Physics:Atomically precise manufacturing
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Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) or atomic scale manufacturing is a hyperthetical concept in nanotechnology involving precise manipulation of individual atoms or molecules.
Potential applications
Among many promises driving current efforts in APM is that the efficiency of manufacturing could be increased and waste decreased if the manufacturing process can produce exactly repeatable features.[1] It has been suggested that APM has the potential to help with the widespread implementation of renewable energy sources. For example, APM might increase the productivity of photovoltaic systems and allow them to be created from cheaper, more common materials.[1]
Proposed methods
Scanning tunneling microscope
One proposal is to use a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to move individual atoms. Typically, an STM is used to image surfaces,[citation needed] but STMs can also position specific atoms. [citation needed] One approach is to design STMs where a large group of them can fabricate goods in industrial settings.[2] A feedback-controlled microelectromechanical system (MEMS) could be implemented into the STMs that will allow them to operate independently of human supervision, which might allow the STMs to operate with anywhere from 100 to 1000 times more speed than before and with accuracy to within a nanometer.[2]
Hydrogen depassivation lithography
Hydrogen depassivation lithography (HDL) is a variant of electron beam lithography where a scanning tunneling microscope is used to direct electrons at a surface such as silicon covered with a film sensitive to electrons called a resist, thus etching patterns in the resist. To date HDL has be carried out in one of two forms: up to five volts of bias on the tip to create atomically precise patterns, or an 8-volt mode with a wider area. When the electrons strike the surface of hydrogen on silicon resist, the hydrogen atoms desorbed.[3] The five-volt method has the accuracy of under a nanometer but is inefficient.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Umbrello, Steven; Baum, Seth D. (June 2018). "Evaluating future nanotechnology: The net societal impacts of atomically precise manufacturing". Futures 100: 63–73. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.04.007. ISSN 0016-3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.04.007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Moheima, Reza. "Proposal abstract: Innovations in Scanning Tunneling Microscope Control Systems for High-throughput Atomically Precise Manufacturing 2018-2021". https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/09/f67/Scanning%20Tunneling%20Microscope%20Control%20System%20for%20Atomically%20Precise%20Manu....pdf.
- ↑ Randall, John N.; Owen, James H. G.; Lake, Joseph; Saini, Rahul; Fuchs, Ehud; Mahdavi, Mohammad; Moheimani, S. O. Reza; Schaefer, Benjamin Carrion (November 2018). "Highly parallel scanning tunneling microscope based hydrogen depassivation lithography". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 36 (6): 06JL05. doi:10.1116/1.5047939. ISSN 2166-2746. Bibcode: 2018JVSTB..36fJL05R.
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Impact and applications | |
| Nanomaterials | |
| Molecular self-assembly | |
| Nanoelectronics | |
| Scanning probe microscopy | |
| Molecular nanotechnology | |
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