Biography:Richard Wrangham

From HandWiki
Revision as of 07:37, 7 February 2024 by LinuxGuru (talk | contribs) (change)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: British anthropologist and primatologist
Richard Wrangham
Richard Wrangham 01.jpg
Richard Wrangham in 2016
Born1948
NationalityUnited Kingdom
EmployerHarvard University
University of Michigan

Richard Walter Wrangham (born 1948) is an English anthropologist and primatologist; he is Professor of Biological Anthropology at Harvard University. His research and writing have involved ape behavior, human evolution, violence, and cooking.

Biography

Wrangham was born in Leeds, Yorkshire.[1]

Following his years on the faculty of the University of Michigan, he became the Ruth Moore Professor of Biological Anthropology at Harvard University and his research group is now part of the newly established Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. He is a MacArthur fellow.[2]

He is co-director of the Kibale Chimpanzee Project, the long-term study of the Kanyawara chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda.[3] His research culminates in the study of human evolution in which he draws conclusions based on the behavioural ecology of apes. As a graduate student, Wrangham studied under Robert Hinde and Jane Goodall.[4]

Wrangham is known predominantly for his work in the ecology of primate social systems, the evolutionary history of human aggression (in his 1996 book with Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence and his 2019 work The Goodness Paradox), and his research in cooking (summarized in his book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human) and self-domestication. He is a vegetarian.[5]

Wrangham has been instrumental in identifying behaviors considered "human-specific" in chimpanzees, including culture[6] and with Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee self-medication.[4][7]

Among the recent courses he teaches in the Human Evolutionary Biology (HEB) concentration at Harvard are HEB 1330 Primate Social Behaviour and HEB 1565 Theories of Sexual Coercion (co-taught with Professor Diane Rosenfeld from Harvard Law School). In March 2008, he was appointed House Master of Currier House at Harvard College.[8] He received an honorary degree in Doctor of Science from Oglethorpe University in 2011.[9]

Research

Wrangham began his career as a researcher at Jane Goodall's long-term common chimpanzee field study in Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania. He befriended fellow primatologist Dian Fossey and assisted her in setting up her nonprofit mountain gorilla conservation organization, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund (originally the Digit Fund).[10]

Wrangham's focused recently on the role cooking has played in human evolution. In Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, he argued that cooking food is obligatory for humans as a result of biological adaptations and that cooking, in particular the consumption of cooked tubers, might explain the increase in hominid brain sizes, smaller teeth and jaws, and decrease in sexual dimorphism that occurred roughly 1.8 million years ago.[11][12][13] Some anthropologists disagree with Wrangham's ideas, arguing that no solid evidence has been found to support Wrangham's claims, though Wrangham and colleagues, among others, have demonstrated in the laboratory the effects of cooking on energetic availability: cooking denatures proteins, gelatinizes starches, and helps kill pathogens.[14][15][11] The mainstream explanation is that human ancestors, prior to the advent of cooking, turned to eating meats, which then caused the evolutionary shift to smaller guts and larger brains.[16]

In his 2019 book, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution, Wrangham argues that humans have "domesticated" themselves by a process of self-selection, as opposed to our selective breeding of dogs, livestock, or (more recently) foxes by Dmitry Belyayev and others. Wrangham distinguishes between "reactive aggression", when individuals lash out or react to a provocation, and "proactive aggression", which is planned, premeditated, and involves deliberate risk-avoidant tactical strikes, including war and capital punishment. He claims that humans are paradoxically extraordinarily low in "reactive" aggression but very high in and highly skilled at "proactive" aggression, and he argues that the threat of proactive aggression by males has played a crucial role in human psychology, patriarchy, so-called "morality" and history.

