Social:Trique languages

Short description: Language family

Triqui
Ethnicity	Trique
Geographic distribution	Mexico
Linguistic classification	Oto-Manguean Mixtecan Triqui
Subdivisions	Copala Triqui Chicahuaxtla Triqui San Martín Itunyoso Triqui
Glottolog	triq1251

The Triqui (/ˈtriːki/), or Trique, languages are a family of Oto-Manguean spoken by 30,000 Trique people of the Mexican states of Oaxaca and the state of Baja California in 2007 (due to recent population movements). They are also spoken by 5,000 immigrants to the United States. Triqui languages belong to the Mixtecan branch together with the Mixtec languages and Cuicatec.

Varieties

Ethnologue lists three major varieties:

• Triqui de Copala spoken by 15,000 people (1990 census) in San Juan Copala, Oaxaca (and recently due to migrations in the San Quintín valley, Baja California).
• Triqui de San Andrés Chicahuaxtla spoken by 6,000 people in San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca.
• Triqui de San Martín Itunyoso spoken by 2,000 people (1983 survey) in San Martín Itunyoso, Oaxaca.

Mexico's federal agency for its indigenous languages, Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI), identifies four varieties of Trique in its Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales published in early 2008. The variants listed by INALI are:

Varieties of Triqui (trique), per INALI

Variant (name in Spanish)	Autonym	Localities
Triqui de San Juan Copala	xnánj nu' a	Oaxaca: Santiago Juxtlahuaca
Triqui de La Media	sná'ánj nì'	Oaxaca: San Martín Itunyoso
Triqui de La Alta	nánj nï'ïn	Oaxaca: Putla Villa de Guerrero
Triqui de La Baja	tnanj ni'inj	Oaxaca: Constancia del Rosario, Putla Villa de Guerrero

Phonology

The following phonology is based on Hollenbach (1984) and DiCanio (2008):

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i ĩ	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ	o õ
Open	a ã

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
							plain	labial
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k	kʷ	ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ	ɡʷ
	prenasal	(ᵐb)	ⁿd				ᵑɡ	ᵑɡʷ
Affricate			t͡s	t͡ʃ	ʈ͡ʂ	c͡ɲ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	ʂ				h
	voiced	β	z	ʒ	ʐ
Nasal		m	n
Rhotic			r
Lateral			l
Glide						j		w

Itunyoso Triqui may tend to have ten geminated consonants; /mː, βː, tː, nː, lː, tːʃ, jː, ʈːʂ, kː, kːʷ/.

Tones

All varieties of Triqui are tonal and have complex phonologies. The tone system of Copala Triqui is the best described and has eight tones.

Tones in Triqui languages are typically written with superscript numbers, so that chraa⁵ 'river' indicates the syllable chraa with the highest (5) tone, while cha³na¹ 'woman' has the middle (3) tone on the first syllable and the lowest (1) tone on the second syllable.

Of the Triqui languages, the Copala dialect has undergone the most vowel loss, with many non-final syllables losing their vowels. The result, as in many other Oto-Manguean languages, is a complex set of consonant clusters. So, for instance, the word si⁵kuj⁵ 'cow' in Itunyoso Triqui corresponds to skuj⁵ in Copala Triqui.

The tonal phonology of other Triqui languages is more complex than Copala Triqui. The tone system of Itunyoso Triqui has nine tones. The tone system of Chicahuaxtla Triqui has at least 10 tones but may have as many as 16.

Orthography

Triqui has been written in a number of different orthographies, depending on the intended audience. Linguists typically write the language with all tones fully marked and all phonemes represented. However, in works intended for native speakers of Triqui, a practical orthography is often used with a somewhat simpler representation.

The following Copala Triqui example is written in both the practical (first line) and the linguistic (second line) orthographies:

Morphology

Triqui bound morphology is fairly limited. Verbs take a /k-/ prefix (spelled c- or qu-) to show completive aspect:

A'mii³² zo'¹. 'You are speaking'.

C-a'mii³² zo'¹. 'You spoke'.

The same /k-/ prefix plus a tonal change shows the potential aspect:

C-a'mii² zo'¹. 'You will speak.'

The tonal changes associated with the potential aspect are complex but always involve lowering the tone of the root (Hollenbach 1984).

There are also complex phonological processes that are triggered by the presence of root-final clitic pronouns. These pronouns (especially the first- and the second-person singular) may change the shape of the stem or alter its tone.

As a language subfamily, Triqui is interesting for having a large tonal inventory, complex morphophonology, and interesting syntactic phenomena, much of which has yet to be described.

Syntax

Copala Triqui has a verb-subject-object word order:

Copala Triqui has an accusative marker maa³ or man³, which is obligatory for animate pronominal objects but optional otherwise:

This use of the accusative before some objects and not others is what is called differential object marking.

The following example (repeated from above) shows a Copala Triqui question:

As this example shows, Copala Trique has wh-movement and pied-piping with inversion.

Copala Triqui syntax is described in Hollenbach (1992).

Triqui is interesting for having toggle processes as well. For negation, a completive aspect prefix signifies the negative potential. A potential aspect prefix in the same context signifies the negative completive.

Sample text

The following is a sample of Copala Triqui taken from a legend about the sun and the moon. The first column is Copala Triqui, the second is a Spanish translation, and the third is an English translation.

