Social:Neo-Marxism

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Neo-Marxism is a collection of Marxist schools of thought originating from 20th-century approaches[1][2][3] to amend or extend[4] Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism. Neo-Marxism comes under the broader framework of the New Left. In a sociological sense, neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality, such as status and power, to Marxist philosophy.

As with many uses of the prefix neo-, some theorists and groups who are designated as neo-Marxists have attempted to supplement the perceived deficiencies of orthodox Marxism or dialectical materialism.[5] Many prominent neo-Marxists, such as Herbert Marcuse[6] and other members of the Frankfurt School, have historically been sociologists and psychologists.[7][8]

Examples of neo-Marxism include analytical Marxism, French structural Marxism, critical theory, cultural studies, as well as some forms of feminism. Erik Olin Wright's[9] theory of contradictory class locations is an example of the syncretism found in neo-Marxist thought, as it incorporates Weberian sociology, and critical criminology.[10]

There is some ambiguity surrounding the difference between neo-Marxism and post-Marxism,[11][12] with many thinkers being considered both.[13][14] Prominent neo-Marxist journals include Spectre,[15] Historical Materialism,[16] New Left Review, Rethinking Marxism,[17] Capital & Class,[18] Salvage,[19] Cultural Logic[20] and the Seminar in Contemporary Marxism.[21]

History

Neo-Marxism developed as a result of social and political problems that traditional Marxist theory was unable to sufficiently address.[22]

Following World War I, some neo-Marxists dissented and later formed the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School never identified themselves as neo-Marxists. Toward the end of the 20th century, neo-Marxism and other Marxist theories became anathema in democratic and capitalistic Western cultures, where the term attained negative connotations during the Red Scare. For this reason, social theorists of the same ideology since that time have tended to disassociate themselves from the term neo-Marxism.[23]

Thinkers


Neo-Marxist feminism

Some portions of Marxist feminism have used the neo-Marxist label.[68][69] This school of thought believes that the means of knowledge, culture, and pedagogy are part of a privileged epistemology. Neo-Marxist feminism relies heavily on critical theory and seeks to apply those theories in psychotherapy as the means of political and cultural change. Teresa McDowell and Rhea Almeida use these theories in a therapy method called "liberation based healing", which, like many other forms of Marxism, uses sample bias in the many interrelated liberties in order to magnify the "critical consciousness" of the participants towards unrest of the status quo.[69][70][71][68]

Neo-Marxian economics

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New Symbolization Project, a critical theory club at Boise State University, held the first sustained, multi-disciplinary academic response to the Jordan Peterson phenomenon in late October 2018; notable Marxist economist Richard D. Wolff and radical theologian Peter Rollins gave the keynotes.

The terms "neo-Marxian", "post-Marxian", and "radical political economics" were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from Marxian economic thought. Many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist Monthly Review School. The neo-Marxist approach to development economics is connected with dependency and world systems theories. In these cases, the 'exploitation' that classifies it as Marxist is an external one, rather than the normal 'internal' exploitation of classical Marxism.[4][72]

In industrial economics, the neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic and oligarchical rather than the competitive nature of capitalism.[73] This approach is associated with Michał Kalecki,[74] Paul A. Baran, and Paul Sweezy.[75][73]

Such theorists as Samuel Bowles,[76][77] David Gordon, John Roemer, Herbert Gintis, Jon Elster, and Adam Przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics, including game theory and mathematical modeling, to demonstrate Marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict.[78]

The neo-Marxian approach integrated non-Marxist or "bourgeois" economics from the post-Keynesians like Joan Robinson and the neo-Ricardian school of Piero Sraffa. Polish economists Michał Kalecki, Rosa Luxemburg, Henryk Grossman, Adam Przeworski, and Oskar Lange were influential in this school, particularly in developing theories of underconsumption. While most official communist parties denounced neo-Marxian theories as "bourgeois economics", some neo-Marxians served as advisers to socialist or Third World developing governments. Neo-marxist theories were also influential in the study of Imperialism.

