Basic Formal Ontology
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015.[1]
The ontology arose against the background of research in ontologies in the domain of geospatial information science by David Mark, Pierre Grenon, Achille Varzi and others,[2] with a special role for the study of vagueness and of the ways sharp boundaries in the geospatial and other domains are created by fiat.[3][4]
BFO has passed through four major releases, documented here. The current revision was released in 2020,[5] and this forms the basis of the standard "ISO/IEC 21838-2". https://standards.iso.org/iso-iec/21838/-2/ed-1/en., which was released by the Joint Committee of the International Standards Organization and International Electrotechnical Commission in 2021.
The structure of BFO is based on a division of entities into two disjoint categories of continuant and occurrent, the former consists of objects and spatial regions, the latter contains processes conceived as extended through (or spanning) time. BFO thereby seeks to consolidate both time and space within a single framework.
Applications
BFO has been adopted as a foundational ontology by over 450 ontology projects,[6] principally in the areas of biomedical ontology,[7] security and defense (intelligence) ontology,[8] and industry ontologies[9].[5] Example applications of BFO can be seen in the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI).
In 2021, the standard ISO/IEC 21838-2:2021 Information Technology — Top-level Ontologies (TLO) — Part 2: Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) was published by the Joint Technical Committee of the International Standards Organization and the International Electrotechnical Commission.[10] ISO/IEC 21838 is a multi-part standard. Part 1 of the standard[11] specifies the requirements that must be met if an ontology is to be classified as a top-level ontology by the standard.
See also
References
- ↑ Arp, Robert; Smith, Barry; Spear, Andrew D. (2015). Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52781-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=AUxQCgAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Grenon, P.; Smith, B. (2004). "SNAP and SPAN: Towards Dynamic Spatial Ontology". Spatial Cognition and Computation 4 (1): 69–103. doi:10.1207/s15427633scc0401_5. Bibcode: 2004SpCC....4...69G. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/SNAP_SPAN.pdf.
- ↑ Smith, Barry; Varzi, Achille C. (2003). "Fiat and bona fide boundaries: Towards an ontology of spatially extended objects". International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT) 30 (3): 103–119. https://philarchive.org/archive/SMIFAB-3.
- ↑ Smith, Barry; Mark, David M. (2003). "Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms". Environment and Planning B 30 (3): 411–428. doi:10.1068/b12821. Bibcode: 2003EnPlB..30..411S. https://philarchive.org/archive/SMIDME-2.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2020". http://basic-formal-ontology.org/bfo-2020.html.
- ↑ "Ontologies and institutions/groups using BFO.". http://basic-formal-ontology.org/users.html.
- ↑ Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry (OBO).
- ↑ Peter Morosoff, Ron Rudnicki, Jason Bryant, Robert Farrell and Barry Smith, "Joint Doctrine Ontology: A Benchmark for Military Information Systems Interoperability", in Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defense and Security (STIDS). CEUR vol. 1325. pp. 2-9 (2015).
- ↑ Industrial Ontologies Foundry
- ↑ "Iso/Iec 21838-2:2021". https://www.iso.org/standard/74572.html.
- ↑ "Iso/Iec 21838-1:2021". https://www.iso.org/standard/71954.html.
Further reading
- Bittner, Thomas; Donnelly, Maureen; Smith, Barry (2009). "A Spatio-Temporal Ontology for Geographic Information Integration". International Journal of Geographical Information Science 23 (6): 765–798. doi:10.1080/13658810701776767. Bibcode: 2009IJGIS..23..765B. http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bittner3/Publications_files/Bittner-NA-2006-28.pdf.
- Jansen, Ludger (October 2007). "Tendencies and other Realizables in Medical Information Sciences". The Monist 90 (4): 534–554. doi:10.5840/monist200790436. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Tendencies.pdf.
- Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry, eds (2013). Applied Ontology: An Introduction. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110324860. https://philarchive.org/rec/MUNAOA-2.
- Neuhaus, Fabian; Grenon, Pierre; Smith, Barry (2004). "A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals". in Varzi, Achille C.; Vieu, Laure. Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the Third International Conference (FOIS-2004). Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. IOS Press. pp. 49–59. ISBN 1586034685. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf.
- Schneider, Luc (2010). "Revisiting the Ontological Square". in Galton, Antony; Mizoguchi, Riichiro. Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (FOIS 2010). Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. 209. IOS Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 9781607505341. http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/documents/schneider-fois2010.pdf.
- Smith, B.; Grenon, P. (2004). "The Cornucopia of Formal-Ontological Relations". Dialectica 58 (3): 79–296. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.2004.tb00305.x. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/cornucopia.pdf.
- Smith, Barry; Ceusters, Werner; Klagges, Bert; Köhler, Jacob; Kumar, Anand; Lomax, Jane; Mungall, Chris; Neuhaus, Fabian et al. (2005). "Relations in Biomedical Ontologies". Genome Biology 6 (5): R46. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-r46. PMID 15892874.
- Smith, B.; Ceusters, W. (2010). "Ontological Realism as a Methodology for Coordinated Evolution of Scientific Ontologies". Applied Ontology 5 (3–4): 139–188. doi:10.3233/AO-2010-0079. PMID 21637730.
- Otte, N.; Beverley, J.; Ruttenberg, A. (2022). "BFO: Basic Formal Ontology". Applied Ontology 17 (1): 17–43. doi:10.3233/AO-220262. https://philpapers.org/rec/OTTBBF.
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