Social:Latgalian phonology

From HandWiki
Revision as of 13:28, 5 February 2024 by John Marlo (talk | contribs) (change)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Phonology of the Latgalian language

Latgalian language is a Latvian language dialect.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Latgalian[1]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩ (ɨ) ⟨y⟩ u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ (ɛː) ⟨ē⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩ (ɔː) ⟨ō⟩
Open æ ⟨e⟩ æː ⟨ē⟩ a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩
Diphthongs iɛ   uɔ
  • [ɨ] occurs in complementary distribution with [i], so that they can be regarded as allophones of a single /i/ phoneme.[2]
  • Long /ɛː, ɔː/ are rare and occur only in interjections. The phonological long counterparts of the short /ɛ, ɔ/ are the diphthongs /iɛ, uɔ/.[1]
  • There are very few minimal pairs for the /ɛ–æ/ opposition. In some dialects, [æ] is simply an allophone of /ɛ/.[3]
  • /a, aː/ are phonetically central [ä, äː].[1]
  • Apart from [iɛ] and [uɔ], there are also vowel+glide sequences [ɛɪ̯, æɪ̯, aɪ̯, iu̯, ɨu̯, au̯], which are very common. Rarer sequences include [uɪ̯], [ɔɪ̯] and [ɔu̯], with the last one occurring only in onomatopoeias and loanwords. Phonemically, they are all sequences of two phonemes, rather than proper diphthongs. In some dialects, [iu̯] and [ɨu̯] fall together as [ɛu̯]. [au̯] can also merge with [ɔu̯] as [ɔu̯].[4]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Latgalian[5]
Labial[lower-alpha 1] Dental/
Alveolar 		Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar
hard soft hard soft hard soft[lower-alpha 2] hard soft
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ
Stop voiceless p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ
voiced b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ (t͡ɕ)
voiced d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ (d͡ʑ)
Fricative voiceless (f)[lower-alpha 3] s sʲ ʃ (ɕ) (x)[lower-alpha 4]
voiced v[lower-alpha 5] vʲ[lower-alpha 5] z zʲ ʒ (ʑ)
Approximant l lʲ ɪ̯ (i̯)[lower-alpha 6] ʊ̯[lower-alpha 7] (u̯)[lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 6]
Trill r (rʲ)
  1. ↑ /m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v, vʲ/ are labiodental.
  2. ↑ The alveolo-palatals occur only in some non-standard dialects, with the fricatives /ɕ, ʑ/ being more common than the affricates /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[6]
  3. ↑ /f/ occurs only in some loanwords, such as ortografeja . In other loanwords, it is replaced by /p/, as in kopejs .[7]
  4. ↑ /x/ occurs only in some loanwords, such as tehnologeja . In other loanwords, it is replaced by /k/, as in kokejs .[7]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 /v, vʲ/ are traditionally classified as approximants [ʋ, ʋʲ] which phonetically may be fricatives [v, vʲ].[7]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 For the approximants /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ the contrast between their hard and soft versions is phonetically realized as a contrast between retraction and advancement. The "soft" counterparts of /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ are /i̯/ and /u̯/.[8][9] (Brejdak 2006) considers those to have phonemic status and argues that the contrast between them and the plain /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ corresponds to the soft/hard contrast. However, (Nau 2011) considers the phonemic status of /u̯/ and especially /i̯/ (which he transcribes with a non-IPA symbol ⟨jʲ⟩) as questionable. If the difference is considered to be allophonic, the resulting single palatal approximant can be transcribed with ⟨j⟩ and the corresponding labio-velar with ⟨w⟩. In this article, the difference is assumed to be phonemic.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 /ʊ̯, u̯/ are labial-velar.[9]

Accent

Stress

The stress is most often on the first syllable.[9]

Tonal accents

There are two phonemic tonal accents in Latgalian, which appear only on long syllables, i.e. those with a long vowel, a diphthong, or a sequence of a short vowel and a sonorant. These are falling (also called level) and broken (also called sharp). However, there are only a handful of minimal (or near-minimal) pairs, such as [rɛ̀ɪ̯tʲ] 'swallow' and [rɛ̂ɪ̯t] 'tomorrow', both written reit.[9]

Phonetically, both of the tonal accents are falling; the falling accent is realized as an even decrease in intensity and pitch, whereas the broken accent is realized as a sudden decrease in intensity and pitch.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nau (2011), p. 9.
  2. ↑ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
  3. ↑ Nau (2011), p. 10.
  4. ↑ Nau (2011), pp. 9–11.
  5. ↑ Nau (2011), pp. 11–13.
  6. ↑ Nau (2011), p. 11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Nau (2011), p. 12.
  8. ↑ Brejdak (2006), p. 198-199.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Nau (2011), p. 13.

Bibliography

  • Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3 
  • Brejdak, Anton (2006), латгальский язык 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Latgalian_phonology&oldid=3303307"