Concepts

Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. However, competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell System at the time). The economic surpluses that result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more. The concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies, which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity.

Exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home, especially minorities. Average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships, leading to wider alienation and hostility. The whole system is largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions, the ultimate systemic goals are not. The system continues to function so long as Keynesian full employment policies are pursued, but there is the continued threat to stability from less-developed countries throwing off the restraints of neo-colonial domination.

Labor theory of value

Paul A. Baran introduced the concept of potential economic surplus to deal with novel complexities raised by the dominance of monopoly capital, in particular the theoretical prediction that monopoly capitalism would be associated with low capacity utilization, and hence potential surplus would typically be much larger than the realized surplus. With Paul Sweezy, Baran elaborated the importance of this innovation, its consistency with Marx's labor concept of value and supplementary relation to Marx's category of surplus value.[79]

According to Baran's categories:

  • Actual economic surplus: "the difference between what society's actual current output and its actual current consumption." Hence, it is equal to current savings or accumulation.
  • Potential economic surplus: "the difference between that output that could be produced in a given natural and technical environment with the help of employable productive resources, and what might be regarded as essential consumption".

Baran also introduced the concept of planned surplus—a category that could only be operationalized in a rationally planned socialist society. This was defined as "the difference between society's 'optimum' output available in a historically given natural and technological environment under conditions of planned 'optimal' utilization of all available productive resources, and some chosen 'optimal' volume of consumption."[80]

Baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies (or what are now more optimistically called "developing economies") in his Political Economy of Growth.[80]

