Biology:Speyeria zerene hippolyta

From HandWiki
Revision as of 22:07, 9 February 2024 by NBrush (talk | contribs) (correction)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Subspecies of butterfly


Oregon silverspot
Speyeria zerene hippolyta.jpg
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Speyeria
Species:
S. zerene
Subspecies:
S. z. hippolyta
Trinomial name
Speyeria zerene hippolyta
W. H. Edwards, 1879

Speyeria zerene hippolyta, the Oregon silverspot, is a threatened butterfly that is found in the U.S. states of California and Oregon.[1] It is a subspecies of Speyeria zerene.

Taxonomy

Speyeria zerene hippolyta was described by American lepidopterist William Henry Edwards in 1879 as a subspecies of Speyeria zerene, Zerene Fritillary, which was described by French lepidopterist Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1852.[2]

Tray of Speyeria zerene hippolyta butterfly specimens (“Oregon Silverspot” by born1945, 2012.[3])

Phylogeny

Speyeria zerene hippolyta is in a clade of three closely related subspecies. In suitable habitat along the U.S. Pacific coast, it is the northernmost one found. Further south, Myrtle's silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) had a range along the coast from San Mateo County to Sonoma County, California, and Behren's silverspot (Speyeria zerene behrensii) had a range along the northern California coast.[4]

McHugh et al. (2013) conducted a genetic analysis of S. z. hippolyta and other S. zerene subspecies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear markers with a goal of identifying evolutionarily significant units (ESUs).[5] There wasn't consensus among mitochondrial and nuclear markers so researchers were not able to resolve phylogenetic relationships or identify the taxa as monophyletic through genetic analysis.[5] However, it was discovered that the populations located at Rock Creek and Mt. Hebo have mtDNA haplotypes that are distinctive.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The Oregon silverspot used to inhabit suitable coastal habitat from northern California, through Oregon, into southern Washington. There are 20 historical sites known.[6] It can now only be found in the wild at five remaining sites in California and Oregon.[4] Conservation sites include Cascade Head and the Rock Creek Wilderness[7] in Oregon. The butterfly can also be found at Mount Hebo and Bray Point in Oregon, and at Lake Earl in California.[6][4][8] The butterfly has been determined to be extirpated from Clatsop Plains in Oregon since 2001.[6]

Oregon silverspot habitat (“Nestucca Bay Landscape” by Brent Lawrence / USFWS, 2017.[9])

The coastal habitats used by the butterfly were kept in an early successional state by high wind, salt-spray and occasional wildfires, providing the open conditions required by the hooked spur violet (Viola adunca) which is the butterfly's larval host plant.[10] In recent years, although the winds and ocean salt spray continue to limit other vegetation growth, the wildfires have been suppressed due to modern development in this habitat. The original habitat of open meadows has, over time, been replaced by forest habitat.[4]

Conservation status

The butterfly was listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1980.[8] In Washington, the butterfly is listed as endangered under that state's legislation, though it is now reported extirpated from this state.[11] California and Oregon do not have endangered species statutes that allow the listing of insect species, but they still have protection in these states under the federal ESA.[12] It is on the Special Animals list created by the California Department of Fish and Game.[4] In Oregon the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), under the Oregon Natural Heritage Act (Oregon Natural Areas Act), maintains a list of threatened and endangered invertebrates.[13] The ORBIC is located at Portland State University (PSU) within the Institute for Natural Resources (INR).[14] The ORBIC assists the USFWS and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) to carry out conservation programs for invertebrates within the state.[13][15] The USFWS maintains a timeline of conservation and recovery for the butterfly on their website.[16]

Conservation efforts

Oregon silverspot release at Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge by Ann Walker and a volunteer. (“Nestucca Bay” by Brent Lawrence / USFWS, 2017.[17])

Researchers have been testing methods of maintaining and restoring the grassland habitat in coastal preserves, these include prescribed fire. As it does take several years for the hooked spur violet to reach maturity a "stop-gap measure" is underway. A team consisting of the Oregon Nature Conservancy, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lewis and Clark College and the Oregon Zoo gather female butterflies for captive rearing. The captive-rearing projects are underway at the college and the Oregon Zoo in Portland and the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. After being hatched and raised at the college and the zoos, the young are reintroduced as pupae to the wild to augment the existing populations.[18][4] After the release of nearly 450 silverspots at Mount Hebo in 2016, Karen Lewis, a zoo conservation research associate, said in a statement, "The goal of the recovery program is to help each population grow large enough to be self-sustaining, if it weren't for this program, three of the five remaining silverspot populations would likely be extinct."[19] The Oregon Zoo released about 2000 silverspots at the Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge in 2017.[20][6] In 2018, the Oregon Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo, USFWS, and Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) collaborated to release 500 silverspots at Saddle Mountain in Oregon in an effort to restore a historical population.[21] The butterflies had not been seen at Saddle Mountain since the 1970s.[22][6]

