Software:Windows 2.0x

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Short description: Second major release of Microsoft Windows
Windows 2.0x
A version of the Microsoft Windows operating system
Logo of Microsoft Windows 2.0x versions
Windows 2.0.png
Screenshot of Microsoft Windows 2.0
DeveloperMicrosoft
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Source modelClosed source
Released to
manufacturing		December 9, 1987; 36 years ago (1987-12-09)
|Final release|Latest release}}2.03 / December 9, 1987; 36 years ago (1987-12-09)
LicenseCommercial software
Preceded byWindows 1.0x (1985)
Succeeded byWindows 2.1x (1988)
Support status
Unsupported as of December 31, 2001

Windows 2.0 is a major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on December 9, 1987, as a successor to Windows 1.0.

The product includes two different variants, a base edition for 8086 real mode, and Windows/386, an enhanced edition for i386 protected mode. Windows 2.0 differs from its predecessor by allowing users to overlap and resize application windows, while the operating environment also introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and support for 16-color VGA graphics. It also introduced Microsoft Word and Excel, and integrated the Control Panel.

Noted as an improvement of its predecessor, Microsoft Windows gained more sales and popularity after the release of the operating environment, although it is also considered to be the incarnation that remained a work in progress. Due to the introduction of overlapping windows, Apple Inc. had filed a lawsuit against Microsoft in March 1988 after accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held, although in the end, the judge ruled in favor of Microsoft. The operating environment was succeeded by Windows 2.1 in May 1988, while Microsoft ended its support on December 31, 2001.

Release versions

The operating environment came in two different variants with different names and CPU support.[1][2] The basic edition supported the 8086 mode of the 80386 microprocessor.[3] Despite its configuration, the variant was fully operational on an 8088 or 8086 processor, although the high memory area would not be available on an 8086-class processor;[4][5] however, expanded memory could still be used.[6][7] IBM's PS/2 Model 25, which had an option to ship with a "DOS 4.00 and Windows kit" for educational markets, shipped Windows with 8086 hardware.[8][9] The basic edition would be later renamed to Windows/286 with the release of Windows 2.1 in 1988.[4]

The other variant, named Windows/386, was available as early as September 1987,[10] pre-dating the release of Windows 2.0 in December 1987.[11][12] It was much more advanced than its other sibling.[13][14] It introduced a protected mode kernel, above which the GUI and applications run as a virtual 8086 mode task.[15][16]:p.2 The variant had fully preemptive multitasking,[7][16]:p.2 and allowed several MS-DOS programs to run in parallel in "virtual 8086" CPU mode, rather than always suspending background applications.[17] With the exception of a few kilobytes of overhead, each DOS application could use any available low memory before Windows was started.[18] Windows/386 also provided EMS emulation,[19] using the memory management features of the i386 to make RAM beyond 640k behave like the banked memory previously only supplied by add-in cards and used by popular DOS applications.[19] There was no support for disk-based virtual memory, so multiple DOS programs had to fit inside the available physical memory.[20] Users could run more applications on the 386 version.[21]

Neither of these versions worked with DOS memory managers like CEMM or QEMM or with DOS extenders, which have their own extended memory management and run in protected mode as well.[22] This was remedied in version 3.0, which is compatible with Virtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) in "standard mode" and with DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) in "386 enhanced" mode.[23][24] Microsoft ended its support for Windows 2.0 on December 31, 2001.[25][26]

Features

Aldus Pagemaker 3.0 on Windows 2.0

Unlike its predecessor, Windows 2.0 allows the user to overlap and resize application windows.[27][28] It has also introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and the terminology "minimize" and "maximize", as opposed to "iconize" and "zoom" which was used in Windows 1.0.[29] Support for 16-color VGA graphics, EMS memory, and new capabilities of the i386 CPU in some versions were also added.[30] Windows 2.0 is the last version of Windows that ran solely on floppy disks.[31]