Copala Triqui:	Spanish:	English:
(1) Niánj me 'o̱ nana̱ maa ga̱a naá ca̱ta̱j riaan zoj riaan zo̱' riaan me ma'a̱n ze co̱no̱ maa niánj ne̱ (2) 'O̱chrej me ze güii a̱ güii ca'ngaa, [ne'é] zo̱', chumii̱ taj nii me ze ñáán, [ne'é] zo̱', 'o̱ xcua'án' 'na̱j Ca'aj ne̱ (3) Ñáán, [ne'é] zo̱, xcua'án' Ca'aj me ze me ndo rá yo' ga̱ ta'níí ne̱ (4) Me ndo rá ga̱ ta'níí ne̱ za̱ a ne̱ tiempó yo' ga̱a ne̱ tiempó xrmi̱' me ne̱ (5) Navij rá, [ne'é] zo̱', navij rá xcua'án' Ca'aj. (6) Ga̱a ne̱ “Vaa nica̱j” taj ne̱	(1) Esta es una historia antigua que les voy a relatar a ustedes, para tí, para cualquier persona que pueda escuchar esto. (2) Erase una vez, cuando nació el universo, una abuela que se llamaba Ca'aj. (3) Vivía la abuela Ca’aj, quien deseaba mucho tener hijos. (4) Deseaba mucho tener hijos, pero aquel tiempo era tiempo de tinieblas. (5) Se preocupó, se preocupó la abuela Ca’aj. (6) Entonces ella dijo, “Tengo esposo!”	(1) Here is an ancient legend that I am going to tell you all, you, and anyone who can hear this. (2) Once upon a time, when the universe was born, they say that there lived a grandmother named Ca’aj. (3) There lived our Grandmother Ca’aj, who wanted to have children very much. (4) She wanted to have children very much, but that time was a time of darkness. (5) Our Grandmother Ca’aj worried, worried. (6) Then she said, “I have a husband!”

Media

Triqui-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio stations XEQIN-AM, based in San Quintín, Baja California, and XETLA, based in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca.

Use

As of 2012, the Natividad Medical Center of Salinas, California, was training medical interpreters bilingual in one of the Oaxacan languages (including Trique, Mixteco, or Zapotec), as well as in Spanish. In March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including Trique, Mixteco, Zapotec, and Chatino.

A Trique-speaking community has also settled in Albany, New York, as well as in northwestern Washington.

Bibliography

• Broadwell, George A., Kosuke Matsukawa, Edgar Martín del Campo, Ruth Scipione and Susan Perdomo. 2009. The Origin of the Sun and Moon: A Copala Triqui Legend. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
• DiCanio, Christian. 2008. The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique. Ph.D. dissertation: University of California, Berkeley.
• Elliott, A. Raymond. 2020. A method comparison analysis examining the relationship between linguistic tone, melodic tune, and sung performances of children’s songs in Chicahuaxtla Triqui: Findings and implications for documentary linguistics and indigenous language communities. Language Documentation & Conservation. Vol. 14, pp. 139-187.
• Elliott, A. Raymond. 2017. Ruhuâ Ruˈman Hioˈóo Gatsii ‘IN THE HOLE OF WHITE DIRT’ LEGEND IN CHICAHUAXTLA TRIQUI. International Journal of American Linguistics: Online Texts. Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-32.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Pablo Hernández Cruz, Fausto Sandoval Cruz. 2020. Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì ‘de como apareció la gente del mundo’: leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla. Tlalocan. Vol. 25, 147-212.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Fausto Sandoval Cruz. 2016. “Chicahuaxtla Triqui.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association, February, 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000389.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Fulgencio Sandoval Cruz, and Felipe Santiago Rojas. 2012. “Notes from the Field: Chicahuaxtla Triqui Digital Wordlist and Preliminary Observations” 6: 208–36.
• Good, Claude. 1979. Diccionario Triqui, volume 20 of Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1977. El origen del sol y de la luna – cuatro versiones en el trique de Copala, Tlalocan 7:123-70.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1984. The phonology and morphology of tone and laryngeals in Copala Trique. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona.
• Hollenbach, Barbara, 1988. Three Trique myths of San Juan Copala. Mexico City: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1992. A syntactic sketch of Copala Trique. in C. Henry Bradley & Barbara E. Hollenbach, eds. Studies in the syntax of Mixtecan languages, vol. 4, pp. 173–431. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 2005. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. (Available at [1])
• Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas [INALI] (14 January 2008). "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" (in es) (PDF online reproduction). Diario Oficial de la Federación (México, D.F.: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal, SEGOB) 652 (9): 22–78 (first section),1–96 (second section),1–112 (third section). OCLC 46461036. http://www.inali.gob.mx/catalogo2007/index.html. 
• Longacre, Robert E. 1957. Proto-Mixtecan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23(4).
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2007. Preliminary Tone Analysis of Possessed Nouns in Chicahuaxtla Trique. UTA Working Papers in Linguistics 2006-2007, pp. 31–49. Arlington: University of Texas at Arlington.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2008. Reconstruction of Proto-Trique Phonemes. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 14(1):269-281. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2010. Tone Alternation Patterns for Potential Aspect in Chicahuaxtla Triqui. Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America IV. Austin: AILLA, University of Texas at Austin.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2012. Phonetics and Phonology of Chicahuaxtla Triqui Tones. Ph.D. dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York.

External links

• Online dictionary of Copala Triqui
• Triqui language picture dictionary
• Triqui resources from Hollenbach
• Triqui resources from SIL
• Triqui resources native-languages.org