Philosophy:Post-Marxism

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Post-Marxism is a perspective in critical social theory which radically reinterprets Marxism, countering its association with economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism,[1] whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism.[2][3] Most notably, post-Marxists are anti-essentialist, rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building radical democracy.[4][5][6] Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist[7][8][9] frameworks and neo-Marxist[10] analysis,[11] in response to the decline of the New Left after the protests of 1968.[12] In a broader sense, post-Marxism can refer to Marxists or Marxian-adjacent theories which break with the old worker's movements and socialist states entirely,[13] in a similar sense to post-leftism,[14][15] and accept that the era of mass revolution premised on the Fordist worker is potentially over.[16]

The term "post-Marxism" first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985).[17][18] Post-Marxism is a wide category not well-defined, containing the work of Laclau and Mouffe[19][20] on the one hand, and some strands of autonomism and open Marxism,[21] post-structuralism,[22][23] cultural studies,[24] ex-Marxists[25] and Deleuzian-inspired[26] 'politics of difference'[27][28] on the other.[29][better source needed] Recent overviews of post-Marxism are provided by Ernesto Screpanti,[30] Göran Therborn,[31] and Gregory Meyerson.[32] Prominent post-Marxist journals include New Formations,[33] Constellations,[34] Endnotes,[35] Crisis and Critique[36] and Arena.[37]

History

Post-Marxism first originated in the late 1970s, and several trends and events of that period influenced its development.[38] The weakness of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc paradigm became evident after the so called "secret speech" and the following invasion of Hungary, which split the radical left irreparably.[39] Marxism from then on faced a crisis of credibility, resulting in various developments in Marxist theory, particularly neo-Marxism, which theorised against much of the Eastern Bloc.[40] This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the strikes and occupations of 1968, the rise of Maoist theory, and the proliferation of commercial television and later information technologies which covered in its broadcasts the Vietnam War.

Post-Marxism, although with its roots in this New Left and the consequent post-structural moment in France,[41] has its real genesis in reaction to the hegemony of neoliberalism, and defeat of the Left in such events as the UK miners' strike. Ernesto Laclau argued that a Marxism for the neoliberal conjuncture required a fundamental reworking, to address the failures of both.[42] Subsequently, Laclau and Mouffe address the proliferation of "new subject positions" by locating their analysis on a non-essentialist framework.

Simultaneously, revolutionaries in Italy, known as Operaismo, and later autonomists,[43] began to theorise against the conservative Italian Communist Party,[44] focusing much more on labour, gender and the later works of Marx. In France, radicals such as Félix Guattari redefined old Lacanian models of desire and subjectivity, which had often been tied to the communist project, bringing Nietzsche into conversation with Marx.[45] In the [[Eastern Blo ][46] began reinterpreting Marx, building on the work of the Praxis School before them.[47] In West Germany, theorists reinterpreted Marx's works entirely from a Hegelian dialectical perspective.

In the UK, Stuart Hall[48] engaged with post-structuralist theorists while working for Marxism Today, especially in relation to race and identity.[49] John Holloway began to forge a new path between Althusserian structural Marxism and instrumentalist theorists of monopoly capitalism. In the US, Michael Hardt collaborated with Antonio Negri to produce Empire at the turn of the century, widely recognised as a consolidation and re-affirmation of post-Marxism.[50] Harry Cleaver produced innovative readings of Capital, alongside Moishe Postone who reaffirmed Marx's central concepts.

Post-Marxism also has different connotations within radical feminist theory. The way Catharine MacKinnon uses the term post-Marxism is not based on post-structuralism. She says "feminism worthy of the name absorbs and moves beyond marxist methodology",[51] meaning that Marxism is not to be left behind but built on.

Currently, figures in the US, UK, and Europe continue to produce work in the post-Marxist tradition, particularly Nancy Fraser, Alain Badiou, Jeremy Gilbert and Étienne Balibar. This theory is often very different from that produced by Laclau and Mouffe, and much of the Left has turned against the Post-Marxist turn.[52][53]

Despite being born in Latin America and the Eastern Bloc, post-Marxism is largely produced by theorists of the Global North, as the following criticisms reveal. Aside from perhaps Spivak, there are no notable theorists of the Global South[54] who are within the post-Marxist tradition,[55] and the radical movements of the Global South largely remain within the 'Old Left' tradition.[56] Several reasons relating to political geography and level of academisation are given as explanations. There is some debate however as to whether Cedric Robinson was a post-Marxist.[57]