The operating environment is shipped with fifteen programs,[32] and it also introduced graphical programs Microsoft Word and Excel, to compete against the then-reigning competitors WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3.[27] Software such as the Aldus Pagemaker and CorelDRAW were also developed for Windows 2.0.[33][27] It is also the first Windows version to integrate the Control Panel and program information files.[34][35]

The Windows API functions are largely handled by KERNEL.EXE, USER.EXE, and GDI.EXE. These files along with device drivers, printer drivers being the exception, are combined by the Windows setup program into WIN200.BIN and WIN200.OVL.[36](pp507-508) The system files WINOLDAP.MOD and WINOLDAP.GRB are used to run MS-DOS programs.[36](p509)

IBM licensed Windows's GUI for OS/2 as Presentation Manager, and the two companies stated that it and Windows 2.0 would be almost identical.[37]

System requirements

The official system requirements for Windows 2.0 include the following.

Minimum system requirements
Windows 2.01[3][38] Windows 2.03[38][39]
CPU 80286 or 80386 processor
RAM 512 KB of memory
Storage Two double-sided floppy disk drives or a hard disk
Video EGA or VGA adapters
OS MS-DOS 3.0 or higher
Mouse A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required

Windows 2.0 was dependent on the DOS system and random-access memory was restricted to a maximum of 1 MB due to running in real mode.[35]

Reception

Windows 2.0 is considered to be an incremental improvement of its predecessor, but still a work in process.[27][40] Due to its improvements, Microsoft Windows gained more popularity after its release and its interface was considered to be easier to manage.[41] Stewart Alsop II predicted in January 1988 that "Any transition to a graphical environment on IBM-style machines is bound to be maddeningly slow and driven strictly by market forces", because the GUI had "serious deficiencies" and users had to switch to DOS for many tasks.[37] CNET considered that Windows 2.0 "wasn't much better than Windows 1.0".[42] BYTE magazine listed the variant as among the "distinction" winner of the BYTE Awards in 1989, describing it as a "serious competition for OS/2" as it "taps into the power of the 80386".[43]

The operating environment cost $99.[44] Sales of Microsoft Windows reached one million in 1988, and by January 1990, it had reached less than two million, although Windows 2.0 was not widely used.[45][46] It was succeeded by Windows 2.1, which was released in the United States and Canada in May 1988.[47]

Legal conflict with Apple

On March 17, 1988, Apple Inc. filed a lawsuit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard, accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held on the Macintosh System Software.[48][49] Apple claimed the "look and feel" of the Macintosh operating system, taken as a whole, was protected by copyright and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons.[50][51][52] The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft on all but 10 of the 189 graphical user interface elements on which Apple sued, and the court found the remaining 10 GUI elements could not be copyrighted.[53]

