Free algebra
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In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a free algebra is the noncommutative analogue of a polynomial ring since its elements may be described as "polynomials" with non-commuting variables. Likewise, the polynomial ring may be regarded as a free commutative algebra.
Definition
For R a commutative ring, the free (associative, unital) algebra on n indeterminates {X1,...,Xn} is the free R-module with a basis consisting of all words over the alphabet {X1,...,Xn} (including the empty word, which is the unit of the free algebra). This R-module becomes an R-algebra by defining a multiplication as follows: the product of two basis elements is the concatenation of the corresponding words:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \left(X_{i_1}X_{i_2} \cdots X_{i_l}\right) \cdot \left(X_{j_1}X_{j_2} \cdots X_{j_m}\right) = X_{i_1}X_{i_2} \cdots X_{i_l}X_{j_1}X_{j_2} \cdots X_{j_m}, }[/math]
and the product of two arbitrary R-module elements is thus uniquely determined (because the multiplication in an R-algebra must be R-bilinear). This R-algebra is denoted R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩. This construction can easily be generalized to an arbitrary set X of indeterminates.
In short, for an arbitrary set [math]\displaystyle{ X=\{X_i\,;\; i\in I\} }[/math], the free (associative, unital) R-algebra on X is
- [math]\displaystyle{ R\langle X\rangle:=\bigoplus_{w\in X^\ast}R w }[/math]
with the R-bilinear multiplication that is concatenation on words, where X* denotes the free monoid on X (i.e. words on the letters Xi), [math]\displaystyle{ \oplus }[/math] denotes the external direct sum, and Rw denotes the free R-module on 1 element, the word w.
For example, in R⟨X1,X2,X3,X4⟩, for scalars α, β, γ, δ ∈ R, a concrete example of a product of two elements is
[math]\displaystyle{ (\alpha X_1X_2^2 + \beta X_2X_3)\cdot(\gamma X_2X_1 + \delta X_1^4X_4) = \alpha\gamma X_1X_2^3X_1 + \alpha\delta X_1X_2^2X_1^4X_4 + \beta\gamma X_2X_3X_2X_1 + \beta\delta X_2X_3X_1^4X_4 }[/math].
The non-commutative polynomial ring may be identified with the monoid ring over R of the free monoid of all finite words in the Xi.
Contrast with polynomials
Since the words over the alphabet {X1, ...,Xn} form a basis of R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩, it is clear that any element of R⟨X1, ...,Xn⟩ can be written uniquely in the form:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty \, \, \, \sum\limits_{i_1,i_2, \cdots ,i_k\in\left\lbrace 1,2, \cdots ,n\right\rbrace} a_{i_1,i_2, \cdots ,i_k} X_{i_1} X_{i_2} \cdots X_{i_k}, }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ a_{i_1,i_2,...,i_k} }[/math] are elements of R and all but finitely many of these elements are zero. This explains why the elements of R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩ are often denoted as "non-commutative polynomials" in the "variables" (or "indeterminates") X1,...,Xn; the elements [math]\displaystyle{ a_{i_1,i_2,...,i_k} }[/math] are said to be "coefficients" of these polynomials, and the R-algebra R⟨X1,...,Xn⟩ is called the "non-commutative polynomial algebra over R in n indeterminates". Note that unlike in an actual polynomial ring, the variables do not commute. For example, X1X2 does not equal X2X1.
More generally, one can construct the free algebra R⟨E⟩ on any set E of generators. Since rings may be regarded as Z-algebras, a free ring on E can be defined as the free algebra Z⟨E⟩.
Over a field, the free algebra on n indeterminates can be constructed as the tensor algebra on an n-dimensional vector space. For a more general coefficient ring, the same construction works if we take the free module on n generators.
The construction of the free algebra on E is functorial in nature and satisfies an appropriate universal property. The free algebra functor is left adjoint to the forgetful functor from the category of R-algebras to the category of sets.
Free algebras over division rings are free ideal rings.
See also
- Cofree coalgebra
- Tensor algebra
- Free object
- Noncommutative ring
- Rational series
References
- Berstel, Jean; Reutenauer, Christophe (2011). Noncommutative rational series with applications. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications. 137. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19022-0.
- Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Free associative algebra", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4, https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=f/f041520
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