Despite this, the Zapatistas have been a large source of inspiration for many post-Marxists.[58]

Criticism

Post-Marxism has been criticised from both the left and the right wings of Marxism.[59] Nick Thoburn has criticised Laclau's post-Marxism (and its relationship to Eurocommunism) as essentially a rightward shift to social democracy.[60] Ernest Mandel[61] and Sivanandan[62][63] make this same point. Richard Wolff also claims that Laclau's formulation of post-Marxism is a step backward.[64] Oliver Eagleton (son of Terry Eagleton) claims that Mouffe's 'radical democracy' has an inherent conservative nature.[65]

Other Marxists have criticised autonomist Marxism or post-operaismo, a form of post-Marxism, of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies.[66] It has also been criticised by other Marxists for being anti-humanist / anti–Hegelian dialectical.[67]

Post-Marxism of all stripes has also been criticised for downplaying or ignoring the role of race, neocolonialism, and Eurocentrism.[68][69][70][71]

Post-Marxism as a term is also seen as being too imprecise, often used as an insult[72] or a straw man. Besides Laclau and Mouffe, very few Marxists describe themselves as post-Marxists, regardless of their own affinities with post-structuralist theories or their reinterpretation of Marx.[73] There is also much disagreement between post-Marxists on fundamental questions of strategy and philosophy (Hegel or Spinoza, for example); some forward a left-populism, others a complete rejection of organised politics, and others a new Leninist vanguard.