References

  1. ↑ (in en) Byte. 15. McGraw-Hill. 1990. pp. 131. https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows/286%22. Retrieved July 2, 2022. 
  2. ↑ Miller, Michael (April 13, 1987). "First Look". InfoWorld (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 9: pp. 46. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=HDwEAAAAMBAJ. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Apple Takes on IBM". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 6 (20): pp. 170. November 24, 1987. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "High-Impact Graphics". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 7 (16): pp. 38. September 27, 1988. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC. 
  5. ↑ Patton, Carole; Mace, Scott (July 4, 1988). "Windows Gets More Memory With Upgrade". Info World (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 10: pp. 1. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=4z4EAAAAMBAJ. 
  6. ↑ Lendino, Jamie (November 20, 2015). "Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective". ExtremeTech. https://www.extremetech.com/computing/218336-microsoft-windows-turns-30-a-brief-retrospective. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jones, Stephen (November 9, 1987). "Testers laud soon-to-ship Windows/386". Computerworld (IDG Enterprise) 21: pp. 20. ISSN 0010-4841. https://books.google.com/books?id=0OuJCcQkEzEC. 
  8. ↑ IBM Personal System 2 and IBM Personal Computer Product Reference. 4. New York: IBM. 1988. pp. 78. 
  9. ↑ Miller, Michael (August 17, 1987). "First Look". Info World (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 9: pp. 44. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  10. ↑ Keefe, Patricia (April 30, 1990). "For many, DOS can still do it". Computerworld (IDG Enterprise) 24: pp. 13. ISSN 0010-4841. https://books.google.com/books?id=3tUVCzAncZ0C. 
  11. ↑ "A History of Windows". 2012. http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history. 
  12. ↑ Elliott, Susan S. (2011). Across the Divide: Navigating the Digital Revolution as a Woman, Entrepreneur and CEO. Images Publishing. pp. 161. ISBN 978-1864704556. https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqcxT-y-LsC. Retrieved July 10, 2022. 
  13. ↑ Purcaru, Bogdan Ion (2014). Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's. pp. 415. 
  14. ↑ Pavlac, Ross (December 4, 1989). "Computer-Aided Software Engineering". Info World (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 11: pp. 64. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=cTAEAAAAMBAJ. 
  15. ↑ Chen, Raymond (April 7, 2004). "A very brief anecdote about Windows 3.0". Microsoft. https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20040407-00/?p=39893. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ray Duncan (September 1987). "Character-Oriented Display Services Using OS/2's VIO Subsystem". Microsoft Systems Journal (Microsoft): 1–15. 
  17. ↑ Hall, William (June 26, 1990). "Windows". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 9: pp. 427. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=3bSfCwxhFmMC. 
  18. ↑ Emery Davis, Frederic (1993). The Windows 3.1 Bible. Pennsylvania: Peachpit Press. pp. 644. ISBN 1566090156. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rosch, Winn (May 30, 1989). "Multitasking Without OS/2". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 8: pp. 340. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=HpsOD9ZeqScC. 
  20. ↑ Rosch, Winn (November 24, 1987). "The Taskmasters: Real 386 Operating Environments". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 6: pp. 170. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC. 
  21. ↑ Compton, Jason (November 2005). "Happy Birthday, Windows!". Maximum PC (Future US, Inc.): pp. 36. ISSN 1522-4279. https://books.google.com/books?id=vQIAAAAAMBAJ. 
  22. ↑ Miller, Michael (March 26, 1990). "OS/2: The Right Stuff?". Info World (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 12: pp. 54. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=1DsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  23. ↑ "New EMM386.exe fixes problem receiving NMI in protected mode". November 15, 2006. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870. 
  24. ↑ Schulman, Andrew (June 11, 1991). "Windows 3.0: All That Memory, All Those Modes". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 10: pp. 352. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=LNhQLiJ8TgQC. 
  25. ↑ "Obsolete Products". Support. Microsoft. July 25, 2011. http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts. 
  26. ↑ Cowart, Robert (2005). Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home. Brian Knittel (3 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. pp. 92. ISBN 0-7897-3279-3. OCLC 56647752. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56647752. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "A Brief History of Microsoft Windows". August 3, 2009. p. 2. https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1358665&seqNum=2. 
  28. ↑ Angus, Jeff; Mace, Scott (April 6, 1987). "IBM Introduces OS/2, DOS 3.3 as New Operating Systems". Info World (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 9: pp. 2. ISSN 0199-6649. https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0EAAAAMBAJ. 