Academic Journal

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. 
  2. ↑ Toscano, Alberto (2007). "Neo-Marxism". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosn012. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1. 
  3. ↑ Sterling-Folker, Jennifer (2011). "International Relations Theory". in Kurian, George Thomas. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. 3. CQ Press. pp. 829–831. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 9781933116440. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Foster-Carter, Aidan (January 1973). "Neo-Marxist approaches to development and underdevelopment". Journal of Contemporary Asia 3 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1080/00472337308566845. 
  5. ↑ "Neo-Marxism" (in en-US). 2023-03-14. https://newdiscourses.com/tftw-neo-marxism/. 
  6. ↑ Swedberg, Richard (March 1987). "The Neo-Marxist Contribution". Current Sociology 35 (1): 78–91. doi:10.1177/001139287035001010. 
  7. ↑ Gunnell, John G. (2011). "Political Science, History of". in Kurian, George Thomas. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1278–1286. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0. 
  8. ↑ Laberge, Yves (2011). "Protest Music". in Kurian, George Thomas. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1374–1375. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wright, Erik Olin (2005). "Foundations of a neo-Marxist class analysis". Approaches to Class Analysis. pp. 4–30. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488900.002. ISBN 978-0-521-84304-1. 
  10. ↑ Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon, eds (1998). "neo-Marxism". neo-Marxism. Oxford University Press. 
  11. ↑ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13714-4. [page needed]
  12. ↑ "IV. Marxisms and Neo-Marxisms | Cultural Politics". https://culturalpolitics.net/index/cultural_theory/marx. 
  13. ↑ "Hardt & Negri's 'Multitude': the worst of both worlds" (in en). https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/marx_2549jsp/. 
  14. ↑ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9. [page needed]
  15. ↑ "Spectre Journal" (in en-US). https://spectrejournal.com/about/. 
  16. ↑ "About Us | Historical Materialism". https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/node/59. 
  17. ↑ "Rethinking Marxism". http://rethinkingmarxism.org/about-rm.html. 
  18. ↑ "Sagepub". https://journals.sagepub.com/description/CNC. 
  19. ↑ "About" (in en-US). https://salvage.zone/about-2/. 
  20. ↑ "About the Journal | Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice". https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/clogic/about. 
  21. ↑ London, King's College. "Contemporary Marxism Research Group" (in en). https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/contemporary-marxism-research-group-1. 
  22. ↑ Althusser, Louis (15 December 2017). "The Crisis of Marxism (1977)" (in en-US). https://viewpointmag.com/2017/12/15/crisis-marxism-1977/. 
  23. ↑ Yates, Shaun (2014). Crime, Criminality & Social Revolution. UK: Clok. pp. 44. 
  24. ↑ "A little help from my neo-Marxist philosopher: was Adorno the fifth Beatle?". The Guardian. 10 September 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2019/sep/10/a-little-help-from-my-neo-marxist-philosopher-adorno-fifth-beatle-according-olavo-carvalho. 
  25. ↑ "Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory". https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3n39n8x3&chunk.id=d0e39&toc.id=&brand=ucpress. 
  26. ↑ Folson, Kweku G. (1985). "Samir Amin as a Neo-Marxist". Africa Development / Afrique et Développement 10 (3): 112–136. 
  27. ↑ Brown, Douglas (9 January 2013). "Michael Apple, Social Theory, Critical Transcendence, and the New Sociology: An Essay". In Education 17 (2). doi:10.37119/ojs2011.v17i2.79. 
  28. ↑ "Balibar Étienne" (in en-US). 19 April 2023. https://ifdt.bg.ac.rs/index.php/dt_team/balibar-etienne/?lang=en. 
  29. ↑ Freeman, Samuel. "The Headquarters of Neo-Marxism". https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/03/23/frankfurt-school-headquarters-neo-marxism/. 
  30. ↑ "Tithi Bhattacharya" (in en-US). http://www.tithibhattacharya.net/. 
  31. ↑ Johnston, Paul (1985). "Review of Accumulation Crisis". Berkeley Journal of Sociology 30: 213–223. ISSN 0067-5830. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035351. 
  32. ↑ Thomas, Alan (2016). "G. A. Cohen's Neo-Marxist Critique of Rawls". Republic of Equals. pp. 68–94. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602116.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-060211-6. 
  33. ↑ Moolakkattu, John S. (October 2009). "Robert W. Cox and Critical Theory of International Relations". International Studies 46 (4): 439–456. doi:10.1177/002088171004600404. 