People

See also

References

  1. ↑ McLennan, Gregor (1996). "Post-marxism and the ‘Four Sins’ of Modernist Theorizing". New Left Review (I/218): 53–74. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i218/articles/gregor-mclennan-post-marxism-and-the-four-sins-of-modernist-theorizing.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Callinicos, Alex (2022). Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism (1st ed.). Routledge. 
  3. ↑ Arditi, Benjamin (September 2007). "Post-hegemony: politics outside the usual post-Marxist paradigm". Contemporary Politics 13 (3): 205–226. doi:10.1080/13569770701467411. 
  4. ↑ Sim, Stuart (2022). Reflections on Post-Marxism: Laclau and Mouffe's Project of Radical Democracy in the 21st Century. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-2183-1. 
  5. ↑ Mclean, Ian; Mcmillan, Alistair (2003) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (Article: State). Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity" (in en). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13 (3): 259–265. doi:10.1068/d130259. Bibcode: 1995EnPlD..13..259M. 
  7. ↑ Jacobs, Thomas (2 October 2018). "The Dislocated Universe of Laclau and Mouffe: An Introduction to Post-Structuralist Discourse Theory". Critical Review 30 (3–4): 294–315. doi:10.1080/08913811.2018.1565731. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8600661. 
  8. ↑ bloomsbury.com. "Marx Through Post-Structuralism" (in en). https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/marx-through-poststructuralism-9781441185082/. 
  9. ↑ "Alberto Toscano: Solidarity and Political Work | Historical Materialism". 30 April 2018. https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/interviews/alberto-toscano-solidarity-and-political-work. 
  10. ↑ Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. 
  11. ↑ Peters, Michael A.; Neilson, David; Jackson, Liz (6 December 2022). "Post-marxism, humanism and (post)structuralism: Educational philosophy and theory". Educational Philosophy and Theory 54 (14): 2331–2340. doi:10.1080/00131857.2020.1824783. 
  12. ↑ "post-Marxism" (in en). https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100339585. 
  13. ↑ Mills, Charles W. (23 March 2017) (in en). Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-024545-0. https://academic.oup.com/book/5106. 
  14. ↑ "Post-Left Anarchy" (in en). https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jason-mcquinn-post-left-anarchy-leaving-the-left-behind. 
  15. ↑ "The Platypus Affiliated Society – The Left is not a concept". https://platypus1917.org/2021/12/01/the-left-is-not-a-concept/. 
  16. ↑ (in en) Deleuze: The Grandeur of Marx with Nick Thoburn, 25 September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StKQhD_d64E, retrieved 2024-03-23 
  17. ↑ McKenna, Tony (3 April 2014). "Against Post-Marxism: How Post-Marxism Annuls Class-Based Historicism and the Possibility of Revolutionary Praxis". International Critical Thought 4 (2): 142–159. doi:10.1080/21598282.2014.906538. 
  18. ↑ Bowman, Paul (2019). "Ernesto Laclau (1935-), Chantal Mouffe (1948-) and Post-Marxism". Introducing Literary Theories. pp. 799–809. doi:10.1515/9781474473637-104. ISBN 978-1-4744-7363-7. 
  19. ↑ Breckman, Warren (2013). "Introduction". Adventures of the Symbolic. pp. 1–23. doi:10.7312/columbia/9780231143943.003.0008. ISBN 978-0-231-14394-3. 
  20. ↑ Fisken, Timothy David (2012). The Turn to the Political: Post-Marxism and Marx's Critique of Politics (Thesis). UC Berkeley.
  21. ↑ "Post-Marxism" (in en). 2 March 2017. https://marx200.org/en/marxism-think-one-two-many-marxes/post-marxism. 
  22. ↑ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13713-7. 
  23. ↑ Jones, A. (1999). "Dialectics and difference: against Harvey's dialectical 'post-Marxism'" (in en). Progress in Human Geography 23 (4): 529–555. doi:10.1191/030913299676750977. http://phg.sagepub.com/. 
  24. ↑ Tunderman, Simon (2 November 2021). "Post-Marxist reflections on the value of our time. Value theory and the (in)compatibility of discourse theory and the critique of political economy". Critical Discourse Studies 18 (6): 655–670. doi:10.1080/17405904.2020.1829664. 
  25. ↑ Smith, Richard G; Doel, Marcus A (April 2001). "Baudrillard Unwound: The Duplicity of Post-Marxism and Deconstruction" (in en). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19 (2): 137–159. doi:10.1068/d226t. ISSN 0263-7758. Bibcode: 2001EnPlD..19..137S. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/d226t. 
  26. ↑ thewastedworld (22 February 2020). "Underground Intensities: The Gothic Marxism of Deleuze and Guattari" (in en). https://thewastedworld.com/2020/02/22/gothic-deleuze/. 
  27. ↑ "The Politics of Difference". Gilles Deleuze. 2005. pp. 114–153. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139165419.005. ISBN 978-0-521-84309-6. 
  28. ↑ Toscano, Alberto (2008). "Chapter Twenty-Eight. Marxism expatriated: Alain Badiou's turn". Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism. pp. 529–548. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004145986.i-813.149. ISBN 978-90-474-2360-7. 
  29. ↑ Samanci, Helene (2012). Political Ontology of post-Marxism (PDF) (Masters). Queen Mary, University of London.
