Biology:Centaurea calcitrapa
| Centaurea calcitrapa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Young plant | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Centaurea |
| Species: | C. calcitrapa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Centaurea calcitrapa | |
Centaurea calcitrapa is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including red star-thistle[1] and purple star thistle. It is native to Europe but is rarely found there, it is known across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed.[2][3] The species name calcitrapa comes from the word caltrop, a type of weapon covered in sharp spikes.[4][5]
Description
This an annual or biennial plant growing erect to a maximum height of one[6] to 1.3[4] metres.
The stems are hairless and grooved.[7]
It sometimes takes the shape of a mound, and it is finely to densely hairy to spiny. The leaves are dotted with resin glands. The lowermost may reach a length of 20 centimeters and are deeply cut into lobes. The inflorescence contains a few flower heads. Each is 1.5 to 2 centimeters long and oval in general shape. The phyllaries are green or straw-colored and tipped in tough, sharp yellow spines. The head contains many bright purple flowers. The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long which lacks a pappus.
It flowers from July until September, and the seeds ripen from August to October.
The Red Star-thistle has been identified as a Priority Species by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. It is identified as 'vulnerable' by the UNIC and is listed as Nationally Rare in the UK Red Data Book. There is no national or Sussex BAP for this species.
Distribution
Native distribution
- Albania
- Algeria
- Austria
- Baltic states
- Bulgaria
- Cape Verde
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Egypt
- In France
- Greece
- Crete
- Dodecanese
- North Aegean islands
- Hungary
- Iran
- Italy
- Sardinia
- Sicily
- Lebanon
- Morocco
- Portugal
- Madeira
- Romania
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovakia
- Spain
- Balearic Islands
- Canary Islands
- East Thrace
- North Aegean islands
- Crimea
- former Yugoslavia
Introduced distribution
- In Australia
- South Australia
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Belgium
- In Canada
- Ontario
- France
- Germany
- Great Britain
- Western Himalaya
- Ireland
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Poland
- In South Africa
- Cape Provinces
- Free State
- Switzerland
- Uruguay
- In the United States:
- Alabama
- Arizona
- California
- Washington, D.C.
- Florida
- Georgia
- Illinois
- India
- Iowa
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York State
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Utah
- Virginia
- Washington (state)
Uses
In western Crete, Greece a local variety called gourounaki (γουρουνάκι - little pig) has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals.[9] A south Italian variety of the species is also traditionally consumed by ethnic Albanians (Arbëreshë people) in the Vulture area (southern Italy). In the Arbëreshë communities in Lucania the young whorls of Centaurea calcitrapa are boiled and fried in mixtures with other weedy non cultivated greens.[10]
Control
Herbicides
Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid are recommended for use in New South Wales,[11] and aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron, aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-D, dicamba, diflufenzopyr + dicamba, picloram, and triclopyr + clopyralid for the Pacific Northwest of North America.[12]
Herbicide resistance
Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid all carry a "moderate" risk of producing resistance in C. calcitrapa.[11]
Similar species
- Centaurea aspera, known as rough star-thistle. The main difference is the bract appendages are palmately arranged.
- Centaurea solstitialis, known as yellow star thistle. Differs in having yellow flowers palmately arranged, spiny bract appendages, with middle spine only 1 to 2 cm.
References
- ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Centaurea calcitrapa | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 24 July 2012 }}
- ↑ "Centaurea genus part 1". California Department of Food and Agriculture. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/centaurea.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "University of California Cooperative Extension". Ucce.ucdavis.edu. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=26&surveynumber=182. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
- ↑ Pitcairn, Michael J.; Young, James A.; Clements, Charlie D.; Balciunas, JOE (2002). "Purple Starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa) Seed Germination1". Weed Technology 16 (2): 452. doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0452:PSCCSG2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0890-037X.
- ↑ "Jepson Manual Treatment". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,877,878. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
- ↑ Rose, Francis (1981). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 386–387. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6.
- ↑ "Centaurea calcitrapa L. - Plants of the World Online". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330052-2.
- ↑ Κλεόνικος Γ. Σταυριδάκης [Kleonikos G. Stavridakis] (2006). Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης. Rethymnon Crete. ISBN 960-631-179-1.
- ↑ A. Pieroni, V. Janiak, C. M. Dürr, S. Lüdeke, E. Trachsel and M. Heinrich: In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Non-cultivated Vegetables of Ethnic Albanians in Southern Italy, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, 16, 467–473 (2002)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Star thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa)". https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/StarThistle.
- ↑ "Starthistle, yellow (Centaurea solstitialis), purple (Centaurea calcitrapa), and Iberian (Centaurea iberica)". Pacific Northwest Extension (Oregon, Washington, Idaho). 2015-11-10. http://pnwhandbooks.org/weed/problem-weeds/starthistle-yellow-centaurea-solstitialis-purple-centaurea-calcitrapa-iberian-centaurea-iberica.
External links
- USDA Plants Profile
- California Invasive Plant Council
- Photo gallery
- Species Profile - Purple Star Thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Purple Star Thistle.
Wikidata ☰ Q1763537 entry
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