  34. ↑ Ritzer, George (2005) (in en). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.. doi:10.4135/9781412952552. ISBN 978-0-7619-2611-5. https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/socialtheory/n72.xml. 
  35. ↑ Wamp, Bailey (1 May 2015). Spectacle, Consumer Capitalism, and the Hyperreality of the Mediated American Jury Trial: the French Perspective on O.J. Simpson, Casey Anthony, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn (Masters). University of Tennessee.
  36. ↑ Stauffer, Jill (2001). "Review of The End of Human Rights". Journal of Law and Society 28 (3): 459–463. 
  37. ↑ Bowers, C. A. (January 1984). "The Problem of Individualism and Community in Neo-Marxist Educational Thought". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 85 (3): 365–390. doi:10.1177/016146818408500307. 
  38. ↑ Au, Wayne (2015). "Just What the Hell is a Neo-Marxist Anyway?". Leaders in Critical Pedagogy. pp. 17–35. doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-166-3_2. ISBN 978-94-6300-166-3. 
  39. ↑ "Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy by Douglas Kellner". https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/marxed.htm. 
  40. ↑ Kaushik, Asha (1978). "The Neo-Marxist Framework of Erich Fromm". Indian Journal of Political Science 39 (2): 202–209. ISSN 0019-5510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854841. 
  41. ↑ Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. ISSN 0731-1214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1389516. 
  42. ↑ "Literature of Revolution" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/products/1185-literature-of-revolution. 
  43. ↑ Salamini, Leonardo (1975). "The Specificity of Marxist Sociology in Gramsci's Theory". The Sociological Quarterly 16 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb02139.x. 
  44. ↑ "'Selected Writings on Marxism' by Stuart Hall reviewed by Christian Lotz" (in en-GB). https://marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/20099_selected-writings-on-marxism-by-stuart-hall-reviewed-by-christian-lotz/. 
  45. ↑ Rankin, William (September 2020). "How the visual is spatial: Contemporary spatial history, neo-Marxism, and the ghost of Braudel". History and Theory 59 (3): 311–342. doi:10.1111/hith.12162. 
  46. ↑ "The Frankfurt School". https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/fs.htm. 
  47. ↑ Cha-Jua, Sundiata (1998). "C.L.R. James, Blackness, and the Making of a Neo-Marxist Diasporan Historiography". Nature, Society & Thought 11 (1): 53–89. http://imid.uk/docs/nst111a.pdf#page=53. 
  48. ↑ Schulenberg, Ulf (2001). "Fredric Jameson's American Neo-Marxism and the Dialectics of Totality and Difference". Amerikastudien / American Studies 46 (2): 281–299. 
  49. ↑ "Fredric Jameson, biography by Douglas Kellner". https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/JamesonJH.htm. 
  50. ↑ Jessop, Bob (July 2001). "Bringing the State Back In (Yet Again): Reviews, Revisions, Rejections, and Redirections". International Review of Sociology 11 (2): 149–173. doi:10.1080/713674035. 
  51. ↑ "Lefebvre, Henri (1901–91) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy" (in en). https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/lefebvre-henri-1901-91/v-1. 
  52. ↑ "Ecology & Marxism: Andreas Malm | Historical Materialism". https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/reading-guides/ecology-marxism-andreas-malm. 
  53. ↑ Stevenson, Nick (2 January 2022). "Herbert Marcuse as a Critical Intellectual: The New Left and Alternative Socialist Futures". Rethinking Marxism 34 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1080/08935696.2022.2026753. 
  54. ↑ Freedman, Carl (November 2006). "Speculative fiction and international law: The Marxism of China Miéville". Socialism and Democracy 20 (3): 25–39. doi:10.1080/08854300600950228. 
  55. ↑ Solo, Robert (1978). "The Neo-Marxist Theory of the State". Journal of Economic Issues 12 (4): 829–842. doi:10.1080/00213624.1978.11503580. 
  56. ↑ Warskett, Rosemary (2021). "Tribute to Leo Panitch, Organic Intellectual (1945–2021)". Labour / Le Travail 88: 116–127. 
  57. ↑ Przeworski, Adam (December 1985). "Marxism and Rational Choice" (in en). Politics & Society 14 (4): 379–409. doi:10.1177/003232928501400401. ISSN 0032-3292. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003232928501400401. 
  58. ↑ Kieve, Ronald A. (1986). "From Necessary Illusion to Rational Choice?: A Critique of Neo-Marxist Rational-Choice Theory". Theory and Society 15 (4): 557–582. doi:10.1007/BF00159268. ISSN 0304-2421. https://www.jstor.org/stable/657211. 
  59. ↑ Neilson, David (June 2018). "In-itself for-itself: Towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory". Capital & Class 42 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1177/0309816817723299. 
  60. ↑ "Moishe Postone (1942-2018) | Historical Materialism". https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/blog/moishe-postone-1942-2018. 