  30. ↑ Screpanti, Ernesto (2000). "The postmodern crisis in economics and the revolution against modernism". Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society 12 (1): 87–111. doi:10.1080/08935690009358993. 
  31. ↑ Therborn, Göran (2008). From Marxism to Post-Marxism. London: Verso Books. pp. 208. 
  32. ↑ Meyerson, Gregory; San Juan, E. Jr. (2009). "Post-Marxism as Compromise Formation". Cultural Logic: Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice 16. doi:10.14288/clogic.v16i0.191554. 
  33. ↑ "New Formations: About" (in en-GB). https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/newformations/page/about/. 
  34. ↑ "Constellations Journal – About". https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14678675/homepage/productinformation.html. 
  35. ↑ Endnotes. "Endnotes". http://endnotes.org.uk/. 
  36. ↑ "About us – CRISIS AND CRITIQUE". https://www.crisiscritique.org/about-us. 
  37. ↑ "About Arena – Arena" (in en-AU). https://arena.org.au/about. 
  38. ↑ Hunter, Allen (1988). "Post-Marxism and the New Social Movements". Theory and Society 17 (6): 885–900. doi:10.1007/BF00161731. 
  39. ↑ Black, Ian (21 October 2006). "How Soviet tanks crushed dreams of British communists" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/21/politics.past. 
  40. ↑ Kecskemeti, Paul (March 1959). "Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. By Herbert Marcuse. (New York: Columbia University Press. 1958. Pp. 271. $4.50.)" (in en). American Political Science Review 53 (1): 187–189. doi:10.2307/1951737. ISSN 1537-5943. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/soviet-marxism-a-critical-analysis-by-herbert-marcuse-new-york-columbia-university-press-1958-pp-271-450/EEC2D47B91C24E57455B5F075EA03A4E. 
  41. ↑ Anderman, Nicholas; Hicks, Zachary (1 June 2023). "The Pot Still Boils". Qui Parle 32 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1215/10418385-10427926. ISSN 1041-8385. 
  42. ↑ Laclau, Ernesto (1987). "Post-Marxism without apologies". New Left Review (I/166): 79–106. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i166/articles/ernesto-laclau-chantal-mouffe-post-marxism-without-apologies. 
  43. ↑ Bratich, Jack Zeljko (2011), Dahlberg, Lincoln; Phelan, Sean, eds., "Post-Marx beyond Post-Marx: Autonomism and Discourse Theory" (in en), Discourse Theory and Critical Media Politics (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 154–177, doi:10.1057/9780230343511_7, ISBN 978-0-230-34351-1, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230343511_7, retrieved 2023-07-26 
  44. ↑ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0. 
  45. ↑ Falzon, John (2017). Communists Like Us. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-1-74258-941-1. 
  46. ↑ Dorahy, J. F. (21 January 2019) (in en), dapest School The Budapest School: Beyond Marxism, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-39598-5, https://brill.com/dis dapest School, retrieved 2023-06-21 
  47. ↑ Heller, Agnes; Tormey, Simon (1999). "Agnes Heller: Post-Marxism and the ethics of modernity" (in en-GB). Radical Philosophy (94). ISSN 0300-211X. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/interview/agnes-heller-post-marxism-and-the-ethics-of-modernity. 
  48. ↑ "On the Front Lines of the Populism Wars" (in en-US). https://jacobin.com/2018/06/for-a-left-populism-mouffe-review. 
  49. ↑ Hall, Stuart; Morley, David; Chen, Kuan-Hsing (1996). "Post-marxism". Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203993262. ISBN 978-0-415-08803-9. 
  50. ↑ Browning, Gary K. (June 2005). "A globalist ideology of post-Marxism? Hardt and Negri's Empire" (in en). Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 8 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/13698230500108876. ISSN 1369-8230. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698230500108876. 
  51. ↑ Mackinnon, Catharine (19 February 1998), "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State", Feminisms (Oxford University PressNew York, NY): pp. 351–357, doi:10.1093/oso/9780192892706.003.0060, ISBN 978-0-19-289270-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192892706.003.0060, retrieved 2024-03-19 
  52. ↑ Reflections on Post-Marxism: Laclau and Mouffe's Project of Radical Democracy in the 21st Century (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. 2022. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2kqx0x4. ISBN 978-1-5292-2183-1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2kqx0x4. 
  53. ↑ Colpani, Gianmaria (April 2022). "Two Theories of Hegemony: Stuart Hall and Ernesto Laclau in Conversation" (in en). Political Theory 50 (2): 221–246. doi:10.1177/00905917211019392. ISSN 0090-5917. 
  54. ↑ Corbridge, Stuart (1 May 1990). "Post-Marxism and development studies: Beyond the impasse" (in en). World Development 18 (5): 623–639. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(90)90014-O. ISSN 0305-750X. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X%2890%2990014-O. 
  55. ↑ Sanyal, Kalyan K. (March 1996). "Postmarxism and the Third World: A Critical Response to the Radical Democratic Agenda" (in en). Rethinking Marxism 9 (1): 126–133. doi:10.1080/08935699608685481. ISSN 0893-5696. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08935699608685481. 
