf. 
  45. ↑ Hoover, Mark D.; Miller, Arthur L.; Lowe, Nathan T.; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.; Day, Gregory L.; Linch, Kenneth D. (2004). "Information Management for Nanotechnology Safety and Health". in Mark, David. Nanomaterials: A risk to health at Work? Report of Presentations at Plenary and Workshop Sessions and Summary of Conclusions from the First International Symposium on Occupational Health Implications of Nanomaterials held 12-14 October 2004 at the Palace Hotel, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. Buxton, UK: Health and Safety Laboratory. pp. 110. https://www.hsl.gov.uk/media/394200/nanosymrep_final.pdf. 
  46. ↑ Miller, Arthur L.; Hoover, Mark D.; Mitchell, David M.; Stapleton, Brian P. (2007). "The Nanoparticle Information Library (NIL): a prototype for linking and sharing emerging data". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 4 (12): D131–134. doi:10.1080/15459620701683947. ISSN 1545-9624. PMID 17924276. 
  47. ↑ Baker, Nathan (February 2009). Nanotechnology Informatics White Paper. 
  48. ↑ Harper, Stacey L.; Hutchison, James E.; Baker, Nathan; Ostraat, Michele; Tinkle, Sally; Steevens, Jeffrey; Hoover, Mark D.; Adamick, Jessica et al. (2013). "Nanoinformatics workshop report: Current resources, community needs, and the proposal of a collaborative framework for data sharing and information integration". Computational Science & Discovery 6 (1): 14008. doi:10.1088/1749-4699/6/1/014008. ISSN 1749-4699. PMID 24454543. Bibcode: 2013CS&D....6a4008H. 

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