Personal life

Wrangham married Dr. Elizabeth Ross in 1980 and has three adult sons.[17] His work of studying the essential violence of chimpanzees, caused Wrangham to not eat meat for 40 years.[18]

Bibliography

Books

  • Demonic Males with Peterson, D., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1996. ISBN:978-0-395-87743-2.
  • Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L. Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., & Struhsaker, T.T. (Eds.) (1987). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN:0-226-76715-9
  • Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books, 2009. ISBN:0-465-01362-7
  • The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution. Pantheon, 2019. ISBN:978-1-101-87090-7

Papers

  • Wrangham, R (1980). "An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups". Behaviour 75 (3–4): 262–300. doi:10.1163/156853980x00447. 
  • Wrangham, R.; Smuts, B. B (1980). "Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 28 Suppl: 13–31. PMID 6934308. 
  • Wrangham, R.; Conklin, N. L.; Chapman, C. A.; Hunt, K. D. (1991). "The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 334 (1270): 171–178. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0106. PMID 1685575. 
  • Wrangham, R (1993). "The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos". Human Nature 4 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1007/bf02734089. PMID 24214293. 
  • Wrangham, R (1997). "Subtle, secret female chimpanzees". Science 277 (5327): 774–775. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.774. PMID 9273699. 
  • Wrangham, R (1999). "Is military incompetence adaptive?". Evolution and Human Behavior 20 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(98)00040-3. 
  • Wrangham, R.; Jones, J. H.; Laden, G.; Pilbeam, D.; Conklin-Brittain, N. L. (1999). "The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins". Current Anthropology 40 (5): 567–594. doi:10.1086/300083. PMID 10539941. 
  • Eds. Muller, M. & Wrangham, R. (2009). 'Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans'. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

References

  1. ↑ Thompson, Melissa Emery (2018), Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd, eds. (in en), Richard Wrangham, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, retrieved 2020-09-18 
  2. ↑ "Class of 1987". MacArthur Foundation. http://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/july-1987/. 
  3. ↑ "About". Kibale Chimpanzee Project. http://kibalechimpanzees.wordpress.com/about/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gerber, Suzanne (November 1998). "Not just monkeying around". Vegetarian Times. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n255/ai_21224859. 
  5. ↑ "Food For Thought: Meat-Based Diet Made Us Smarter". NPR.org (NPR). https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128849908. 
  6. ↑ Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W. et al. (1999). "Cultures in chimpanzees". Nature 399 (6737): 682–685. doi:10.1038/21415. PMID 10385119. Bibcode: 1999Natur.399..682W. 
  7. ↑ "Animal instinct for finding treatment". The New Zealand Herald. The Independent. August 6, 2005. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10339384. 
  8. ↑ "Richard Wrangham and Elizabeth Ross Appointed Co-House Masters of Currier House". Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/home/news-and-notices/news/press-releases/release-archive/releases-2008/currierMasters.shtml. 
  9. ↑ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp. 
  10. ↑ Mowat, Farley (1987). Woman in the Mists. New York: Warner Books. pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-356-17106-7. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gorman, Rachael Moeller (2007-12-16). "Cooking Up Bigger Brain". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cooking-up-bigger-brains. 
  12. ↑ Wrangham, Richard; Conklin-Brittain, NancyLou (2003). "Cooking as a biological trait". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 136 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5. PMID 14527628. 
  13. ↑ Wrangham, Richard (2006). "The Cooking Enigma". in Ungar, Peter S.. Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 308–23. ISBN 978-0-19-518346-7. https://archive.org/details/evolutionhumandi00unga. 
  14. ↑ Carmody, Rachel (2009). "The energetic significance of cooking.". Journal of Human Evolution 57 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011. PMID 19732938. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5283945. 
  15. ↑ Pennisi, Elizabeth (1999-03-26). "Did cooked tubers spur the evolution of big brains?". Science 283 (5410): 2004–2005. doi:10.1126/science.283.5410.2004. PMID 10206901. http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Pennisi_99.html. 
  16. ↑ Aiello, L. C. (1997). "Brains and guts in human evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis". Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20: 141–148. doi:10.1590/S0100-84551997000100023. 
  17. ↑ Thompson, Melissa Emery (2018), Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd, eds. (in en), Richard Wrangham, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, retrieved 2023-09-27 
  18. ↑ Grolle, Johann (2019-03-22). "Interview with Anthropologist Richard Wrangham" (in en). Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. https://www.spiegel.de/international/interview-with-anthropologist-richard-wrangham-a-1259252.html. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biography:Richard_Wrangham&oldid=3408572"