  56. ↑ Saravanamuttu, Johan (1995). "Post-Marxism: Implications for Political Theory and Practice". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 10 (1): 45–64. ISSN 0217-9520. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056902. 
  57. ↑ Haider, Asad (13 February 2017). "The Shadow of the Plantation" (in en-US). https://viewpointmag.com/2017/02/12/the-shadow-of-the-plantation/. 
  58. ↑ "As should be clear to even the most casual observer on the left, the Chiapas rebellion has become a kind of paradigm for the p". http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/modernism/holloway.htm. 
  59. ↑ el-Ojeili, Chamsy (May 2010). "Post-Marxist Trajectories: Diagnosis, Criticism, Utopia" (in en). Sociological Inquiry 80 (2): 261–282. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2010.00330.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2010.00330.x. 
  60. ↑ Thoburn, Nicholas (2003). Deleuze, Marx and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45783-0. 
  61. ↑ "From Stalinism to Eurocommunism" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/products/1067-from-stalinism-to-eurocommunism. 
  62. ↑ "All That Melts into Air is Solid: The Hokum of New Times (Part 2)" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/3083-all-that-melts-into-air-is-solid-the-hokum-of-new-times-part-2. 
  63. ↑ AH (19 August 2022). "The Long Crisis of British Marxism in the Shadow of Thatcher". https://redfightback.org/the-long-crisis-of-british-marxism-in-the-shadow-of-thatcher/. 
  64. ↑ Wolff, Richard D.; Cullenberg, Stephen (1986). "Marxism and Post-Marxism". Social Text (15): 126–135. doi:10.2307/466496. 
  65. ↑ Eagleton, Oliver (29 November 2022). "What Chantal Mouffe gets wrong" (in en-US). https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2022/11/what-chantal-mouffe-gets-wrong. 
  66. ↑ "Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx" (in en-US). https://www.frederickharrypitts.com/critiquing-capitalism-today-new-ways-to-read-marx. 
  67. ↑ "Going in the Wrong Direction – John Holloway" (in es). https://johnholloway.com.mx/2011/07/30/going-in-the-wrong-direction/. 
  68. ↑ Schueller, Malini Johar (July 2009). "DECOLONIZING GLOBAL THEORIES TODAY: Hardt and Negri, Agamben, Butler". Interventions 11 (2): 235–254. doi:10.1080/13698010903053303. 
  69. ↑ Amin, Samir (1 November 2014). "Monthly Review | Contra Hardt and Negri" (in en-US). https://monthlyreview.org/2014/11/01/contra-hardt-and-negri/. 
  70. ↑ Gray, Neil; Clare, Nick (October 2022). "From autonomous to autonomist geographies" (in en). Progress in Human Geography 46 (5): 1185–1206. doi:10.1177/03091325221114347. ISSN 0309-1325. 
  71. ↑ Connel, Raewyn (2012). "The Poet of Autonomy: Antonio Negri as a Social Theorist". Sociologica (1/2012). doi:10.2383/36905. ISSN 1971-8853. https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.2383/36905. 
  72. ↑ "Open Marxism 1: Dialectics and History | libcom.org" (in en). https://libcom.org/article/open-marxism-1-dialectics-and-history. 
  73. ↑ ""Re-engagement with Marx" since the 1960s" (in en). 2 March 2017. https://marx200.org/en/marxism-think-one-two-many-marxes/re-engagement-marx-1960s. 
  74. ↑ "Psychoanalysis in Post-Marxism: The Case of Alain Badiou – No Subject – Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis – Encyclopedia of Lacanian Psychoanalysis" (in en). 20 May 2019. https://nosubject.com/Psychoanalysis_in_Post-Marxism:_The_Case_of_Alain_Badiou. 
  75. ↑ Ozselcuk, Ceren (2009). Post-Marxism After Althusser: A Critique of the Alternatives (Thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst.
  76. ↑ Watson, Janell (1 November 2013). "Repoliticizing the Left". The Minnesota Review 2013 (81): 79–101. doi:10.1215/00265667-2332174. 
  77. ↑ Gilbert, Jeremy (1 September 2009). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions" (in en-GB). New Formations 2009 (68). https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/newformations/vol-2009-issue-68/abstract-8450/. 
  78. ↑ Easthope, Antony (2019). British Post-Structuralism. doi:10.4324/9780367351977. ISBN 978-0-367-35197-7. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367351977. 
  79. ↑ "CV" (in en). https://www.jeremygilbert.org/cv. 
  80. ↑ url=https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1790615
  81. ↑ Browning, Gary; Kilmister, Andrew (2006). "Fraser, Recognition and Redistribution". Critical and Post-Critical Political Economy. pp. 149–168. doi:10.1057/9780230501522_8. ISBN 978-1-349-42765-9. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230501522_8. 
  82. ↑ Peters, Michael A (2022). "Poststructuralism and the Post-Marxist Critique of Knowledge Capitalism: A Personal Account". Review of Contemporary Philosophy 21: 21–37. doi:10.22381/RCP2120222. ProQuest 2727237244. 
  83. ↑ Bowman, Paul (2007). Post-Marxism Versus Cultural Studies: Theory, Politics and Intervention. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1762-3. 
  84. ↑ "Hardt". http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/modernism/hardt_negri.htm. 
