Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) requires specific names for the symbols and diacritics used in the alphabet.

It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondence between symbol and sound in broad transcription. The symbol's names and phonetic descriptions are described in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols also have nonce names in the Unicode standard. In some cases, the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree. For example, IPA calls ɛ "epsilon", but Unicode calls it "small letter open E".

Letters

The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are used for unmodified symbols. In Unicode, some of the symbols of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA[clarification needed]; the others use the symbols from the Greek section.

Examples:

IPA symbol name phonetic description Unicode name
p (lowercase) p voiceless bilabial stop LATIN SMALL LETTER P
x (lowercase) x voiceless velar fricative LATIN SMALL LETTER X
r (lowercase) r coronal trill LATIN SMALL LETTER R
β beta voiced bilabial fricative GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
ɛ epsilon open-mid front unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E
ɣ gamma voiced velar fricative LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
θ theta voiceless dental fricative GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
χ chi voiceless uvular fricative GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
ɸ phi[decimal 1] voiceless bilabial fricative LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI
ʊ upsilon [decimal 2] near-close near-back rounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON

Note

  1. ↑ The Latin phi; the old-style or Greek phi (φ) is used in linguistics to mark prosodic units (foot).
  2. ↑ The Latin upsilon is frequently called "horseshoe u" in order to distinguish it from the Greek upsilon (υ). Historically, it derives from a Latin small capital U. Greek upsilon is also an IPA symbol, called "Cursive V" in the Handbook.

The IPA standard includes some small capital letters, such as ʀ, although it is common to refer to these symbols as simply "capital" or "cap" letters, because the IPA standard does not include any full-size capital letters.

Cursive-based letters

A few letters have the forms of cursive or script letters. Examples:

IPA symbol name phonetic description Unicode name
ɑ single-story a open back unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA
ɡ single-story g[decimal 1] voiced velar stop LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
ʋ cursive v[decimal 2] labiodental approximant LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK

Note

  1. ↑ The double-story g (Looptail g.svg) is not strictly an IPA character, but is an acceptable alternative.
  2. ↑ In form and origin, but not in name, this is the Greek upsilon.

Ligatures

Ligatures are called precisely that, although Unicode often mistakenly calls them "digraphs" and some have dedicated names, such as ash and ethel. Examples:

IPA symbol name phonetic description Unicode name
æ ash; lower-case A-E ligature near-open front unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
œ lower-case O-E ligature open-mid front rounded vowel LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
ɮ L-Ezh ligature voiced coronal lateral fricative LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH
ʣ D-Z ligature voiced alveolar affricate LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH [sic]

Rotated letters

Many letters are turned, or rotated 180 degrees. Examples:

IPA symbol name phonetic description Unicode name
ʎ turned Y palatal lateral approximant LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
ɥ turned H labial-palatal approximant LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
ɒ turned script A open back rounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA
ʌ turned V[decimal 1] open-mid back unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL TURNED V
ɔ open O[decimal 2] open-mid back rounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O
Notes
  1. ↑ The symbol ʌ is often also called "caret" for its similarity to that diacritic.
  2. ↑ The symbol ɔ is also described as a turned c, but it is usually referred to as open o, which describes both its articulation and its shape.

A few letters are reversed (flipped on a vertical axis):

IPA symbol name phonetic description Unicode name
ɘ reversed e close-mid central unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E
ɜ reversed epsilon open-mid central unrounded vowel LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E
ʕ reversed glottal stop [decimal 1] voiced pharyngeal fricative LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE
Notes
  1. ↑ This IPA symbol is often called by the name of the corresponding Arabic letter, ayin.

One letter is inverted (flipped on a horizontal axis): ʁ inverted capital small R. (ʍ could also be called an inverted w, but turned w is more common.)

Letters with extra lines, curls and serifs

When a horizontal stroke is added, it is called a crossbar: ħ barred h, ɵ barred o, ʢ reversed barred glottal stop or barred ayin, ɟ barred dotless j or barred gelded j (apparently never 'turned f'), ǂ double-barred pipe, etc.

One letter instead has a slash through it: ø slashed o.

The implosives have hook tops: ɓ hook-top b, as does ɦ hook-top h.

Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a tail. It may be specified as left or right depending on which direction it turns: ɳ right-tail n, ɻ right-tail turned r, ɲ left-tail n, ʐ tail z (or just retroflex z), etc. But note: ŋ eng or engma, ɱ meng, ꜧ heng.

When the tail loops over itself, it's called curly: ʝ curly-tail j, ɕ curly-tail c.

There are also a few unique modifications: ɬ belted l, ɞ closed reversed epsilon (there was once also a ɷ closed omega), ɰ right-leg turned m, ɺ turned long-leg r (there was once also a long-leg r), ǁ double pipe, and the obsolete ʗ stretched c.

Several non-English letters have traditional names: ç c cedilla, ð eth (also spelled edh), ŋ engma or eng, ə schwa (also spelled shwa), ǃ exclamation mark, ǀ pipe.

Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ɾ fish-hook r, ɤ ram's horns, ʘ bull's eye, ʃ esh (apparently never 'stretched s'), ʒ ezh (sometimes confused with yogh), ɧ hook-top heng.

The ʔ is usually called by the sound it represents, glottal stop. This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is seldom used to represent anything else. However, to specify the symbol itself, it is sometimes called a gelded question mark. This latter name is derived from its original form as a dotless question mark in a fashion reminiscent of gelding.

Diacritic marks

Traditionally named diacritics

é acute, ē macron, è grave, ê circumflex, ě wedge or háček, ë diaeresis or umlaut, ĕ breve, ẽ (superscript) tilde, plus variants such as ḛ subscript tilde, ɫ superimposed tilde, etc.

Non-traditionally named diacritics

d̼ seagull, e˞ hook, e̽ over-cross, d ̚ corner, d̪ bridge, d̺ inverted bridge, d̻ square, e̥ under-ring, e̊ over-ring, e̜ left half-ring, e̹ right half-ring, e̟ plus, e̠ under-bar, e̯ arch, d̬ subscript wedge, e̝ up tack, e̞ down tack, e̘ left tack, e̙ right tack, d͡z tie bar, ẹ under-dot, n̩ under-stroke.

Diacritics are alternately named after their function: The bridge is also called the dental sign, the under-stroke the syllabicity sign, etc.

References

  • Pullum, Geoffrey K., and William A. Ladusaw. 1996. Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

External links



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