The establishment of new colonies may have lasting effects on the genetics of the subspecies. The founding events of isolated small populations may cause a loss of heterozygosity over generations and an accumulation of deleterious recessive alleles without gene flow from other populations.[23] The butterflies may be at increased risk of extinction due to the increased genetic load and reduction in genetic diversity following the population bottleneck before the captive breeding programs.[24]

Adaptability to climate change

Oregon silverspots are considered to be moderately vulnerable to climate change due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions.[11] However, increased fire in a warming climate may open up additional coastal prairie habitat and may help the growth of their only host plant, the early blue violet (Viola adunca), which is partially dependent on fire for germination.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Species Profile: Oregon Silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. http://www.fws.gov/ecos/ajax/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=I01A. Retrieved April 12, 2014. 
  2. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Speyeria zerene hippolyta". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=201287#null. 
  3. ↑ "File:Oregon Silverspot.jpg - Wikipedia" (in en). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_Silverspot.jpg. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Behren's Silverspot". The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2005. https://xerces.org/endangered-species/species-profiles/at-risk-butterflies-moths/behrens-silverspot. Retrieved March 20, 2023. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 McHugh, Anne; Bierzychudek, Paulette; Greever, Christina; Marzulla, Tessa; Van Buskirk, Richard; Binford, Greta (2013). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Speyeria and its implications for the management of the threatened Speyeria zerene hippolyta" (in en). Journal of Insect Conservation 17 (6): 1237–1253. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9605-5. ISSN 1366-638X. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-013-9605-5. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Hays, D. W.; Stinson, D. W. (June 2019). Periodic Status Review for the Oregon Silverspot. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02083/wdfw02083.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Rock Creek Wilderness - Wilderness.net
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Establishment of a Nonessential Experimental Population of the Oregon Silverspot Butterfly in Northwestern Oregon". June 23, 2017. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/06/23/2017-13163/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-establishment-of-a-nonessential-experimental. 
  9. ↑ "File:Nestucca Bay Landscape.jpg - Wikipedia" (in en). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nestucca_Bay_Landscape.jpg. 
  10. ↑ Bierzychudek, Paulette; Warner, Katy (February 2015). "Modeling caterpillar movement to guide habitat enhancement for Speyeria zerene hippolyta, the Oregon silverspot butterfly" (in en). Journal of Insect Conservation 19 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1007/s10841-014-9741-6. ISSN 1366-638X. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-014-9741-6. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Oregon silverspot butterfly | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife" (in en). https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/species/argynnis-zerene-hippolyta. 
  12. ↑ Background Brief on Endangered Species. Salem, Oregon: Legislative Committee Services. September 2012. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/lpro/Publications/EndangeredSpecies.pdf. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Endangered Invertebrates" (in en). 2015-07-21. https://inr.oregonstate.edu/orbic/rare-species/endangered-invertebrates. 
  14. ↑ "About ORBIC" (in en). 2015-07-22. https://inr.oregonstate.edu/orbic/about-orbic. 
  15. ↑ Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species of Oregon. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Biodiversity Information Center. August 2016. https://inr.oregonstate.edu/sites/inr.oregonstate.edu/files/2016-rte-book.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Oregon Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" (in en). https://www.fws.gov/species/oregon-silverspot-butterfly-speyeria-zerene-hippolyta. 
  17. ↑ "File:Nestucca Bay.jpg - Wikipedia" (in en). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nestucca_Bay.jpg. 
  18. ↑ "Cascade Head". http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oregon/preserves/art6796.html. 
  19. ↑ Kale Williams. "Hundreds of endangered silverspot butterflies released near Oregon coast". The Oregonian/OregonLive. http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/08/hundreds_of_endangered_silvers.html. Retrieved August 16, 2016. 
  20. ↑ "The Cavalry from Coffee Creek Help with Habitat". https://appliedeco.org/the-cavalry-from-coffee-creek-help-with-habitat/. 
  21. ↑ "Rare Oregon silverspot butterfly caterpillars reintroduced to Saddle Mountain" (in en). July 19, 2018. https://blog.zoo.org/2018/07/rare-oregon-silverspot-butterfly.html. 
  22. ↑ Frankowicz, Katie. "Rare insect returns to Saddle Mountain" (in en). https://www.dailyastorian.com/archives/gazette/news/rare-insect-returns-to-saddle-mountain/article_4be2239c-3d02-562e-a010-373b7771a292.html. 
  23. ↑ Allendorf, Fred W.; Funk, W. Chris; Aitken, Sally N.; Byrne, Margaret; Luikart, Gordon; Antunes, Agostinho (2022-02-10) (in en). Conservation and the Genomics of Populations (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-885656-6. https://academic.oup.com/book/41948. 
  24. ↑ Willi, Yvonne; Kristensen, Torsten N.; Sgrò, Carla M.; Weeks, Andrew R.; Ørsted, Michael; Hoffmann, Ary A. (2022-01-05). "Conservation genetics as a management tool: The five best-supported paradigms to assist the management of threatened species" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (1): e2105076119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2105076119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 34930821. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q16992645 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Speyeria_zerene_hippolyta&oldid=3486791"