  85. ↑ Heller, Agnes; Tormey, Simon (1999). "Agnes Heller: Post-Marxism and the ethics of modernity". Radical Philosophy (94). https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/interview/agnes-heller-post-marxism-and-the-ethics-of-modernity. 
  86. ↑ el-Ojeili, Chamsy (22 December 2022). "Book Review: John Holloway, Hope in Hopeless Times". Journal of Classical Sociology: 1468795X2211447. doi:10.1177/1468795X221144725. 
  87. ↑ "Introduction to Fredric Jameson, Module on Ideology". https://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/english/theory/marxism/modules/jamesonideology.html. 
  88. ↑ Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal (1987). "Post-Marxism without apologies". New Left Review (I/166): 79–106. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i166/articles/ernesto-laclau-chantal-mouffe-post-marxism-without-apologies. 
  89. ↑ Acha, Omar (12 November 2019). "From Marxist to Post-Marxist Populism: Ernesto Laclau's Trajectory within the National Left and Beyond". Historical Materialism 28 (1): 183–214. doi:10.1163/1569206X-00001311. ISSN 1465-4466. https://brill.com/view/journals/hima/28/1/article-p183_6.xml. 
  90. ↑ Mouffe, Chantal (June 1995). "Post-Marxism: Democracy and Identity". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13 (3): 259–265. doi:10.1068/d130259. Bibcode: 1995EnPlD..13..259M. 
  91. ↑ Mouzelis, Nicos P. (1990) (in en). Post-Marxist Alternatives. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-12978-2. ISBN 978-0-333-57815-5. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-12978-2. 
  92. ↑ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9. 
  93. ↑ Browning, Gary K. (June 2005). "A globalist ideology of post-Marxism? Hardt and Negri's Empire". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 8 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/13698230500108876. 
  94. ↑ "Deconstructing Apartheid Discourse" (in en). https://www.versobooks.com/products/1540-deconstructing-apartheid-discourse. 
  95. ↑ Feenberg, Andrew (1996). "Reviewed work: Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory, Moishe Postone". Theory and Society 25 (4): 607–611. https://www.jstor.org/stable/657915. 
  96. ↑ Davis, Oliver (2016). "Rancière, Jacques (1940–)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-DD3595-1. ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6. 
  97. ↑ url=https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2020107352
  98. ↑ Smith, Richard G; Doel, Marcus A (April 2001). "Baudrillard Unwound: The Duplicity of Post-Marxism and Deconstruction" (in en). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19 (2): 137–159. doi:10.1068/d226t. ISSN 0263-7758. Bibcode: 2001EnPlD..19..137S. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/d226t. 
  99. ↑ Scatamburlo-d'Annibale, Valerie; McLaren, Peter; Monzó, Lilia (2018). "The complexity of Spivak's project: a Marxist interpretation". Qualitative Research Journal 18 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1108/QRJ-D-17-00052. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/QRJ-D-17-00052/full/html. 
  100. ↑ Gilbert, Jeremy (1 September 2009). "Deleuzian politics? A survey and some suggestions" (in en-GB). New Formations 2009 (68). https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/newformations/vol-2009-issue-68/abstract-8450/. 
  101. ↑ Hennessy, James (9 June 2022). "Jordan Peterson and 'Kung Fu Panda': How Did Slavoj Žižek Go Mainstream?" (in en). https://www.vice.com/en/article/jordan-peterson-and-kung-fu-panda-how-did-slavoj-zizek-go-mainstream/. 
  102. ↑ "Slavoj Zizek" (in en-US). https://www.plutobooks.com/9780745320717/slavoj-zizek. 

Further reading

  • Badiou, Alain; Macey, D; Corcoran, S. (2015). The communist hypothesis. London: Verso.
  • Butler, Judith; Laclau, Ernesto; Žižek, Slavoj (2000). Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left. 
  • Callinicos, A., Kouvélakis, E. and Pradella, L. (2021). Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Dean, J. (2018). Communist Horizon. Verso.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1993). Specters of Marx. 
  • Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester: Zero Books.
  • Galfarsoro, Imanol (2012). "(Post)Marxismoa, kultura eta eragiletasuna: Ibilbide historiko labur bat". in Aizpuru, Alaitz (in eu). Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida. Bilbo: UEU. ISBN 978-84-8438-435-9. 
  • Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire.  Harvard.
  • Holloway, J. (2019). Change the world without taking power : the meaning of revolution today. London Pluto Press.
  • Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. 
  • Sim, Stuart (2002). Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History. Routledge studies in social and political thought. New York; London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-18616-8. 
  • Thoburn, Nick (2003). Deleuze, Marx, and Politics. Routledge
  • Tormey, Simon; Townshend, Jules (2006). Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism. Pine Forge Press. 
  • Žižek, Slavoj (1989). The Sublime Object of Ideology. 



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