  29. ↑ Mahesh Dabade (September 1, 2015). "History of Windows Operating System". TechTrickle. http://techtrickle.com/history-of-windows/. 
  30. ↑ Molina, Brett (June 24, 2021). "From Windows 1.0 to Windows 10: A history of Microsoft's signature PC software" (in en-US). https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/06/24/windows-history-look-back-microsoft-os/5319007001/. 
  31. ↑ Apple Vs. Microsoft. BookCaps Study Guides. 2012. pp. 20. ISBN 978-1621073208. 
  32. ↑ "Windows 2.03". Toasty Tech. http://toastytech.com/guis/win203.html. 
  33. ↑ Shinder, Thomas W. (2003). MCSA/MCSE managing and maintaining a Windows server 2003 environment: exam 70-290 study guide and DVD training. Debra Shinder Littlejohn, Jeffrey A. Martin. [Rockland, Mass.]: Syngress. pp. 5. ISBN 978-0-08-047925-5. OCLC 55664320. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55664320. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  34. ↑ Gibbs, Samuel (October 2, 2014). "From Windows 1 to Windows 10: 29 years of Windows evolution" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/02/from-windows-1-to-windows-10-29-years-of-windows-evolution. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Windows 1.0 to 10: The changing face of Microsoft's landmark OS" (in en). November 19, 2015. https://www.zdnet.com/pictures/windows-1-0-to-10-the-changing-face-of-microsofts-landmark-os/2/. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Duncan, Ray (1988). The MS-DOS Encyclopedia. Microsoft Press. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Alsop, Stewart II (January 18, 1988). "Microsoft Windows: Eclectism in UI". P.C. Letter 4 (2): 6–7. http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf. Retrieved November 23, 2017. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Windows: what's next". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.) 24: pp. 136. November 8, 2005. ISSN 0888-8507. https://books.google.com/books?id=TwX8bN2drQ0C. 
  39. ↑ "Windows Version History". Microsoft. September 23, 2011. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/32905. 
  40. ↑ Martin, James (November 20, 2013). "Microsoft Windows 1.0, where it all began" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/pictures/microsoft-windows-1-0-where-it-all-began-pictures/3/. 
  41. ↑ O'Regan, Gerard (2016). Introduction to the history of computing: a computing history primer. Switzerland. pp. 220. ISBN 978-3-319-33138-6. OCLC 953036113. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953036113. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  42. ↑ Cooper, Charles. "Windows 1.0: The flop that created an empire" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/windows-1-0-the-flop-that-created-an-empire/. 
  43. ↑ "The BYTE Awards". BYTE: 327. January 1989. https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets#page/n371/mode/2up. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  44. ↑ Rosenthal, Morton (January 11, 1988). "The raging battle between the spreadsheets". Computerworld (IDG Enterprise) 22: pp. 33. ISSN 0010-4841. https://books.google.com/books?id=BGi-jgk0bNIC. 
  45. ↑ McCracken, Harry (May 7, 2013). "A Brief History of Windows Sales Figures, 1985-Present" (in en-US). Time. ISSN 0040-781X. https://techland.time.com/2013/05/07/a-brief-history-of-windows-sales-figures-1985-present/#:~:text=Windows%20sales%20in%201988%20(Windows,less%20than%202%20million%20(InfoWorld). Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  46. ↑ "Definition of Windows 2.0" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/windows-20. 
  47. ↑ The Facts on File dictionary of computer science. John Daintith, Edmund Wright, Inc Facts on File. New York: Facts On File. 2006. pp. 240. ISBN 978-1-4381-0939-8. OCLC 234235258. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234235258. Retrieved April 18, 2022. 
  48. ↑ "March 17: Apple Sues Microsoft for Copyright Infringement". https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/march/17/. 
  49. ↑ Keefe, Patricia (February 5, 1990). "Precedents may aid Lotus case". Computerworld (IDG Enterprise) 24: pp. 144. ISSN 0010-4841. https://books.google.com/books?id=jHa3f3JQIkUC. 
  50. ↑ "Tech Giant Showdown: Microsoft vs. Apple". November 5, 2013. http://www.newmaconline.com/tech-giant-showdown-microsoft-vs-apple_2010-06-02/. 
  51. ↑ Pollack, Andrew; Times, Special To the New York (March 18, 1988). "Apple Sues Microsoft And Hewlett-Packard" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/business/company-news-apple-sues-microsoft-and-hewlett-packard.html. 
  52. ↑ O'Regan, Gerard (2008). A Brief History of Computing. Cork, Ireland: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 87. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2359-0. ISBN 9781848000841. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-2359-0. Retrieved September 16, 2022. 
  53. ↑ Birkinbine, Benjamin J. (2020). Incorporating the digital commons: corporate involvement in free and open source software. London: University of Westminster Press. pp. 56. ISBN 978-1-912656-43-1. OCLC 1155440332. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155440332. 

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