  61. ↑ Ritzer, George (2005). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. doi:10.4135/9781412952552. ISBN 978-0-7619-2611-5. [page needed]
  62. ↑ "Los Angeles Review of Books" (in en). 8 January 2016. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-algorithmic-communism/. 
  63. ↑ "Monopoly capitalism and neo-Marxism". https://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/monopoly-capitalism-and-neo-marxism. 
  64. ↑ "Chapter 8: Marxism And Neo-Marxism | Online Resources". https://study.sagepub.com/haynes3e/student-resources/weblinks/chapter-8-marxism-and-neo-marxism. 
  65. ↑ Young, James D. (1967). "Neo-Marxism and the British New Left". https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/young/1967/neo-marxism.htm. 
  66. ↑ bloomsbury.com. "Raymond Williams and Education" (in en). https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/raymond-williams-and-education-9781350185395/. 
  67. ↑ Williams, Raymond. "Notes on British Marxism since 1945". New Left Review. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i100/articles/raymond-williams-notes-on-british-marxism-since-1945. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Zrenchik, Kyle; McDowell, Teresa (April 2012). "Class and Classism in Family Therapy Praxis: A Feminist, Neo-Marxist Approach". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 24 (2): 101–120. doi:10.1080/08952833.2012.648118. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Almeida, Rhea. Cultural Context Model: A Liberation Based Healing Paradigm.[page needed]
  70. ↑ Mcdowell, Theresa. "Unsettling white stream pedagogy." 9th Annual Liberation Based Healing Conference. The Great White Project.
  71. ↑ McDowell, Theresa. "Valuing Ideas of Social Justice in MFT Curricula."
  72. ↑ Taylor, John (January 1974). "Neo-Marxism and Underdevelopment — A sociological phantasy". Journal of Contemporary Asia 4 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1080/00472337485390021. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Nitzan, Jonathan, and Shimshon Bichler. 2009. Capital as power: a study of order and creorder. Taylor & Francis. p. 50.
  74. ↑ Kalecki, Michał. 1971. "Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income [Lucha de clases y distribución del ingreso]." Kyklos 24(1).
  75. ↑ Baran, Paul A., and Paul Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  76. ↑ Bowles, Samuel (September 1985). "Post-Marxian economics: labour, learning and history". Social Science Information 24 (3): 507–528. doi:10.1177/053901885024003005. 
  77. ↑ Wolff, Richard D.; Cullenberg, Stephen (1986). "Marxism and Post-Marxism". Social Text (15): 126–135. doi:10.2307/466496. 
  78. ↑ Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). Political economy: a comparative approach. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 9780275958695. https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC. 
  79. ↑ Baran, Paul A.; Sweezy, Paul (2012). Foster, J. B.. ed. Monthly Review 64 (3). http://monthlyreview.org/2012/07/01/some-theoretical-implications Some Theoretical Implications. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Baran, Paul A. (1957). The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 22–23, 41–42. ISBN 978-0-14-021465-9. https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy00bararich. 
  81. ↑ "Spectre Journal" (in en-US). https://spectrejournal.com/about/. 
  82. ↑ "About Us | Historical Materialism". https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/node/59. 
  83. ↑ "Rethinking Marxism". http://rethinkingmarxism.org/about-rm.html. 
  84. ↑ "Sagepub". https://journals.sagepub.com/description/CNC. 
  85. ↑ "About" (in en-US). https://salvage.zone/about-2/. 
  86. ↑ "About the Journal | Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice". https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/clogic/about. 
  87. ↑ London, King's College. "Contemporary Marxism Research Group" (in en). https://www.kcl.ac.ukhttps//www.kcl.ac.uk/research/contemporary-marxism-research-group-1. 

Sources

  • Blackledge, Paul; Anderson, Perry (2004). Marxism, and the New Left. Merlin Press. ISBN 978-0-85036-532-0. 
  • Holz, Hans Heinz (1972) (in de). Strömungen und Tendenzen im Neomarxismus. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-11650-8. 
  • Müller, Horst (1986) (in de). Praxis und Hoffnung. Studien zur Philosophie und Wissenschaft gesellschaftlicher Praxis von Marx bis Bloch und Lefebvre. Bochum: Germinal Verlag. ISBN 3-88663-509-0. 
  • von Weiss, Andreas (1970) (in de). Neomarxismus. Die Problemdiskussion im Nachfolgemarximus der Jahre 1945 bis 1970. Freiburg/Munich: Karl-Alber-Verlag. ISBN 3-495-47212-6. 

Further reading

External links



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